EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

ORYOL BANKING SCHOOL (COLLEGE)

CENTRAL BANK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Department of Professional Modules

Specialty Banking 02/38/07

COURSE WORK

on an interdisciplinary course

"Organization of credit work"

on the topic of:

Technology of formation and analysis of the quality of the bank’s loan portfolio

Student: Potapov Nikita Sergeevich

Group No. ___ 301 _______

Head of work: Petrova Anna Nikolaevna

Orel 2015

Introduction

In world practice, economic development is inextricably linked with credit, which in various forms penetrates into all spheres of economic life. This is evidenced by the expansion of the range of bank operations, including in the field of lending. Carrying out banking operations with a wide clientele is an important feature of modern banking in all countries of the world with a developed credit system.

Foreign experience shows that banks that provide clients with a more diverse range of high-quality services usually have advantages over banks with a limited range of services. The active work of commercial banks in the field of lending is an indispensable condition for the successful competition of these institutions, leading to increased production, increased employment, and increased solvency of participants in economic relations.

In this case, we are talking not only about improving lending techniques, but also about the development and implementation of new ways to reduce credit risks, as well as improve the formation of a loan portfolio.

Currently, the low quality of the loan portfolio is the main reason for the bankruptcy of many banks. In modern conditions of development of banking, the quality of the loan portfolio becomes decisive for the survival and success of the bank as a commercial enterprise.

For a banking organization, the formation of a loan portfolio and management of its qualitative and quantitative characteristics is one of the predetermining factors of activity, since this process includes numerous elements that determine the successful functioning of the bank.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that currently,in modern banking system tasks to improve the formation and management of the bank’s loan portfolio put forward the need to use economic methods credit management, focused on compliance with the economic boundaries of credit. The loan portfolio serves as the main source of income for the bank and at the same time the main source of risk for asset placement.

The purpose of the course work is to study the formation of a loan portfolio from the point of view of theory and practical application, study the problems of improving lending, as well as analyze the loan portfolio.

Research objectives:

1. Consider the essence and structure of the bank’s loan portfolio;
2. Determine the methodology for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio;
3. Study the mechanism for providing credit;
4. Identify ways to improve the technology of forming a loan portfolio and its quality;
5. Determine ways to manage the loan portfolio of a commercial bank;
6. Investigate problems of optimizing the loan portfolio.

The object of study of this course work is the activities of banks of the Russian Federation in lending to individuals and legal entities.

The subject of this course work is an analysis of the quality of the bank's loan portfolio.

This course work is written on the basis of printed and information sources on the global Internet. These are all sources of both theoretical and analytical, as well as statistical nature.

In the course of working on the topic, the following research methods were used: method of analysis, synthesis, systematization of the information received on this topic in the form of tables and graphs.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the information presented in it can be used to familiarize yourself with this topic or further study it.

The work consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, a bibliography and appendices.

1 Theoretical aspects of the formation and analysis of the quality of the bank’s loan portfolio

1.1. The essence and structure of the bank’s loan portfolio

There are many different approaches to the issue of defining the concept and essence of a bank’s loan portfolio. A portfolio should be understood as a collection, set, stock of certain material, financial, ideological or other parameters that give an idea of ​​the nature, direction, volume of activity, prospects for the market niche of a company, bank, organization.[4, p.30]

In foreign economic literature, a loan portfolio is understood as a characteristic of the structure and quality of issued loans, classified according to certain criteria depending on the set management goals. Recently, an increasing number of domestic specialists have adopted foreign methods for determining the concept of a loan portfolio. (Annex 1)

The regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia regulating certain aspects of loan portfolio management define its structure, from which it follows that it includes not only the loan portfolio, but also various other credit requirements of the bank: loans granted and received, deposits placed and attracted, interbank loans and deposits, factoring, claims for receipt (return) of debt securities, shares and bills, discounted bills, claims for rights acquired in a transaction, for mortgages purchased on the secondary market, for transactions of sale (purchase) of assets with deferred payment (delivery) , for paid letters of credit, for financial lease (leasing) transactions, for the return of funds, if the purchased securities and other financial assets are unquoted or not traded on the organized market, amounts paid by the credit institution to the beneficiary under bank guarantees, but collected from the principal. This structure of the loan portfolio is explained by the similarity of such categories as deposit, interbank loan, factoring, guarantees, leasing, securities, which in their economic essence are associated with the return movement of value and the absence of a change of owner.[8,p.1]

The essence of a bank's loan portfolio can be considered at the categorical and applied levels.

In the first aspect, the loan portfolio is the economic relations that arise when issuing and repaying loans, carrying out equivalent to credit operations. In this case, the loan portfolio is defined as a set of bank credit claims and other credit-related requirements, as well as a set of economic relations arising in this case.

In the second aspect, the loan portfolio is a collection of bank assets in the form of loans, discounted bills, interbank loans, deposits and other credit-related claims, classified into quality groups based on certain criteria.

The loan portfolio is characterized by:

1) profitability,

2) risk,

3) liquidity.

The main characteristic of the profitability of a loan portfolio is the effective annual interest rate, which serves as a tool for comparison with the profitability of other types of assets and analysis of the reasonableness of interest rates on issued loans. For analysis, as a rule, real yield is used - income received per unit of assets invested in loans over a certain period of time.

Loan portfolio risk represents the degree to which it is possible that circumstances will occur in which the bank will incur losses caused by the loans that make up the portfolio.

Liquidity refers to the ability of a financial instrument to be transformed into cash, and the degree of liquidity is determined by the length of the time period during which this transformation can be carried out, therefore, for a loan portfolio, liquidity is expressed in the timely repayment of loans.

A loan portfolio, like any other, is characterized by size and structure. The concept of “loan portfolio size” must be considered in relation to the entire size of the bank’s portfolio of active-passive operations and in relation to the loan portfolios of other banks.

The structure of the loan portfolio is the ratio specific types credit transactions in the portfolio. Also, the structure of the loan portfolio can be considered as a set of parameters that the bank can control by changing the composition of the types of loans included in the portfolio and their volumes. The bank can change the structure of the portfolio in order to obtain the most favorable values ​​of its characteristics - profitability, liquidity, risk.

Based on these indicators, the very concept of a loan portfolio can be characterized as a set of loans that have a certain structure, which in turn must meet the bank’s requirements for profitability, liquidity and risk level.

The bank's goals may change depending on the given degree of acceptable risk, but the ultimate goal remains unchanged - to obtain the greatest possible profit.

Depending on the purpose, the bank creates a loan portfolio of a certain type. Portfolio type, in general view, is presented as a portfolio characteristic in relation to income and risk.

Based on this, all loan portfolios can be divided into 3 types:

1) Income portfolio the portfolio is focused on stable income, while risks are minimized;

2) Risk portfolio the portfolio is designed for higher income, and it consists mainly of loans with a high degree of risk;

3) Balanced portfolio a portfolio in which loans of various types are rationally combined, both with a high degree of risk and with a minimum.

The loan portfolio consists of various types of loans provided by the bank. Credit performs certain functions. Thus, the functions of the loan portfolio must be determined through the functions of the loan.

The main functions of credit are the redistribution of capital and the replacement of real money with credit operations.

The loan portfolio must perform a redistribution function, the essence of which is the redistribution of loan capital within the portfolio among the subjects receiving the loan. It also consists of redistributing temporarily released financial resources according to industry. In this case, credit is a macro-regulator of the economy, ensuring the satisfaction of the demand of certain industries to attract additional funds.

The next main function of credit is the replacement of real money with credit operations. This function will be a function of the loan portfolio, since through the issuance of loans additional effective demand will be created within the economic system, which helps to avoid a crisis of overproduction of goods and does not provoke inflation.

The loan portfolio also serves the function of accelerating the concentration of capital, which consists in providing financial resources to priority areas of activity. This function will not be fulfilled if the bank directs funds only to the most profitable sectors, without taking into account national interests.

1.2. Legal regulation of the lending process

The modern banking system of Russia was created as a result of reforming the state credit system that developed during the period of a centralized planned economy. Banks in the Russian Federation are created and operate on the basis of the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On Banks and Banking Activities” (as amended on March 21, 2002), which defines credit institutions and banks and lists the types of banking operations and transactions, the procedure for creating, liquidating and regulating the activities of credit institutions has been established.[10, p.1]

The current legislation enshrines the basic principles of the organization of the Russian banking system, which include the following: a two-tier structure, the implementation of banking regulation and supervision by the central bank, the universality of business banks and the commercial orientation of their activities.

The modern legal basis for the existence of the banking system is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Constitutional norms determine the bodies authorized to perform the functions of managing the credit and banking system, the procedure for their formation and the principles for carrying out the tasks assigned to them. The Constitution of the Russian Federation reflects the status, tasks, main functions and principles of the organization and activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a public legal organization, its organizational structure, as well as fundamental rights and obligations.

Certain aspects of banking activities are also regulated by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provides protection from the most serious and socially dangerous attacks on the rights and interests of the state, other entities operating in the credit and banking sector, as well as individuals and individuals using the services of banks and other credit institutions. For example, in Art. 185186 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal prosecution for the manufacture or sale of counterfeit money and securities, as well as the issuance of any banknotes other than the official currency. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for punishment for disclosing bank secrets, as well as for illegal banking activities and carrying out banking activities without registration.

In general, all major banking legislation and regulations are designed to ensure the management of the banking system as a whole. Nevertheless, the current legal framework for banking activities in Russia, despite its progressive nature and general market orientation, still does not fully correspond to the current economic situation and the international level of legal regulation of public relations.

Let us consider in more detail the legal regulation of the lending process in the Russian Federation. The most pressing issues here are the problems of collateral and loan repayment.

Types of loan collateral form two groups.

One group is the types of collateral traditionally accepted in banking practice. Conventionally, they can be called property types of security, since they are always backed by specific property in material or monetary form. There is a good legal basis for the practical implementation of these types. Their legal regulation is contained in the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Another group of types of security, as a rule, cannot be valued at a specific amount of money that the lender can receive in the event of non-repayment of the loan or non-receipt of payment for the loan. Moreover, some types of collateral cannot be separated at all from the enterprise implementing the investment project and sold or transferred in kind. But obtaining objective information about the state of these types of collateral gives banking specialists the opportunity to fairly reliably judge the likelihood of successful implementation of an investment project. Therefore, this group of types of support can be called information.

To ensure the repayment of loans, commercial banks can use all methods of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations provided for by current legislation.

Thus, according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the fulfillment of obligations can be ensured in the following ways: penalty; collateral; retention of the debtor's property; surety; bank guarantee; deposit and other methods provided for by law and not contradicting the principles of civil legislation. The most common way to ensure the repayment of a loan is a pledge - a method of securing an obligation in which the creditor has the right, in the event of the debtor's failure to fulfill the obligation, to receive satisfaction from the pledged property preferentially before other creditors.

1.3. Formation of a loan portfolio and assessment of its quality

The formation of a loan portfolio begins after the general goal of the bank’s lending activities has been determined, a strategy for the bank’s credit policy has been developed, and defining priorities have been formulated. According to the bank's credit policy, lending limits are determined by terms, industries, and groups of borrowers. Therefore, constant monitoring of the compliance of the loan portfolio structure with the specified parameters is necessary.[2, p.20]

The issuance of each loan must be preceded by an analysis of the compliance of the loaned object with the bank’s credit policy and an assessment of the client’s creditworthiness. Assessing a borrower's creditworthiness should not be limited to an analysis of financial performance; management and marketing at an enterprise are largely a guarantor of timely repayment of loans and interest. It is obvious that the quality of the loan portfolio is determined not only by its structure, but also, above all, by its compliance with the strategic goals of the credit policy.

The entire process of forming a loan portfolio can be divided into three blocks. (Appendix 4)

The first block involves the formation of a system of lending limits in accordance with the goals and strategy of the bank’s credit policy. Setting lending limits performs the function of credit risk management. The loan portfolio, as is known, is not only a source of income, but also a source of risk. The degree of credit risk of banks depends on factors such as:

The degree of concentration of the bank’s lending activities in any area (industry) sensitive to changes in the economy;

The share of loans and other banking contracts falling to clients experiencing certain specific difficulties;

Concentration of the bank's activities in little-studied, new, non-traditional areas;

Introducing frequent or significant changes to the bank’s policy on providing loans and forming a securities portfolio;

Share of new and recently acquired clients;

Introduction of too many new services in a short period;

Accepting as collateral values ​​that are difficult to sell on the market or subject to rapid depreciation.

In turn, setting lending limits is the main way to control the formation of a loan portfolio, used to reduce risks and improve long-term viability. By establishing lending limits, the proportions of various types of loans are optimized within the entire loan portfolio, taking into account the volume and structure of credit resources. This allows banks to:

Avoid losses critical to maintaining solvency

from thoughtless concentration of any type of risk;

Diversify the loan portfolio in order to reduce

concentration and ensuring stable profits.

The third block - the block of analysis of the state of the loan portfolio and management of deviations - largely overlaps with the operational management of the loan portfolio, namely with the current monitoring of the state of the loan portfolio. The prerogative of the medium term remains the development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the quality of the loan portfolio.

An important characteristic of a bank's credit policy is the quality of its loan portfolio.

Loan portfolio assessmentis a procedure for studying the qualitative characteristics of the bank and the repayment of loans, reducing credit risks - that is, the absence of payments for the amounts of the main loan agreement and interest on it.

Loans are the main source of bank profit, but at the same time the main source of risk, on which the stability and development prospects of the institution depend. In crisis conditions, or in the absence of proper checks and recalculations, it is quite difficult to determine the projected growth of overdue debt; thus, reserves appear that do not correspond to reality. Extra expenses arise and costs appear that could have been avoided.Loan portfolio assessmentcompletely solves this problem.

The objectives of assessing the quality of the bank’s loan portfolio:

• Reducing the share of overdue debt in the loan portfolio;
• Formation of an adequate reserve to cover expected costs of the loan portfolio;
• Understanding the factors leading to increased risks in the loan portfolio;
• Understanding the factors causing a decrease in lending profitability and maintaining reserves at the required level.

basis loan portfolio assessmentsis the correct classification and distribution of loans:

1st risk group “Standard loans”. These are loans or credits, the debt for which is repaid on time and in full. This also includes loans, the duration of repayment of which was increased in accordance with the established procedure, but no more than twice, as well as secured loans overdue by up to 30 days. For loans of the 1st risk group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of at least 2% of the amount of loans issued;

2nd risk group “Non-standard loans”. These are undersecured loans and loans that are up to 30 days overdue, as well as secured loans that are up to 60 days overdue. For loans of the 2nd risk group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of at least 5% of the amount of loans issued;

3rd risk group “Doubtful loans”. These are unsecured loans that are overdue up to 30 days, as well as unsecured loans that are overdue up to 60 days and secured loans that are overdue up to 180 days. For loans of the 3rd risk group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of at least 30% of the amount of loans issued;

4th risk group “Dangerous loans”. These are unsecured loans that are up to 60 days overdue, as well as undersecured loans that are up to 180 days overdue. In such cases, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of 75% of the amount of loans issued;

5th risk group “Bad loans”. These are unsecured loans that are up to 180 days overdue, as well as all loans overdue over 180 days. For loans of the 5th group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of 100% of the amount of loans issued.

Conclusion

Having analyzed the above, we can conclude that the formation of a loan portfolio by a bank is a very complex and important process, because the formation of a bank’s loan portfolio is directly dependent on the quality and risk of loans issued.

In addition, the state of the loan portfolio predetermines the results of the bank’s lending operations, so constant monitoring makes it possible to identify deviations from a given optimum and develop measures in the medium term to prevent them in the future.

2 Technology for the formation of a bank’s loan portfolio, registration and accounting of credit transactions

2.1. The procedure for forming a bank's loan portfolio

There are five stages of forming an optimal loan portfolio:

1. analysis of factors affecting the demand and supply of credit;

2. formation of the credit potential of a commercial bank;

3. ensuring compliance of the structure of credit potential and issued loans;

4. analysis of issued loans based on various characteristics;

5. assessment of the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio, development of measures to improve the bank’s loan portfolio.

At the first stage the analysis is carried out by the bank's analytical services, taking into account the regional markets in which the bank operates. It is desirable that this work become a permanent component in the process of improving the loan portfolio, as this will allow the bank to timely recognize changes in the banking environment and take measures to reduce credit risk and increase lending profitability.

Second stage of formation the optimal loan portfolio is characterized by determining the structure of the bank’s credit potential by sources of funds and their maturity. Credit potential in this case is considered as the sum of short-term and long-term credit potentials.[3,p.18]

Short-term potential consists of funds of legal entities (funds in settlement and current accounts, deposits up to one year); funds of individuals (demand deposits, deposits up to one year); funds of non-profit structures (account balances, deposits up to one year); interbank loans and funds in correspondent accounts (funds in correspondent accounts, loans with a term of up to one year); funds accumulated through securities (short-term securities with a circulation period of up to one year).

Long-term credit potential, like short-term, is the sum of funds of legal entities, individuals, non-profit structures, interbank loans, funds in correspondent accounts and securities, however, with the necessary condition that all of the above liabilities are long-term in nature, i.e. valid over one year.

Analysis of the credit potential of a commercial bank in the short and long term is used to assess the bank's potential to develop certain types of credit without disrupting liquidity.

Next, third, stage formation of an optimal loan portfolio analyzes the balance of credit potential and loan portfolio. As a rule, Russian banks face a lack of medium- and long-term lending potential. If the credit potential and the loan portfolio are unbalanced (for example, if there is a lack of credit resources of a given maturity), the bank must find sources of funds it needs (for example, attract long-term funds, turn to the interbank loan market to additionally issue long-term securities, analyze the possibilities of expanding equity capital).

With a lack of long-term credit potential and the impossibility of finding sources to replenish it, banks are forced to transform short-term potential into long-term, which in turn causes problems with banking liquidity.

If the credit potential exceeds the volume of the loan portfolio, the bank can redistribute credit resources and use them in other active operations (with securities, in foreign exchange transactions).

On fourth stageThe analysis of issued loans takes place based on various criteria. Such indicators can include the loan repayment period, the nature of repayment, by category of borrower, by the method of charging interest, by the nature of loan collateral, by loan form, by profitability, by risk level, etc.

Analysis of loans issued according to the specified characteristics characterizes the structure of the loan portfolio existing in a commercial bank.

Finally, the fifth stage of forming an optimal loan portfolio assesses the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio. It is based on determining the role of credit operations in the bank’s activities, the efficiency of using the bank’s credit potential, the level of interest rates and the volume of income from credit activities, the size of the interest margin, as well as determining the real risk from credit operations based on an analysis of overdue debt.

2.2. The procedure for providing and maintaining loans

The procedure for granting a loan by a bank occurs in several stages.

1) The borrower provides the bank with the following documents:

1. Statement; (Appendix 2)
2. Passport or equivalent document;
3. Certificates from the place of work of the Borrower and the guarantors about income and the amount of deductions made (for pensioners - a certificate from the social security authorities);
4. Declaration of income received, certified by the tax office, for citizens engaged in business activities;
5. Questionnaires;
6. Passports (substituting documents) of guarantors and pledgors;
7. Other documents if necessary.

2) The loan officer is considering the issue of granting a loan, which includes:

1. Clarification of the purpose of obtaining a loan;
2. Determining the loan term;
3. Verification of documents provided by the borrower;
4. Assessment of the borrower's solvency;
5. Valuation of property provided as collateral;
6. The maximum amount of the loan provided is calculated;
7. The credit inspector makes a decision to refuse to provide a loan or to agree to provide it.

3) When the loan officer decides to issue a loan, a loan agreement is drawn up.

4) After the loan agreement is drawn up, the loan is provided.

A loan in rubles is issued in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, both in cash and by bank transfer by:

Credits to the Borrower's account for a demand deposit;

Credits to the Borrower's plastic card account;

Payment of bills of trade and other organizations;

Transfers to accounts of citizens - entrepreneurs.

5) The final stage of providing a loan is its support. An employee of the credit department constantly monitors compliance with the fulfillment of the borrower’s primary and accessory obligations, including:

Control of the targeted use of credit resources,

Control of timely and full repayment of principal, interest and commissions.

Financial statements are analyzed quarterly as of the date following the reporting one, throughout the entire period of validity of the credit transaction using the calculation module. Based on the results of the analysis, a report is drawn up, which also reflects the results of assessing the level of credit risk (taking into account the quality of loan servicing) and the calculation of the reserve. The report must be signed by the employee who compiled it, the head of the credit department, and included in the credit dossier.

The formation and regulation of the reserve for possible losses on loans and the reserve for possible losses on contingent credit obligations is carried out in the manner established by the current regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia and the internal documents of the Bank.

An employee of the credit department monthly monitors the volume of funds passing through the borrower's accounts with the Bank. If there is a significant decrease in the volume of funds in comparison with the volume that was taken into account when determining the borrower’s creditworthiness, an employee of the credit department is obliged to establish the reasons for the drop in volumes.

Upon receipt of information about the borrower, which, in accordance with the loan agreement, may be the basis for the Bank’s refusal to fulfill obligations under the loan agreement or demand early repayment of the loan, or any other information that may negatively affect the return of the loan product and the payment of interest, the loan officer is obliged immediately report this to the Head Bank.

Control of collateral: control of the availability, safety and liquidity of property accepted as collateral is carried out by an employee of the collateral service in accordance with the procedure established by separate regulatory documents of the Bank. An assessment of the value of collateral in cases where the value of the collateral is taken into account when forming a reserve for possible loan losses is carried out by an employee of the collateral service on a quarterly basis, and a report with the assessment results is included in the credit file.

Control of the guarantor for a credit transaction is carried out by an employee of the credit department in accordance with the terms of the guarantee agreement.

If negative factors arise related to the condition of the collateral, the financial condition of the pledgor (guarantor, guarantor), an employee of the collateral service (employee of the credit department) immediately notifies his manager, the head of the problem assets service, the credit department of the branch, the security service and the control department. credit risks of the Parent Bank to determine a plan for further action.

Control of the provision and support of credit products by credit departments: the credit risk control division monitors the compliance of the terms of the provided credit products with the adopted decisions, as well as the compliance of the credit transaction and the support of the credit product with the internal regulatory documents of the Bank and the regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia.

In addition, the emergence of debt with signs of increased credit risk is monitored.

2.3. Documentation and accounting of credit transactions

Let's look at the documentation of credit transactions using the example of Alfa-Bank. The first document that must be drawn up by the bank is a loan agreement, on the basis of which funds are issued to the client. During the term of using the loan, the borrower will have to pay interest on the loan; for this, a memorial order is issued. (Appendix 7) The bank can also create reserves for possible losses, and for this the borrower must fill out an application for opening an account to record reserves.

Accounting for settlements with the bank on short-term loans is carried out on account 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings”, subaccount 66-1 “Settlements on short-term bank loans”.

To record settlements on long-term loans, subaccount 1 “Settlements on long-term loans” of account 67 “Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings” is intended.

The organization's receipt of bank loans aimed at repaying obligations to suppliers for inventory items received from them is reflected in the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and the credit of subaccounts 66-1 and 67-1.

Interest payable on short-term loans received for the implementation of the organization’s statutory activities (except for interest on overdue loans) is reflected in the credit of subaccount 66-1 “Settlements on short-term bank loans” and the debit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 26 “General expenses” , 44 “Implementation costs”.

Repayment of bank loans and interest for their use is reflected in the debit of subaccounts 66-1 and 67-1 and the credit of cash accounts: 51 “Current account”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 55 “Special accounts in banks”. When an organization transfers its debt to another person or concludes an agreement with a bank on the assignment of its claims to a person in relation to which it is a creditor, an entry is made in the debit of sub-accounts 66-1 and 67-1 and the credit of accounts 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” ", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors."

Analytical accounting of loans is carried out by type of loan and the banks providing them, indicating the date of receipt of the loan, its intended purpose, repayment period, interest rate, amount and balance of debt.

Accounts 66 and 67 also reflect settlements on short-term and long-term loans. A loan represents the transfer of funds or other valuables into the ownership of another party (borrower) by one party (the lender), and the borrower undertakes to return the loan amount to the lender in the form prescribed by the agreement. The loan agreement must stipulate the terms and procedure for repayment of the loan. Loans can be taken from other organizations or individuals.

Loans are also made in the form of repayment accounts receivable lenders, and in the form of issuing bonds.

Generalization of information on the status of settlements with lenders is carried out in subaccounts 66-2 “Settlements for short-term loans” and 67-2 “Settlements for long-term loans”. Funds raised for a period of no more than one year are classified as short-term loans, and funds received for a period of more than a year are classified as long-term.

When receiving a deferment in the payment of taxes (tax credit), their amount is reflected in the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” (for the corresponding sub-accounts) and the credit of accounts 66 and 67 (for the corresponding sub-accounts). Interest accrued for payment of the tax credit is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Operating income and expenses” and the credit of accounts 66 and 67 (For the corresponding subaccounts).

Repayment of tax credits (amounts of debt on deferred taxes) and interest for their use is reflected by an entry in the debit of accounts 66 and 67 (for the corresponding sub-accounts) and in the credit of cash accounting accounts - 51, 52, 55.

In relation to a loan agreement, interest should be understood as a monetary reward to the bank for the opportunity to use the loan. The amount of interest for using a loan is determined by the bank independently and individually for each borrower when concluding a loan agreement. If the loan is provided at the expense of budget funds or other centralized resources, the amount of interest for using the loan is determined by the manager of these funds.

The amount of interest can be determined both in absolute terms (for example, 16% per annum), and by “linking” it to a well-known value established by a regulatory act - the refinancing rate of the National Bank (for example, 0.5 of the refinancing rate). In this case, when the refinancing rate changes, the loan rate will change automatically, without additional agreement between the parties, i.e. the agreement of the parties to change it in such a case was reached initially.

In order to limit the risks of the parties, conditions may be determined on the “interest ceiling” - the maximum fixed interest rate, the “interest field” - the minimum fixed interest rate, the “interest corridor” - both the maximum and minimum fixed interest rate.

2.4. Analysis of the bank's loan portfolio for 2012-2014.

Let's consider the analysis of the loan portfolio using the example of Sberbank of Russia OJSC.

The bank can issue loans and conduct other active operations that generate income only within the limits of its available resources. Consequently, the operations that result in the formation of such bank resources (passive operations) play a primary and determining role in relation to active operations, logically and actually precede them and determine the volume and scale of profitable operations.

Like any economic entity, in order to ensure its activities, a bank must have a certain amount of money and tangible assets, which constitute its resources. From the point of view of origin, these resources consist of the bank’s own capital and borrowed funds temporarily attracted by it from outside (borrowed from other persons). Thus, the bank's resources (banking resources) are the totality of its own and borrowed funds available to the bank and used by it to conduct active operations. (Appendix 3)

Banks operate mainly on borrowed funds. At the same time, the first and second places in terms of importance of sources of raising funds are the money of the population and balances in the accounts of legal entities, and then - funds raised with the help of bank securities, interbank loans and deposits of legal entities.

So, the overwhelming majority of the money from which the bank operates and lives is made up of funds attracted by it, and attracted for a fee. Therefore, the problem of resource formation is more important for him than for any other economic entity. This circumstance gives rise to competition for resources between banks, banks and other credit and other organizations and enterprises, as well as other specific features of banking activities.

The structure of resources of different banks is very diverse, which is explained by the specific features of the activities of each particular bank (differences in the amount of capital, the number and nature of clients served, regional and other special conditions). (Appendix 5)

Having analyzed the table, we can conclude that at the end of the period under review the Bank had available credit resources in the amount of 1,470,710,399 thousand rubles. During the period under review, this figure decreased by 116,958,908 thousand rubles. (growth rate -7%). This happened due to a higher growth rate of placed funds (5%) compared to the growth rate of bank resources (0.01%).

Analysis of the structure of the loan portfolio is one of the ways to assess its quality. In world and Russian banking practice, many criteria for segmenting a loan portfolio are known. Among them:

Lending entities;

Objects and purpose of the loan;

Loan terms;

Loan size;

Availability and nature of collateral, sources and methods of loan repayment, borrower’s creditworthiness;

Loan price;

Industry affiliation of the borrower.

Structural analysis is carried out to identify excessive concentration of lending operations in one segment, the share of large loans and loans provided to borrowers with low creditworthiness, which increases the degree of overall credit risk.

The subject of lending from the position of classical banking is legal or natural persons who are capable and have material or other guarantees to carry out economic, including credit transactions. The subject of receiving a loan can be of very different levels, ranging from an individual private person, enterprise, firm up to the state.

By subject, bank loans can be divided into three large groups:

1) loans issued legal entities for lending to current production activities (corporate loans);

2) loans provided to individuals to meet personal needs (consumer loans);

3) loans issued to banks to maintain the liquidity of their balance sheet (interbank loans).

First, it is necessary to examine the composition of loan debt and the dynamics of changes in its components. (Appendix 6)

Based on the calculated data, attention should be paid to the fact that the main share of loan and equivalent debt is precisely loan debt, the share of which as of January 1, 2012. amounted to 99.98% (or 99987217 thousand rubles), which remained the same by the end of the reporting period. As of February 1, 2012 the amount of loan debt was 4127300434 thousand rubles. (growth rate 102.48%).

Loan debt is represented mainly by loans provided to customers, the share of which as of January 1, 2012 was. amounted to 98.36% (or 396,142,1739 thousand rubles), as of February 1, 2012. it decreased by 0.20 pp. and amounted to 98.17% (or 4051703602 thousand rubles) (growth rate of 102.28%).

The share of other placed funds, which as of January 1, 2012. was 0.0002% (or 8,000 thousand rubles), and as of February 1, 2012. - it increased by 1.5989 p.p. to a value of 1.60% (or 65999552 thousand rubles).

Thus, in general, we can note the low degree of diversification of the bank’s loan portfolio.

To manage liquidity, the bank needs to constantly monitor the diversification of the loan portfolio in terms of the terms of provision of credit resources.

For an in-depth study of the quality of the loan portfolio, the coefficient method is used.

Credit risk assessment ratios for the period under review showed different results. This is due to the fact that with an increase in total credit risk, the bank increased its loan portfolio to a greater extent than its own capital (the growth rates were 2.258% and 0.029%, respectively).

The coefficients of the degree of risk protection for the period from January 1, 2010 to February 1, 2010 generally showed rather negative results. The peculiarity of these coefficients is that a decrease in the value of coefficients K4, K5, K6, K7, K9, K10, K11 is a positive trend, and a decrease in coefficients K3, K8 is a negative trend. Therefore, we can say that the K8 coefficient has improved significantly, the growth rate of which was -63.77%. The positive dynamics of this ratio is associated both with a decrease in unprofitable loans in the Bank’s loan portfolio and with the growth of the loan portfolio.

The K10 ratio, on the contrary, increased by 15.49%, which was caused by a significant increase in non-performing loan assets.

The K3 coefficient decreased by 6.12% during the period under review. This was due to a higher growth rate of actual loan loss provisions compared to the growth rate of non-income generating components of the loan portfolio.

The K5 ratio for the reporting period increased by 5.57%. This is a very negative trend. This increase is caused by a higher growth rate of overdue loans compared to the growth rate of the loan portfolio.

Changes in the remaining coefficients of this group are also negative. All these coefficients increased during the month under review, albeit slightly.

Loan portfolio profitability ratios indicate a decrease in profitability rather than vice versa. Coefficients K12-K15 did not show positive dynamics, which, in principle, could be considered a negative sign. But on the other hand, such changes were largely due to an increase in the volume of the bank’s loan portfolio, which can undoubtedly be considered a good trend.

The K16 coefficient for the period from January 1, 2010 to February 1, 2010 decreased by 12.82%. This was caused by the high growth rate of the bank's assets.

The K17 coefficient for the period under review increased from 1.4160348 to 1.4404712 (growth rate of 1.73%).

Coefficient K18 - Standard maximum size risk per borrower or group of related borrowers. A value of ≤ 25% is considered acceptable for this coefficient. Over the period under review, this ratio decreased from 18.6% to 17.75%.

Coefficient K19 - 5.1. The standard for the maximum amount of large credit risks (N7) regulates (limites) the total amount of large credit risks of the bank and determines the maximum ratio of the total amount of large credit risks and the amount of the bank’s own funds (capital). A value of ≤ 800% is considered acceptable for this ratio. During the reporting period, this ratio increased from 111.100% to 123.9800% (growth rate of 11.59%).

In general, summarizing the data from the structural and qualitative analysis, we can say that the Bank’s loan portfolio is of fairly good quality. Thanks to its conservative lending policy towards individuals, the Bank manages to keep the share of overdue loans at a very low level.

And thanks to its large resource base, the Bank is able to offer low interest rates on loans while being able to offer almost unlimited loan amounts to corporate clients.

Although, of course, one cannot help but admit that at the end of the period under review, the quality indicators of the loan portfolio as a whole worsened. And if negative dynamics continue in the future, this could lead to unpleasant consequences for the Bank.

Conclusion

To summarize, credit policy reflects the bank's strategy and tactics in the field of lending. It determines the order of work at all stages of the credit process: from accepting a loan application to repaying the loan and closing the loan case. Its development should be based on a theoretically justified structure of optimal credit policy. It is also important to emphasize that credit policy is the basis for risk management in the bank’s activities, therefore it is necessary to pay special attention to monitoring risks at the stage of credit control.

3 Problems of formation and management of a bank’s loan portfolio and ways to solve them

3.1. Problems of formation and quality management of bank loan portfolios

The development of credit operations requires improving the quality of credit management in order to limit credit risk. An important element is improving the approaches of credit institutions to building an effective system for managing loans and banking risks.

A study of the activities of credit institutions shows that, in general, banks have created a basis for managing the quality of the loan portfolio: strategies in the field of lending have been determined, within the framework of which structures for managing the credit process have been formed; lending mechanisms and methods for assessing loan quality have been developed; management levels are delineated, tasks and powers are defined for each level; there is information support, personnel, security systems; internal control and risk assessment systems have been created.

However, as practice shows, the presence of a bank’s credit policy, regulations and procedures for assessing the quality of assets and organizing the lending process are not a guarantee high level loan quality management. The criteria for assessing the effectiveness of loan portfolio management are the results of their application by banks in practice.

In general, the current loan portfolio quality management systems in banks are characterized by the following shortcomings:

Unsystematic formation of the loan portfolio;

Poor awareness by bank employees involved in the lending process of the bank’s strategy and lending goals;

Lack of practical experience among bank managers in organizing a systematic approach to managing the quality of the loan portfolio;

Poor development by banks of the principles and mechanisms for managing the quality of the loan portfolio; conservatism of loan portfolio analysis;

Poor development of management information systems; poor development of loan portfolio management methods;

Mistakes made by management and employees when working with the loan portfolio and assessing the quality of loans;

Unclear division of powers between bank loan officers;

Disadvantages in the organization of the internal control system.

In Russian practice, the process of managing the quality of a loan portfolio is not clearly regulated by the regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia, which may be due to the impossibility of developing one standard model for building loan management systems and assessing loan quality for all banks and types of loan debt.

In addition, as part of banks’ assessment of loan quality, there is no clear framework for analyzing the borrower’s financial situation, leaving credit institutions the right to independently select and use criteria and indicators for assessing the financial condition of borrowers.

On the one hand, this can be explained by the fact that when analyzing the financial situation of the borrower, it is impossible to determine the entire set of possible factors that can affect the amount of risk on the loan and their significance. Moving away from formal assessments, the Bank of Russia has identified only the general approaches required for use by banks, thus giving them the opportunity to take into account in practice the specific features of borrowers’ activities.

At the same time, banks need to understand that indicators for assessing the quality of loans based on an assessment of the financial situation of borrowers cannot be common for all types of loans and categories of borrowers. The assessment of the borrower's financial position is influenced by various factors of its activities.

On the other hand, due to the lack of a standardized approach to assessing the borrower’s creditworthiness, banks use a set of indicators of varying quantity and quality, which in some credit institutions negatively affects the completeness and reliability of the assessment of the borrower’s financial position (usually in order to improve financial performance indicators). position and overestimation of the quality of the loan portfolio).

Also, a serious problem hindering the development of lending processes has become the “going into the shadows” of a considerable number of small enterprises, which does not allow an objective assessment of the results of their activities. Small enterprises that “go into the shadows” such indicators as revenue, wage fund, payment for rent of premises, amounts of payments to suppliers, amounts of transactions that are not reflected in the reporting. Moreover, the share of shadow turnover is higher, the more smaller size business portfolio at the stage of its formation.

3.2 Ways to improve the technology of forming a loan portfolio and its quality

In order to build an effective system for managing the quality of the loan portfolio, credit institutions need to ensure the implementation of a set of measures, in particular:

Formation of a loan portfolio in accordance with the chosen lending strategy, periodically adjusted to the market situation, as well as meeting the optimal indicators of credit risk, liquidity and profitability;

Conducting the selection of qualified personnel who will perform their functions under the guidance of experienced managers with a clear motivation for work;

Assigning responsibility to the bank's management for the formation of a credit culture in the bank that allows it to achieve its goals;

Development of a clear mechanism for market research, sales management, personnel training, identification of potential clients and analysis of their lending prospects;

Carrying out constant monitoring of credit assets, taking into account the relative instability of the loan portfolio, first of all, with a view to identifying deteriorating loans and rejecting them (a loan causing concern must be identified before it becomes problematic - in order to make a timely decision on maintaining or terminating the credit relationship);

Achieving sustainable profitability by regulating the concentration of loans and defining target lending indicators, such as, for example, the maximum level of the volume of problem loans from the total volume of current loans; maximum volume of loans with overdue payments (broken down by overdue period); the maximum volume of loans on which interest is not paid; the maximum amount of losses from writing off problem loans.

Conclusion

Having analyzed the above information, we can conclude that To The quality of loan portfolio management depends on the quality of the management information system created in the bank, which helps the bank’s management make timely and effective decisions.

Conclusion

Currently, Russian banks have abandoned the current practice of lending against an aggregate object, as well as the previously used methods of lending by balance and by turnover. Although in the future these lending methods, of course, can be used, but only as a special case, used in individual situations only when the bank sees a need for it.

In most cases, banks in the modern situation are guided by the use of a method of providing credit resources based on economic factors and allowing to combine, first of all, the interests of banks as commercial entities, and secondly, the interests of their clients and the national economy as a whole.

In the future, the characteristic features of organizing a commercial lending system for banks will be:

1. Focus on economic (qualitative) rather than technical (quantitative) criteria when deciding on the provision of loans, and ultimately on the needs of socio-economic development of society, which will increasingly be a single criterion for all banking institutions in the country .

In practice, this will mean that the costs of enterprises for the production and sale of only those products for which there is a real need in society are credited, and their quality characteristics meet future requirements and current international standards. At the same time, it is important that possible difficulties in its implementation are not due to insufficiently high quality, but to the temporary lack of funds from the consumer.

Similarly, if we are talking about long-term lending, then only those investment activities are credited that best meet the needs of social progress and in the foreseeable future can bring a tangible effect in terms of meeting the needs of society and its individual members.

A typical example of the effectiveness of such an orientation (primarily to meet the needs of society) is the post-war experience of Japan and Germany, where the largest industrial companies and banks, when determining the main directions of their activities, put at the forefront not purely commercial characteristics, but the social significance of this or that type of activity. activities, nevertheless linking the satisfaction of these social needs with benefit for themselves. The demand for it both from the population and from enterprises and organizations serves as an indicator of social needs for a particular type of product. The quantitative expression of these characteristics is found in the number of applications for the production of certain types of goods and services from legal entities, concluded business contracts, etc.

An important characteristic of the size of demand in market conditions is the dynamics of prices: their rapid growth, ceteris paribus, indicates an increase in demand, a fall indicates its reduction. Similarly, the role of an indicator of changed needs (all other things being equal) can be the stock price of a particular company, which is sensitive to changing needs of society for the goods and services it produces and reflects, to a certain extent, the level of profitability of the companies.

Only when focusing on demand, on the needs of the end consumer when lending to those types of economic activities that are associated with the production of products that are in demand, lending corresponds to the interests of society, and not individual enterprises. And only in this case will the interests of the economy as a whole and banks as independent self-supporting enterprises in the conditions of commercial banking be combined, which will serve as a guarantee of the return of funds provided, ensure the future solvency of the client and obtain sustainable banking profits.

2. As a result of interregional competition and deregulation, financial services and products become uniform throughout the country. And as a consequence of this, competition has increased significantly both between banks and other credit institutions, and between banks. Increased competition leads to a reduction in bank profits.

In order to gain a foothold in traditional markets and conquer new ones, banks are forced to constantly liberalize their credit policies, which is reflected in an increase in the risks that they must take on. The increase in aggregate credit risks, for its part, also has a negative impact on the size of banking profits.

To overcome uncertainty and reduce risks, banks will increasingly resort to developing both long-term and medium- and short-term marketing strategies, focusing on controlling bank costs, reducing overhead costs, wages, and accelerating the introduction of new technologies to automate banking transactions.

3. With the emergence in the country of non-state banking institutions commercial banks, organized in the form of mutual partnerships and joint-stock companies operating on commercial principles, the beginning of a different model of organizing credit business was laid, the distinctive feature of which is organization of credit business within the framework and on the basis of banks attracted in the form of resource deposits.

This, in principle, excludes the possibility of unlimited provision of loans, as was practiced by state specialized banks, including on a free basis, to cover financial breakthroughs and mismanagement. The organization of credit business on a commercial basis led to the development of different approaches to lending methods and criteria, and a revision of traditional settings.

The goal of the bank's activities in the field of lending is to increase the quality and high-yield loan portfolio. To do this, we can suggest the following areas in the field of lending:

Ensuring the transition to long-term cooperation for each major client;

Maintaining and increasing lending volumes;

Attracting new large clients in the region for credit servicing, taking into account the peculiarities of clients’ cash turnover and calculations of loan servicing costs;

A significant increase in the number of clients and sales volumes of banking products and services in the field of lending to medium-sized businesses;

Intensifying support for small businesses, expanding clientele and volumes of operations;

Improving the quality of banking services and the speed of transactions for lending to individuals;

Improving the methods of credit work with the existing circle of clients;

Further development of overdraft lending.

Bibliography:

1 Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part one of November 30, 1994 No. 52-FZ, adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on October 21, 1994.

2 Federal Law of February 3, 1996 No. 17-FZ “On Banks and Banking Activities”.

3 Batrakova P. G. Economic analysis of the activities of a commercial bank, [Text] - M.: Logos. 2010.

4 Menyailo G.V. Essence and classification of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, edition 2, [Text] - Vestnik VSU. Series: economics and management. -- 2010.

5 Pashkov A.I. Assessing the quality of the loan portfolio, edition 2, [Text] -2010.

6 Pashkov A.I. Assessing the quality of the loan portfolio Accounting and banks, edition 4, [Text] - 2012.

7 Sabirov M. A. Contents of managing the loan portfolio of a commercial bank Auditor, [Text] - 2012.

8 [Electronic resource//Loan portfolio management. Assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio//http://studopedia.ru].

9 [Electronic resource//Problems of formation and management of a credit portfolio//http://xppx.org/business-machine].

10 [Electronic resource//Normative and legal regulation of the lending process in the Russian Federation//http://www.nextbanking.ru].

Appendix 1. General lending scheme

1. Conclusion of a gold purchase and sale agreement to the Bank.

2. Conclusion of a pledge agreement for the right to claim proceeds from the sale of gold.

3. Conclusion of a pledge agreement for a controlling stake in OJSC Priisk Zolotoy.

4. Conclusion of a guarantee agreement with the Regional Administration.

5. Conclusion of a tripartite agreement on direct debiting of funds from the bank account of the Regional Administration.

6. Conclusion of an agreement on processing of gold sand.

7. Conclusion of an agreement on the delivery of refined gold bullion to Spetsvyaz Bank.

8. Conclusion of a loan agreement between the Bank and the Borrower.

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Appendix 2. Loan application form

Source: [electronic resource]. Access mode. - http://www.allbest.ru/

Appendix 3. Structure of Sberbank's loan portfolio for 2014

Source: [electronic resource]. Access mode.- http://www.allbest.ru/

Appendix 4. Stages of formation of an optimal loan portfolio

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INconducting

However, the main historical function of banks is lending.

The domestic banking system is characterized by a stable increase in the amount of loans provided to the borrower with a simultaneous increase in the specific share of overdue loans.

At the same time, with an increase in the total value of the banks’ loan portfolio, the share of overdue loans increases. An interesting factor is that the concentration of lending operations occurs in a limited number of banks. According to Interfax, as banks deepen their specialization in lending, the quality of their loan portfolios gradually begins to improve. Thus, for banks with loans up to 40% of assets, the overdue amount is about 10%, and for banks with the share of loans in assets over 40%, the overdue amount does not exceed 5%.

These figures indicate that the formation of a high-quality loan portfolio is an achievable goal for the bank, and the management of the bank’s loan operations serves to achieve it.

Russia's transition to a market economy fundamentally changed the operating conditions of all economic entities, and doubly affected the nature of the functioning of banks. Thus, it turns out that banks themselves have changed as business entities, and they also have to adapt to changes in the activities of their clients.

The rapid development of the Russian banking system has determined the ability of bank managers and their employees to master methods and techniques of work, in contrast to Western countries, where the process of formation of the banking system takes place over several centuries.

In general, the problems of the Russian banking system are due to two reasons: firstly, there are unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, and secondly, there are internal reasons related to the peculiarities of the activities of commercial banks themselves.

The purpose of the course work is to clarify the essence of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank.

Among traditional types of banking activities, the provision of loans is the main operation that ensures their profitability and stability of existence. By issuing loans to individuals and legal entities, the bank forms its loan portfolio. Thus, the bank's loan portfolio is the totality of debt balances on active credit operations as of a certain date. The client loan portfolio is its integral part and represents the balance of debt on credit transactions of the bank with individuals and legal entities as of a certain date. There are various classifications of the loan portfolio, among which one can find the division of the portfolio into gross (the total volume of loans issued by the bank at a certain point in time) and net (the gross portfolio minus the amount of reserves to cover possible losses on credit operations).

1. The essence and concept of a commercial bank’s loan portfolio

Credit activity is one of the most important features constituting the very concept of a bank. The level of organization of the lending process is perhaps the best indicator of the overall work of a bank and the quality of its management.

In scientific and educational literature, as well as in regulatory documents, the nature of the loan is sometimes interpreted ambiguously. In this regard, it is necessary to first clarify the key points associated with this concept.

The concepts of “loan” and “credit”. In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, these similar concepts differ meaningfully in a number of ways. From their comparison it follows that a loan (a special case of a loan relationship) has the following inherent properties:

It should deal with the transfer by one party (the lender) to the other party (the borrower) not of any things, but only of money, and only for temporary use (not into the ownership of the borrower). Moreover, the specified money may not be the property of the creditor himself;

It cannot, unless otherwise provided in the contract, be interest-free. In this case, the contractual execution (in writing) of issuing or receiving a loan is considered as a mandatory, although not specific to the credit transaction, parameter. For a loan agreement, written form is not always required;

In it, only a credit institution (usually a bank) acts as a lender. In this sense, a loan is a bank loan in monetary form. This refers to the active lending option, when the bank does not receive, but gives a loan;

The bank's obligation to issue a loan in accordance with the concluded agreement is unconditional;

The loan is also repaid in cash.

In addition, the need to worry about the future repayment of a loan issued by a bank forces it to usually require from a potential borrower:

1) justification for the reasonableness and economic efficiency of the operation (transaction) for which the loan is requested, which in general means openness and certainty regarding the intended purpose of the loan;

2) providing the lender with the opportunity to control, within certain limits, the intended use of the loan, the effectiveness of such use and, in general, the efficiency of the business of the borrower - a legal entity;

3) providing the lender with known material or other security for the loan issued by him as evidence of the reliability of the relationship between the parties, even in the event of an unsuccessful operation (transaction) by the borrower for which the loan was taken, or in general unfavorable development of the business and financial condition of the borrower.

Finally, the bank must initially credit the loan issued to the borrower to a loan account opened specifically for this purpose.

Summarizing the above points, we can conclude that the loan involves the transfer to the borrower (legal entity or individual) by the bank, on the basis of a special written agreement, of exclusively funds (the bank’s own funds and/or borrowed funds) for a period specified in such an agreement on the terms of repayment and payment in monetary form, control, and also, as a rule, intended use and security.

It should also be borne in mind that the loan takes place not from the moment the parties sign the loan agreement, but from the moment the corresponding amount is actually provided to the borrower.

The concepts of “credit” and “loan”. In banking legislation, the term “loan” is not used (in Chapter 38 of the Civil Code, this is understood as the gratuitous use of an item received from another person, i.e. something that does not apply to lending). At the same time, it is widely used in Bank of Russia documents and literature. But in neither case is the purpose of its use substantiated, nor the special content that may distinguish a loan from a credit. In fact, these terms are used as synonyms; more precisely, a loan is understood as an active loan.

Bank loans are divided into active and passive. In the first case, the bank gives a loan, i.e. acts as a creditor, in the second he takes a loan, i.e. is a borrower. A bank can enter into credit relationships (take or give loans) with other banks (credit organizations), including the central bank, performing an active or passive function, depending on the situation. In this case, interbank lending takes place. As for all other enterprises, organizations, institutions and individuals (non-financial sector of the economy), the bank’s credit relations with them are of a different nature - here the bank is almost always the party giving the loan.

According to Russian civil law, there are two fundamentally different types of loans.

1) Agreement on the provision of property for temporary free use. The parties to the agreement can be both individuals and legal entities, and its subject is only individually defined things, in contrast to a loan agreement, the subject of which is money or things defined by generic characteristics. A loan agreement, being in many ways similar to a property lease agreement, has the following differences: a) gratuitousness; b) can be not only consensual, but also real; c) the property that constitutes the subject of the contract can be claimed from the owner only by legal entities.

Loans from inventory assets are secured by collateral of these assets, and sometimes by guarantees from higher-level organizations.

2) Bank loan - funds provided by banks in the process of lending against urgent obligations of organizations and citizens or against obligations due at presentation.

2. Credit policybank and mechanisms for its implementation

Before starting to issue loans, the bank must formulate its credit policy (along with and in accordance with its policies in relation to all other areas of activity - deposit, interest, tariff, technical, personnel, in relation to clients, competitors, etc. ), as well as provide ways and means of translating it into real practice.

The formulation of a bank's policy(ies) is one of the stages of planning its activities. To define and approve your credit policy means to formulate and consolidate in the necessary internal documents the position of the bank’s management on at least the following issues:

a) the priorities of the bank in the credit market, meaning the preferred ones for this bank:

Objects of lending (industries, types of production or other business);

The nature of relations with borrowers;

Types and sizes (minimum, maximum) of loans;

Loan servicing schemes;

Forms of ensuring loan repayment, etc.;

b) lending purposes:

Expected level of profitability of loans;

Other (not directly related to making a profit) goals.

For the bank to make informed decisions on the specified range of issues, a clear and balanced statement of the general goals of the bank’s activities for the coming period (i.e., good planning in general), an adequate analysis of the credit market (i.e., good work of the marketing service), clarity of prospects for the development of the bank’s resource base, a correct assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio, taking into account the dynamics of the level of personnel qualifications and other factors.

In accordance with Regulation No. 254 “On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible loan losses...” the authorized body (bodies) of the bank adopts the bank’s internal documents on the classification of loans (loans) and the formation of appropriate reserves, which must comply with the requirements of this Regulation and other regulatory legal acts on issues of credit policy and/or methods of its implementation. In these internal documents, the bank reflects, in particular:

1) a credit risk assessment system that allows classifying loans into quality categories, including containing more detailed procedures for assessing the quality of loans and creating a reserve than provided for in the Regulations;

2) the procedure for assessing loans, including the criteria for their assessment, the procedure for documenting and confirming such an assessment;

3) procedures for making and executing decisions on the formation of a reserve;

4) procedures for making and executing decisions on writing off loans from the balance sheet that are unrealistic for collection;

5) a description of the methods, rules and procedures used in assessing the financial position of the borrower, a list of sources of information used on this issue, the range of information necessary to assess the financial position of the borrower, as well as the powers of bank employees participating in this assessment;

6) the procedure for compiling and further maintaining the borrower’s file;

7) the procedure and frequency of determining the value of the collateral;

8) the procedure and frequency of assessing the liquidity of the collateral, as well as the procedure for determining the amount of the reserve, taking into account the collateral for the loan;

9) the procedure for assessing credit risk for a portfolio of homogeneous loans;

10) the procedure and frequency of formation (regulation) of the reserve.

At the same time, the bank must publicly disclose information about its credit policy as part of the reporting submitted in accordance with the requirements of Bank of Russia regulations.

The role of credit policy should be understood as the totality of its functions, i.e. expectations associated with its development and application. Therefore, we can assume that the function of a bank’s credit policy in general is to optimize the credit process, bearing in mind that the goals and priorities for the development (improvement) of lending, determined by the bank, constitute its credit policy.

The provisions of credit policy must be supported by practical measures, which together constitute mechanisms for implementing credit policy. Measures designed to implement the intended credit policy in the expected circumstances (necessary and/or possible actions to be taken) must also be reviewed and approved by the bank's management, and the corresponding decisions are formalized in the form of internal documents.

A special block of mechanisms for implementing credit policy constitutes a mandatory set of instructions and methodological materials for each bank, regulating all aspects of organizing its work in the credit market.

All provisions of the credit policy are aimed at achieving the highest possible quality of the bank’s lending activities.

The quality of a bank’s lending activities (the quality of the bank’s organization of its lending activities) can be judged by a number of criteria (signs), including:

Profitability of credit operations (in dynamics);

Availability of a clearly formulated credit policy for each specific period, adequate to the capabilities of the bank itself and the interests of its clients, as well as clearly defined mechanisms (including organizational, information and analytical support) and procedures for the implementation of such a policy (regulations for all stages of a credit operation);

Compliance with legislation and regulations of the Bank of Russia related to the credit process;

Condition of the loan portfolio;

Availability of a working credit risk management mechanism.

Loan portfolio is a set of bank claims for loans, which are classified according to criteria associated with various factors of credit risk or methods of protection against it.

The concept of a bank's loan portfolio is interpreted ambiguously in the economic literature. Some authors interpret the loan portfolio very broadly, including all financial assets and even liabilities of the bank, others associate the concept under consideration only with the bank’s lending operations, while others emphasize that the loan portfolio is not a simple set of elements, but a classified set.

The regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia regulating certain aspects of loan portfolio management define its structure, from which it follows that it includes not only the loan segment, but also various other requirements of the bank of a credit nature: placed deposits, interbank loans, requirements for receipt (repayment) ) debt securities, shares and bills, discounted bills, factoring, claims on rights acquired under a transaction, on mortgages purchased on the secondary market, on transactions for the sale (purchase) of assets with deferred payment (delivery), on paid letters of credit, on financial lease transactions (leasing), for the return of funds if the purchased securities and other financial assets are unquoted or not traded on the organized market.

This expanded content of the totality of elements that form the loan portfolio is explained by the fact that such categories as deposit, interbank loan, factoring, guarantees, leasing, securities have similar essential characteristics associated with the return movement of value and the absence of a change of owner. The differences lie in the content of the object of relationship and the form of movement of value.

Analysis of the bank's loan portfolio is carried out regularly and forms the basis of its management, which aims to reduce the total credit risk through diversification of loan investments and identifying the riskiest segments of the credit market. The main stages of the analysis: selection of criteria for assessing the quality of loans, determination of the method of this assessment (number or point system of assessment, classification of loans by risk groups, determination of the percentage of risk for each group, calculation of the absolute value of risk in the context of each group and in general for the loan portfolio, determination the amount of reserve sources to cover possible loan losses, assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio based on a system of financial ratios, as well as through its segmentation (structural analysis).

When forming a “loan portfolio”, it is necessary to take into account the following risks: credit, liquidity and interest.

Credit risk factors are the main criteria for its classification. Depending on the scope of the factors, internal and external credit risks are distinguished; on the degree of connection of factors with the activities of the bank - credit risk, dependent or independent of the activities of the bank. Credit risks dependent on the bank’s activities, taking into account its scale, are divided into fundamental (related to decision-making by managers involved in managing active and passive operations); commercial (related to the area of ​​activity of the Central Federal District); individual and aggregate (loan portfolio risk, risk of a set of credit transactions).

Fundamental credit risks include risks associated with collateral margin standards, decisions to issue loans to borrowers who do not meet the bank’s standards, as well as those resulting from the bank’s interest rate and currency risk, etc.

Commercial risks are associated with the credit policy in relation to small businesses, large and medium-sized clients - legal entities and individuals, and with certain areas of the bank's lending activities.

Individual credit risks include the risk of a credit product, service, operation (transaction), as well as the risk of the borrower or other counterparty.

The risk factors of a credit product (service) are, firstly, its compliance with the needs of the borrower (especially in terms of term and amount); secondly, business risk factors arising from the content of the event being financed; thirdly, the reliability of repayment sources; fourthly, the sufficiency and quality of support. In addition, credit risk factors may arise from operational risk, since in the process of creating a product and its variety - services - technological and accounting errors in documents, as well as abuses, may be made.

Factors of a borrower's credit risk are its reputation, including the level of management, operational efficiency, industry affiliation, professionalism of bank employees in assessing the borrower's creditworthiness, capital adequacy, degree of balance sheet liquidity, etc. The borrower's risks may be provoked by the credit institution itself due to the wrong choice of the type of loan and lending conditions.

The study of scientific works and publications of foreign and Russian authors regarding the definition of risk associated with bank liquidity allows us to identify discrepancies already at the conceptual level. Some economists highlight liquidity risk, while others highlight the risk of unbalanced liquidity.

Thus, summarizing the effective and factor components of liquidity risk, we can formulate its essence as follows: liquidity risk is the risk of incurring losses (losing part of capital) due to the inability or impossibility of the bank to attract additional financial resources in a timely manner and without losses for itself or to sell existing assets to fulfill obligations assumed to creditors and depositors.

Thus, in the monograph “Banking: Strategic Leadership”, edited by V. Platonov and M. Higgins, it is noted that the risk of insufficient liquidity is expressed in the inability to fulfill its obligations in a timely manner and this will require the sale of certain assets of the bank on unfavorable terms; the risk of excessive liquidity - loss of income due to an excess of highly liquid assets and, as a consequence, unjustified financing of low-yielding assets using paid resources for the bank.

The factor side of the risk of excess liquidity is also determined by internal and external factors. Their nature is the same for both types of this risk.

Thus, the uniform nature of internal factors is expressed in the fact that excess liquidity, like insufficient liquidity, is a reflection of the bank’s inability to promptly eliminate the discrepancy that has arisen between assets and liabilities of the corresponding periods. The reasons for this situation may be: in case of excessive liquidity, caution or inability to manage the situation, to find areas for development of bank operations; in case of a lack of liquidity - aggressive policy, inability to assess the real situation.

The uniform nature of external factors determines the bank’s inability to assess and take into account the external environment in which it operates.

The reasons causing the risk of unbalanced liquidity generally lie in the unsatisfactory management of the bank, which is unable to properly structure cash flows and ensure their quality.

Thus, the risk of unbalanced liquidity should be understood as the risk of loss of income due to the inability or inability of the bank to adjust its liquid position in a timely manner, i.e. bring into compliance and without loss for yourself the volume of obligations and the sources of their coverage.

Interest rate risk refers to those types of risk that the bank cannot avoid in its activities. Moreover, the responsibility for measuring, analyzing and managing it lies entirely with the management of the credit institution. Supervisory authorities are limited mainly to assessing the effectiveness of the risk management system created in a commercial bank.

The economic literature presents different points of view regarding the concept of interest rate risk. Some authors interpret it as the risk of loss as a result of changes in interest rates. Other authors give a similar definition, considering interest rate risk as the probability of losses in the event of changes in interest rates on financial resources. Still others offer a broader definition, believing, in particular, that interest rate risk is the risk of losses due to unfavorable changes in interest rates in the money market, which finds external expression in a fall in the interest margin, reducing it to zero or a negative value, indicating at the same time for possible negative impact on market value capital.

The Fundamental Principles of Banking Supervision (as set out in the Basel Committee) define interest rate risk as the risk that a bank's financial position may be potentially exposed to an adverse change in interest rates.

3 . Interest rate risk factors. The essence of interest rate risk allows us to identify factors influencing its levelno

Interest rate risk factors can be divided into internal and external. In the Russian economy, unlike developed countries, the level of risk is mainly increased by external factors.

These include:

Instability of market conditions in terms of interest rate risk;

Legal regulation of interest rate risk;

Political conditions;

Economic situation in the country;

Competition in the banking services market;

Relationships with partners and clients;

International events.

Internal interest rate risk factors include:

Lack of a clear bank strategy in the field of interest rate risk management;

Miscalculations in the management of banking operations, leading to the creation of risky positions (the emergence of an imbalance in the structure and maturities of assets and liabilities, incorrect forecasts of changes in the yield curve, etc.);

Lack of a developed interest rate risk hedging program;

Disadvantages of planning and forecasting of bank development;

Personnel errors during operations.

The main problem in practice is the timely monitoring of interest rate risk factors, and this process must be continuous. In accordance with the identified causes of increased interest rate risk, it is necessary to adjust the risk management system of the bank.

The essence of a bank's loan portfolio can be considered at the categorical and applied levels. In the first aspect, the loan portfolio is the relationship between the bank and its counterparties regarding the return movement of value, which takes the form of credit requirements. In the second aspect, the loan portfolio is a collection of bank assets in the form of loans, discounted bills, interbank loans, deposits and other credit-related claims, classified into quality groups based on certain criteria.

The qualitative difference between the loan portfolio and other portfolios of a commercial bank lies in such essential properties of the loan and credit categories as the return movement of value between the participants in the relationship, as well as the monetary nature of the object of the relationship.

Conclusion

bank loan portfolio

Credit operations are the basis of the banking business, since they are the main source of income for the bank. But these operations are associated with the risk of loan non-repayment (credit risk), to which banks are more or less exposed in the process of lending to clients. That is why credit risk, as one of the types of banking risks, is the main object of attention of banks.

Effective management of a loan portfolio begins with the careful development of a lending policy by a credit institution, which is implemented in a document approved and periodically reviewed by the board of directors or board of the credit institution. It should formulate goals and objectives when providing funds in terms of ensuring high quality of assets and profitability of this line of activity. A loan portfolio is a characteristic of the structure and quality of loans issued, classified according to certain criteria. One of these criteria used in foreign and domestic practice is the degree of credit risk. Therefore, the criterion determines the quality of the loan portfolio. Analysis and assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio allow bank managers to manage its lending operations.

Loan portfolio management has several stages: selection of criteria for assessing the quality of an individual loan; identification of the main groups of loans indicating the risk percentages associated with them; assessment of each loan issued by the bank based on selected criteria, i.e. assigning it to the appropriate group; determination of the structure of the loan portfolio in the context of classified loans; assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio as a whole; analysis of factors influencing changes in the structure of the loan portfolio over time; determining the amount of the reserve fund adequate to the total risk of the bank’s loan portfolio; development of measures to improve the quality of the loan portfolio. The fundamental point in managing a bank’s loan portfolio is the choice of criteria for assessing the quality of an individual loan.

Increasing the profitability of credit operations and reducing the risk associated with them are two opposing goals. As in all areas of financial activity, where the highest returns for investors come from operations with increased risk, increased interest on loans is a payment for risk in banking. Thus, when forming a loan portfolio, the bank must adhere to the principle common to all investors - to combine highly profitable and quite risky investments with less profitable but less risky areas of lending.

It was revealed that the quality of the bank's loan portfolio can be managed by carrying out a set of measures aimed at tightening requirements for the borrower and increasing the diversification of the bank's loan portfolio.

The study showed that the quality of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank must be assessed not only by analyzing the structure of loan debt, but also by using standards and coefficients developed by the bank as part of the development of credit policy.

The Bank of Russia's insufficient elaboration of the problem of credit risk management significantly complicates the management of the quality of loan portfolios of commercial banks in Russia.

The main goal of Sberbank of Russia is to strengthen its leading position in the main segments of the Russian financial market, primarily in the markets for banking services to the public and corporate clients. Sberbank considers the main tools for achieving this goal to be the development and implementation of a clear customer policy that takes into account the needs of various customer groups, the introduction of a business model focused primarily on customers, in order to improve conditions and improve the quality of customer service, and expand the range of products and services. In particular, it is planned to increase the information transparency of the Bank.

As it becomes clear from this work, the problem of managing the quality of a commercial bank’s loan portfolio is large and multifaceted, and existing quality management methods are diverse and for more successful functioning of the banking system it is necessary to introduce a unified regulatory framework for all banks.

Bibliography

1.Azhdansky Code of the Russian Federation.

2. Tavasiev A.M. Banking: managing a credit organization: a textbook. -M.: “Dashkov and K”, 2007. -668s.

3. Development concept of Sberbank of Russia until 2012. The project was approved by the Strategic Planning Committee of the Supervisory Board of the Savings Bank of Russia (minutes of meeting No. 1 of July 24, 2007).

4. Lavrushin O. I. Banking: Textbook - M.: KNORUS, 2006. -768 p.

5. Lavrushin O.I., Banking risks, M., KNORUS, 2007, 231 p.

6. Regulations of the Central Bank of Russia No. 254-P dated March 26, 2004 “On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt.”

7. Official website of the Central Bank of Russia, www.cbr.ru.

8. Official website of Sberbank of Russia, www.sbrf.ru.

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Lending to individuals and legal entities is one of the main activities that almost any bank engages in. The interest that the bank receives from providing funds is a significant part of the organization’s earnings. To understand what a bank’s loan portfolio is, you need to carefully study the information about the phenomenon and become familiar with its nuances.

Concept

A bank's loan portfolio is the total amount of debt that clients have to a credit institution at a certain point in time. It includes the amounts for which the loan agreement was concluded to the borrower. The amount of interest and possible net profit are not taken into account.

If we talk in simple language, then the organization’s credit portfolio is the funds that the company must receive after returning the amounts issued to customers for temporary use under certain conditions. The loan portfolio can be sold. The action permits the borrowers' debt obligations to be transferred in full to another firm or to be carried out as a partial sale. Current legislation allows other manipulations to be performed if they do not contradict established standards.

Types and stages of formation

Today there are 2 current types of loan portfolios that allow banks to make a profit: neutral and risky. The first includes contracts with clients who regularly return money to the bank and carefully fulfill their obligations. This type is considered the most expensive. The risky loan portfolio includes contracts of those persons who may delay payment or fail to make it.

Formation of a loan portfolio is one of the main tasks of every credit institution. It allows you to make significant profits. For this reason, organizations try not to neglect this opportunity. There are several stages in the compilation procedure. The company is obliged to take into account the principles of formation of the loan portfolio. There are the following stages that a bank must go through if it decides to start providing funds to citizens:

1. Analyze factors that may influence the amount of demand.
2. Build credit potential.
3. Ensure that the capacity and loans that the organization plans to issue are consistent.
4. Analyze loans provided to citizens, taking into account various signs to carry out the action.
5. Assess how well the loan portfolio was formed and take into account its effectiveness.
6. Develop and implement a list of activities that will help improve the existing portfolio.

The implementation of all stages will allow the credit institution to acquire a reliable way to make a profit. In the process, the structure of the loan portfolio can be identified by loan terms.

Control

A company that wants to make a profit on a timely basis must exercise control over the funds issued and ensure their timely return. This event is the management of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank.

Principles of operation – to obtain the maximum amount of profit while minimizing risks. To achieve this, a program is being developed within the company to implement these 2 main principles. The result of the action is the formation of a system that represents a balance between benefits and risks. By adhering to it, the company will be able to receive the optimal profit margin, while practically eliminating the risk of losing money.

There is a list of tools that companies use to manage their loan portfolio. The list includes:

• delimitation of powers of department heads for different types of loans;
• conducting a personal risk assessment for each applicant;
• individual development of an offer for each client wishing to start cooperation.

The credit institution uses its own methods to minimize risks and generate profits. All of them form the policy of the organization. If the offices of the institution are located in different cities, the criteria for behavior with borrowers for them are determined by the head office. A committee is formed in the company, which is designed to determine:

• the amount of money that the bank can provide as loans;
• the interest rate for a certain period of time;
• the need for collateral and guarantors;
• other nuances that can affect safety and profitability.

The credit committee is required to determine the degree of risks that the bank can expose itself to in order to make a profit. In addition, the authority is competent to make decisions on the terms of providing funds to the organization’s key clients. This distribution gives branch managers the opportunity to independently resolve operational issues that do not relate to the organization’s global credit line.

Carrying out analysis

To understand how to get maximum profits with minimal risks, company employees are forced to analyze the loan portfolio of a commercial bank. Today, different types of loans can be in demand, and sometimes it is difficult to identify patterns. In addition, the company itself may provide widely varying offers. Only a comprehensive study of activities will make it possible to understand in which direction it is necessary to move in the future to improve the organization’s performance.

There are 2 types of analysis that every company uses to make an assessment: quantitative and qualitative. To carry out type 1, the organization carries out the following activities:

• counts how many agreements were concluded within each credit program over a certain period of time;
• defines a population;
• takes into account the total amount of capital provided;
• compares the obtained indicators with a similar period of time;
• compares the results obtained with the plan.

Conducting a detailed analysis allows us to identify the areas that are most popular with clients and make them priorities. In addition, the assessment allows us to identify the most risky areas of lending, in which transactions should be avoided. The results of the event can have a significant impact on the administrative decisions that the company's management will make in the future. It will be much easier to determine the volume of lending for the next period. The credit flow is based on the results of the analysis. It represents the possible amount of all funds that the company can allocate to provide loans to citizens and organizations.

Quantitative analysis is not the only assessment method that the bank uses to build a policy and determine the nuances of forming a loan portfolio. By performing a qualitative analysis, institution staff will be able to identify:

• share of problem loans in the total amount of loans;
• the amount of overdue debt in the total portfolio;
• determine dynamics over a certain period of time;
• choose priority areas;
• identify areas of activity that are developing more slowly than others.

The action allows you to determine the quality of the loan portfolio. The banking market is in constant flux. He is characterized by quick changes. For this reason, experts advise performing both types of analysis regularly. This will significantly increase possible profits and minimize losses.

Bankruptcy and loan portfolio

The bank may have its own creditors. Their roles are usually played by:

• investors who put money into the company at interest;
• suppliers;
• enterprises with which the company has entered into cooperation agreements.

If a company realizes that it is unable to pay its own debt obligations, it declares itself bankrupt. However, the company is not immediately recognized as such. A temporary administration is appointed at the company, which takes measures to improve the current situation. If the actions bring results, the bank pays off its debt obligations to creditors.

However, actions do not always produce results. If the Central Bank of the Russian Federation sees that the organization cannot get out of the current situation, it declares the company bankrupt. In this case, a number of measures are taken to settle accounts with creditors. One of them is the sale of the loan portfolio.

Most ordinary people have formed the opinion that if a company closes, there is no need to return the borrowed funds. However, failure to fulfill obligations is fraught with serious sanctions. A bank that is trying to stay afloat will not stand on ceremony with debtors. The company may independently try to collect funds from debtors or transfer the right to another company by selling the loan portfolio. However, the action is not always performed. If a decision to declare a company bankrupt is not made for a long period of time, it can keep the portfolio to itself. You will still have to repay the loan. If the company closes, debt obligations will have to be repaid through a branch of another bank.

Sale of loan portfolio

If a decision has been made to sell the loan portfolio, it may be acquired by another organization. However, the action must be carried out in accordance with established rules. So, new company, who purchased the loan portfolio, is obliged to notify borrowers about this. Then the company independently redistributes its existing loans, classifying them as risky or neutral. Subsequently, appropriate work will be carried out with borrowers.

Most people fear that the interest rate will increase significantly after selling the portfolio. However, the new company does not have the right to change the terms of already concluded contracts. The money will have to be returned to the bank according to the same scheme that was in effect before the sale of the portfolio.

INTRODUCTION

Lending is the main activity of a commercial bank. It is credit operations that give the bank the opportunity to receive the largest amount of income, subject to a correct and rational credit policy. This is largely why loans occupy the main share in the active operations of commercial banks. The effectiveness of the credit policy pursued by commercial banks depends on the quality of the loan portfolio being formed. It is no secret that the low quality of the loan portfolio is the main reason for the bankruptcy of many banks. In modern conditions of development of banking, the quality of the loan portfolio becomes decisive for the survival and success of the bank as a commercial enterprise. It is known from global banking practice that if the share of bad assets in assets exceeds 7%, then the future of the bank is problematic. Therefore, banks must, by introducing a set of organizational and technological measures, achieve an adequate level of loan portfolio quality. The presence of a large volume of problem loans in the portfolio of Russian banks is, as practice shows, not only a reflection of problems in the economy, but also evidence of the imperfection of credit procedures, organizational structure, selection and placement of personnel, i.e. evidence of poor loan portfolio management.

The purpose of the thesis is to clarify the essence of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, the importance of its proper formation and management, and a practical analysis of the state of the bank’s loan portfolio.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are solved:

explore the structure of credit investments, types of loan operations and collateral for bank loans;

analyze the impact of credit policy on the quality of the loan portfolio;

study modern credit risks taken into account when forming a loan portfolio;

provide a general description of JSCB "ENISEY" and its lending activities;

conduct an analysis of the credit policy of JSCB "ENISEY";

analyze and compare the loan portfolio and income from lending to the bank in 2008-2009;

propose the main directions for optimizing the bank's loan portfolio.

The subject of the study is the process of forming a loan portfolio and methods of managing it; the object of the study is the loan portfolio of JSCB "ENISEY".

The information base for the study was materials from commercial banks and other credit institutions in Russia and foreign countries, Russian and foreign monographic literature, balance sheet data, financial statements, statistical data characterizing the activities of Russian commercial banks.

In the process of working on the dissertation, regulatory documents, statistical materials of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and Russian news agencies, periodicals, as well as methodological developments of commercial banks were used.

Commercial banks in the Russian Federation today are experiencing great difficulties in forming their loan portfolios; their quality is unsatisfactory.

Most of the loans issued are short-term. Bank loan portfolios are characterized by increased risk.

This is due both to the credit policy pursued by banks and to the economic situation in the country.

Thus, the formation of a loan portfolio is important in banking, since the provision of credit is one of the fundamental functions of the bank.

Credit operations serve as an income-generating factor in the activities of commercial banks. An indicator of the level of organization of the credit process is the quality of the loan portfolio, which in domestic practice is defined as a set of concluded contracts for credit transactions.

The level of the loan quality indicator is inversely proportional to the level of credit risk; the higher the quality of the loan, the less likely it is to default or delay repayment, and vice versa.

Moreover, in contrast to credit risk, the quality of a loan or a bank’s loan portfolio is a real value determined by the extent of loans already provided by the bank. Knowing the structure of the loan portfolio by loan quality categories and having determined statistically the average percentage of problem, overdue, and bad loans for each category, the bank is able to implement a number of measures aimed at reducing losses on credit transactions.

The main methods of regulation and credit risk management are the following: diversification of the asset portfolio, preliminary analysis of the solvency of borrowers, creation of reserves to cover credit risk, analysis and maintenance of the optimal structure of the loan portfolio for the bank; requirement for loans to be secured and for their intended use.

Since granting a loan, on the one hand, is always associated with risk, on the other hand, lending is the main source of profit, the bank’s task is to carry out a balanced credit policy that makes it possible to find a compromise between the desire to obtain maximum income while minimizing risk.

To this end, the bank carries out a great deal of work to select the most profitable and acceptable for the bank types, forms, methods of securing lending, assessing the reputation and creditworthiness of the borrower.

Therefore, it is important to carry out a reasonable, well-founded credit policy, because the further activities of the bank depend on its development and implementation, since lending is the most profitable type of services provided by the bank.

CHAPTER 1. LOAN PORTFOLIO OF A COMMERCIAL BANK

.1 Concept and essence of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank

Commercial banks are central links in the system of market relations, and the systematic development of their activities is a necessary condition for real functioning market economy. Their assets are more than 15 times greater than the assets of mutual funds, insurance companies, and non-state pension funds combined. For the successful economic development of the Russian financial market, strengthening the market foundations of the economy and its integration into the global financial community, it is very important to bring banks to a central place in the management of the monetary system and the economy as a whole as quickly as possible. This becomes feasible due to the specific role that commercial banks play in the credit system of the state. Due to their special ability to accumulate temporarily free funds in society and place them in the form of credit in industries that are especially in need of investment, banks contribute to the proportional economic development of the country.

Credit operations of commercial banks are one of the most important types of banking activities. In the financial market, lending retains its position as the most profitable item of assets of credit institutions, although also the most risky. In this regard, the issues of developing and improving the loan portfolio management system in order to minimize its risks have acquired particular relevance and significance.

The formation of a loan portfolio is one of the fundamental moments in the bank’s activities, which allows us to more clearly develop the tactics and strategy for the development of a commercial bank, its ability to lend to clients and develop business activity in the market. The loan portfolio serves as the main source of income for the bank and at the same time - the main source of risk when placing assets. The stability of the bank, its reputation, and financial results largely depend on the structure and quality of the loan portfolio. An optimal, high-quality loan portfolio affects the bank’s liquidity and its reliability. The reliability of the bank is important for many - for shareholders, enterprises, the population who are depositors and use the bank's services. The loss of deposits affects numerous savings of depositors and the capital of many economic entities. Financial imbalance among banks reduces overall confidence in the state’s credit system, and this is also felt in other sectors of the economy.

To form an optimal loan portfolio, it is important for a bank to develop an appropriate credit policy - to correctly select market segments and determine the structure of activities. The bank must form its assets in such a way that at the right time it has a sufficient amount of means of payment to pay off its obligations.

The concept of a loan portfolio remains controversial, and in the economic literature little attention has been paid to its definition and this issue has not been sufficiently developed and analyzed.

However, there are a number of approaches to the issue of defining the concept and essence of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank. In general, a portfolio should be understood as a collection, set, stock of certain material, financial, ideological or other parameters that give an idea of ​​the nature, direction, volume of activity, prospects for the market niche of a company, bank, organization, etc.

Some authors interpret the loan portfolio very broadly, attributing to it all the financial assets and even liabilities of the bank, others associate the concept under consideration only with the bank’s lending operations, and others emphasize that the loan portfolio is not a simple set of elements, but a classified set. Common to the presented definitions is the interpretation of concepts as a certain set.

Most authors, when determining a loan portfolio, are based on only one of the criteria for classifying its elements - credit risk. In my opinion, in order to most accurately determine the loan portfolio, it is necessary to take into account other factors that directly influence it (for example, the level of profitability and the degree of liquidity of the loan portfolio).

In foreign economic literature, a loan portfolio is understood as a characteristic of the structure and quality of issued loans, classified according to certain criteria depending on the set management goals. That is, in determining the essence of the loan portfolio, foreign economists include the result of applying elements of the credit management process. Recently, an increasing number of domestic specialists have adopted foreign methods for determining the concept of a loan portfolio.

The regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia regulating certain aspects of loan portfolio management define its structure, from which it follows that it includes not only the loan portfolio, but also various other credit requirements of the bank: loans granted and received, deposits placed and attracted, interbank loans and deposits, factoring, claims for debt securities. This structure of the loan portfolio is explained by the similarity of such categories as deposit, interbank loan, factoring, guarantees, leasing, securities, which in their economic essence are associated with the return movement of value and the absence of a change of owner.

When defining the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, it is impossible not to touch upon the concept of its quality. The quality of the loan portfolio will be understood as a comprehensive definition that characterizes the effectiveness of the formation of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank in terms of profitability, degree of credit risk and security. Credit risk depends on the financial position of the borrower, the quality of debt servicing, as well as on all information available to the credit institution about any risks of the borrower, including information about the borrower’s external obligations and the functioning of the market in which the borrower operates. The level of the loan portfolio quality indicator is inversely proportional to the level of credit risk (the higher the quality of the loan, the less likely it is to default or delay repayment, and vice versa). The same applies to the level of security and profitability of the loan (the more reliable its security, and the more income it brings, the higher the quality of the loan portfolio).

All banks maintain strict control over the quality of the loan portfolio, conduct an independent examination and identify cases of deviation from accepted standards and goals of the bank’s credit policy. Depending on the amount of credit risk, i.e. the risk of non-payment by the borrower of the principal debt and interest due to the lender within the period established by the loan agreement, all loans are divided into five quality categories:

Quality category II (non-standard loans) - moderate credit risk (the probability of financial losses due to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of loan obligations by the borrower causes its depreciation in the amount of 1 to 20%);

III quality category (doubtful loans) - significant credit risk (the probability of financial losses due to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of loan obligations by the borrower causes its depreciation in the amount of 21 to 50%);

Quality category IV (problem loans) - high credit risk (the probability of financial losses due to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by the borrower of loan obligations causes its depreciation in the amount of 51 to 100%);

V (lowest) quality category (bad loans) - there is no probability of loan repayment due to the borrower’s inability or refusal to fulfill loan obligations, which leads to complete (100%) depreciation of the loan.

All credit organizations, in accordance with Regulation No. 254-P, are required to form reserves for possible losses on loans, on loan and similar debt. The reserve for possible loan losses is formed through deductions attributed to bank expenses. This reserve ensures the creation of more stable conditions for banks' financial activities and allows them to avoid fluctuations in the amount of banks' profits due to the write-off of loan losses.

An essential point in determining a loan portfolio is that its selection and formation directly depends on the bank’s determination of its investment horizon, a set of strategic and tactical decisions for a certain period of time. In this regard, it seems important to us to emphasize that the loan portfolio is not just a passively formed set of bank credit requirements, but the result active actions bank, dynamically developing, obviously management relationship between different types of loans. That is why, from our point of view, it is necessary to consider the loan portfolio of a commercial bank as the embodiment of the strategy, the bank’s credit policy (which is, in turn, part of the bank’s overall development strategy), as a result of the bank’s active management actions aimed at creating a certain relationship between the total credit instruments.

1.2 Formation and management of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank

Credit operations are the most profitable item in the banking business. This source generates the bulk of net profit, which is transferred to reserve funds and used to pay dividends to the bank's shareholders. At the same time, the structure and quality of the loan portfolio are associated with the main risks that the bank is exposed to in the process of operating activities - liquidity risk (the bank’s inability to repay obligations to the depositor), credit risk (failure of borrowers to repay principal and interest on the loan), interest rate risk and etc. Therefore, careful selection of borrowers, analysis of the conditions for issuing a loan, constant monitoring of the financial condition of the borrower, his ability (and willingness) to repay the loan is one of the fundamental functions of the bank’s credit departments.

Thus, the most important issue for any bank is the formation of an optimal loan portfolio as one of the main directions for allocating financial resources, as well as effective management of the loan portfolio.

The formation and management of a loan portfolio is one of the fundamental aspects of the bank’s activities. An optimal, high-quality loan portfolio affects the bank’s liquidity and its reliability. The reliability of the bank is important for many - for shareholders, enterprises, the population who are depositors and use the bank's services. The loss of deposits affects numerous savings of depositors and the capital of many economic entities. Financial imbalance among banks reduces overall confidence in the state’s credit system, and this is also felt in other sectors of the economy.

To form an optimal loan portfolio, it is important for a bank to develop an appropriate credit policy - to correctly select market segments and determine the structure of activities.

Much attention should be paid to the quality of the loan portfolio. A low-quality loan portfolio, unreasonable loans (issued in violation of credit policy), and issuance of loans to unreliable borrowers can cause financial imbalance in banks. A bank that issues defaulting loans wastes credit resources that could be used to stimulate the accumulation of real capital and contribute to the economic development of the bank.

In managing a loan portfolio, changing the system for managing the maturities of assets and liabilities and, consequently, the difference in interest rates and, ultimately, profitability is of great importance. Each resource source has its own unique characteristics, variability, and reserve requirements. The approach to their management is the method of conversion of financial resources, which considers each source of funds individually.

Management of a bank's loan portfolio is an important element of its credit policy.

The bank's strategy and tactics in the field of obtaining and providing loans constitute the essence of its credit policy. Each bank forms its own credit policy, taking into account political, economic, organizational and other factors. When formulating its credit policy, the bank proceeds from the fact that lending operations generate the bulk of its profits. Having analyzed the document, which presents the main elements of the credit policy of banks developed by the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (intended for control services over the activities of credit institutions), we note that the most important elements of the bank’s credit policy are related to the formation and management of the loan portfolio, in particular:

the goals on the basis of which the bank’s loan portfolio is determined (types, repayment terms, size and quality of loans);

a description of the policies and practices for setting interest rates, loan fees and repayment terms;

a description of the standards by which the quality of all loans is determined;

an indication regarding the maximum limit of loans (that is, the maximum permissible level of the ratio of the amount of loans and total assets of the bank);

description of the region, industry, sphere or sector of the economy served by the bank, in which the bulk of credit investments should be made;

characteristics of the diagnosis of problem loans, their analysis and ways out of emerging difficulties.

Among the factors influencing the formation of a bank’s loan portfolio are the specifics of the banking services market. Each bank must take into account the need for borrowed funds from the main clients of the selected sector of the economy. In the process of developing credit policy, banks determine priorities when forming a loan portfolio, considering its diversification from the standpoint of determining the optimal credit policy. It can be divided into types: policy on lending to legal entities (industrial enterprises, agricultural enterprises, trade and supply organizations, etc.), policy on lending to individuals, etc.

Also, the documents disclosing the content of the credit policy of banks characterize those types of loans, the provision of which is prohibited or extremely undesirable (borrowers whose solvency and reliability are in doubt, who have not provided a complete list of documents, etc.).

A clear and detailed description of the credit policy is important for any bank. It reveals the content of all lending procedures and the responsibilities of bank employees associated with these procedures. Compliance with the provisions of the credit policy allows the bank to form a loan portfolio that helps achieve the goals set in banking activities. These goals are to ensure the profitability of the bank, control over risk management, and compliance with the requirements of banking laws.

In any bank, overall responsibility for loans rests with the board of directors. He develops the bank's credit policy, which is formulated in a special document with a variety of names.

So, in order to develop an optimal credit policy, it is necessary to determine the priority areas of the bank’s work, taking into account the state of the market for banking operations and services, the level of competition, and the capabilities of the bank itself.

The most important element of a bank's credit policy is loan portfolio management. Credit policy should cover the composition of the loan portfolio and control over it as a whole, and also establish standards for making specific credit decisions. In addition to the general credit policy, the bank board should develop an independent internal credit audit program and asset quality assessment, as well as methods for monitoring the adequacy of loan loss provisions. A sound credit policy sets parameters for the loan portfolio as a whole, defining, for example:

what proportion of the bank's resources can be used to issue loans;

what types of loans can be issued;

what part of the loan portfolio may consist of loans of this type;

acceptable concentration of credit for individual borrowers and industries;

the main geographic regions of the business should be identified;

it is necessary to approve limits for the purchase of credit.

The most important indicator of the level of organization of the lending process is the quality of the loan portfolio. The most important criterion by which the quality of the loan portfolio is determined is the degree of credit risk. Analyzing and grouping loans by quality is important. Analysis and assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio allow bank managers to competently manage its loan operations.

The degree of credit risk of banks depends on the following factors:

the degree of concentration of the bank’s lending activities in any area (industry) sensitive to changes in the economy, i.e. having elastic demand for its products, which is expressed by the degree of concentration of bank clients in certain industries or geographic areas, especially susceptible to market changes;

the share of loans going to clients experiencing certain specific difficulties;

concentration of the bank’s activities in little-studied, new, non-traditional areas;

introducing private or significant changes to the bank’s lending policy;

share of new and recently attracted clients;

accepting as collateral values ​​that are difficult to sell on the market or subject to rapid depreciation.

The level of the loan quality indicator is inversely proportional to the level of credit risk (the higher the quality of the loan, the less likely it is to default or delay repayment, and vice versa). Moreover, in contrast to credit risk indicators, the quality of a loan or a bank’s loan portfolio is a real value determined by the loans already provided by the bank. Knowing the structure of the loan portfolio by loan quality categories, and having statistically determined the average percentage of problem, overdue, and bad loans for each category, the bank is able to implement a number of measures aimed at reducing losses on credit transactions.

Quality management refers to the ability of highly qualified bank management to proactively anticipate and resolve emerging risk issues before they become a serious problem for the bank.

The main methods of regulation and credit risk management are as follows:

diversification of the asset portfolio;

preliminary analysis of the borrower's solvency;

creation of reserves to cover credit risk;

analysis and maintenance of the optimal structure of the loan portfolio;

requirement for loans to be secured and for their intended use.

In the activities of banks in industrialized countries and some Russian banks, various methods of risk management are distinguished.

Loan portfolio diversification is the simplest and cheapest method of hedging the risk of loan default.

The main methods used to ensure sufficient diversification of the loan portfolio are the following:

credit rationing, which involves: establishing flexible or rigid lending limits on the amount, terms, types of interest rates and other conditions for granting loans; establishing lending limits for individual borrowers or classes of borrowers in accordance with their financial situation; determination of limits on the concentration of loans in the hands of one or a group of closely cooperating borrowers in accordance with their financial situation;

diversification of borrowers can also be carried out through the direct establishment of limits for all borrowers of a given group (for example, for the population on consumer loans) in absolute amount or by total share in the bank’s loan portfolio;

diversification of accepted collateral for loans;

application of various types of interest rates and methods of calculating and paying interest on a loan;

diversification of the loan portfolio by maturity is of particular importance, since interest rates on loans of different maturities are subject to different fluctuations and the level of indirectly assumed business risks by the borrower also significantly depends on the loan term. Thus, if the bank is focused on long-term consumer loans that have the features of an investment loan, it is reasonable to include short-term loans in the loan portfolio that will balance the portfolio structure. In addition, the insufficient balance of the loan portfolio can be partially compensated by appropriate structuring of portfolios of other assets, but in such a way as to ensure an optimal balance of terms across the entire asset portfolio as a whole.

In practice, three types of diversification are usually used:

portfolio;

geographical;

by maturity dates.

Portfolio diversification means distributing loans among a wide range of clients from different industries and making smaller amounts available to different companies in different industries for a shorter period of time and to a larger number of borrowers.

Geographic diversification focuses on attracting customers from different geographic regions or countries.

Diversification in terms of repayment terms involves issuing and attracting loans at different periods; the point is that the receipt and payment of funds associated with lending for different periods would give the bank the opportunity for a certain financial maneuver and would exclude cases of failure by the bank to fulfill its obligations to clients.

When all other methods of minimizing banking risks are exhausted, the bank's own capital can be used for this purpose. Due to it, losses from risky loans can be compensated. This extreme measure will allow the bank to continue its activities. This measure is possible and effective if the bank’s losses are not so great and can still be compensated.

In foreign banking practice, it is noted that bankers are responsible in relation to credit risks only in two main areas - the ability to overcome risk (knowledge) and the ability to make the right management decisions (management).

This and other factors are constantly in the banker’s field of view in the process of implementing credit policy, analyzing credit risks and managing the quality of the loan portfolio. But management involves not only monitoring and tracking ongoing events, but also taking the necessary measures to overcome negative consequences.

Bank corrective actions may include:

Negotiating the terms of debt repayment;

reducing debt levels through better working capital management;

attracting consultants (on technical, marketing or financial issues);

sale of assets;

compromise;

granting a deferment subject to careful monitoring of the borrower’s activities.

This kind of analysis allows banks to take a more reasonable approach to determining the optimal reserve for covering bad debts and, accordingly, develop an economically sound credit policy.

In recent years, when developing credit policy, commercial banks analyze the total risk from the point of view of the so-called portfolio approach. Bank loans can be viewed as a portfolio of risky assets, the returns on which will vary depending on the degree of risk inherent in them. The total risk of the portfolio is reduced if the bank can diversify its assets or take other measures to minimize risk.

Thus, one of the most important issues in the effective operation of a bank is the formation of a loan portfolio, since loan operations bring the bulk of the bank’s profit. For this purpose, an appropriate credit policy must be developed. Particular attention should be paid to the quality of the loan portfolio and timely measures should be taken to improve it. In order to minimize credit risk and improve the quality of the portfolio as a whole, it is necessary to diversify it.

1.3 Methods for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio

The quality of the loan portfolio is one of the most important performance indicators of a commercial bank, directly affecting its financial stability and reliability. It characterizes, first of all, the quality of banking management, the good relationships between the bank, its clients and other financial and credit institutions, as well as the state of the banking system as a whole. Due to the fact that until now in the theory and practice of banking there has not been an adequate attitude to the problem of assessing the quality of the loan portfolio, this issue is of increased interest to a variety of users, including bank clients, credit analysts, managers, regulators and legislative bodies .

The prerequisites for the emergence of the problem of assessing the quality of the loan portfolio are the very specifics of the activities of commercial banks in the financial services market. Therefore, when characterizing it, one should directly analyze the features of banking activities.

When determining the quality of a loan portfolio, one should proceed from a set of criteria that have a direct impact on it: the degree and type of credit risk, the level of liquidity, the level of profitability. The significance of these criteria will vary depending on the conditions, place of operation of the credit institution, as well as the goals, strategy and characteristics of the operation, certain types of credit transactions and the risks associated with them. Based on these criteria, a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the quality of the bank’s loan portfolio is possible.

The quality of the loan portfolio will be understood as a comprehensive definition that characterizes the effectiveness of the formation of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank in terms of profitability, degree of credit risk and security. Credit risk depends on the financial position of the borrower, the quality of debt servicing, as well as on all information available to the credit institution about any risks of the borrower, including information about the borrower’s external obligations and the functioning of the market in which the borrower operates.

In international practice, to assess the quality of a loan portfolio, a rating based on aggregate indicators and characteristics is used, which makes it possible to rank banks according to the quality of their loan portfolios and their place among other credit institutions.

own analysis of the quality of the loan portfolio;

independent examination by specialized banking rating agencies, for example, Standard & Poor s", "Fitch IBCA", "Moodys";

assessment by supervisory authorities, which is more objective than other assessments.

The number system is that for each risk group a limited list of indicators is determined, on the basis of which each specific element of the loan portfolio is assigned to it. The number system is based on expert opinion, which is very difficult to express quantitatively. This is precisely its main drawback. The breadth and possible opposition of expert assessment does not allow for a unified approach to the classification of loan portfolio elements (Appendix 1).

The more subjective this system is, the more errors will occur when determining the quality of the loan portfolio. Along with the number system, a point system for assessing the quality of a commercial bank’s loan portfolio has also become widespread in international practice. It comes down to one general numerical value, the definition of which is regulated (Appendix 2).

The quality of each loan included in the loan portfolio is first assessed for each of the indicators, and then a summary score is given. The loan quality rating is determined based on the points scored.

) the best - 163 - 140;

) high quality - 139 - 118;

) satisfactory - 117 - 85;

) limit - 84 - 65;

) worse than the limit - 64 and below.

The scoring system is most often used when assessing the loan portfolio of individuals.

A distinctive feature of the point system is that it is individual in nature and should be developed based on the characteristics inherent in the bank, its clientele, and take into account the specifics of the legislation of different countries.

The positive aspects of the scoring system for assessing the quality of a loan portfolio are: ease of use, speed of the system, and a small amount of subjectivity in decision making. The negative aspects include: poor adaptability to certain categories of loans and borrowers, insufficient range of assessed aspects, difficulty in verifying the accuracy of information received from the borrower.

In practice, taking into account all the positive and negative aspects of the number and point systems, it is advisable to use their combination, which will form the basis of a more advanced and accurate system for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision regularly reviews supervisory requirements for the loan portfolios of commercial banks, for the assessment of credit risks and the amount of reserves created, for the volume of large loans provided to customers, shareholders, insiders, persons associated with the bank, for the amount of guarantees and obligations issued, and others. indicators. The relevant financial indicators are defined in the guidelines of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. These requirements, with minor changes, are taken into account in the economic standards for the activities of Russian credit institutions.

In domestic banking practice, most often only their own analysis of the quality of the loan portfolio is carried out, based on determining the set of financial ratios that directly influence it. These coefficients are considered in dynamics and in comparison with each other. These coefficients characterize:

) quality of the bank's loan portfolio;

) business activity and turnover;

) profitability of the bank's loan portfolio.

For a summary assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio, the bank must select a system of indicators from those listed and indicate their significance (weight as a percentage).

Next, for each group of financial ratios, a group score is calculated by weighing the scores of the indicators of this group, and the sum of the weights for each group should be 100%. Three points, representing integral assessments of three groups of indicators, in turn, are weighted taking into account the role of each group of indicators in the integral score, their weights in total should also be 100%.

1.4 Scoring in a modern bank

In a modern bank, issues of effective credit policy are given more and more importance. The global financial crisis has led to the fact that massive, often high-risk consumer lending in the vast majority of banks has given way to balanced and thoughtful decisions on each loan transaction.

Recent experience has once again confirmed that in the modern world one cannot rely solely on expert experience. It is necessary to take into account the entire amount of information about borrower clients. Only in this case is it possible to make an optimal decision regarding a particular loan application, and, as a result, a significant reduction in credit risks.

Credit scoring is a way of assessing a person's creditworthiness, based on numerical statistical methods. It consists of assigning points based on filling out a certain questionnaire developed by credit risk evaluators. Based on the results of the points scored, the system makes a decision on approval or refusal to issue a loan. The use of credit scoring technologies in a bank makes work with the borrower much more efficient.

There are several types of credit scoring. The use of each of them will allow the bank to achieve different goals:scoring:

Increase the accuracy of the borrower assessment;

Speed ​​up the assessment procedure and minimize the human factor in decision making;

Create a centralized accumulation of data on borrowers;

Reduce the reserves formed for possible losses on credit obligations.scoring:

Quickly and efficiently assess the dynamics of changes in the credit account of an individual borrower and the loan portfolio as a whole.scoring:

Organize effective work with problem borrowers, including debt monitoring and selection of the optimal collection agency.

) Fraud scoring:

Timely identify fraudulent activities on the part of potential or existing clients - borrowers.

In common practice, credit scoring is determined by two tasks, each of which has its own characteristic aspects and features:

Creation of scoring models - models for assessing creditworthiness;

Building a scoring infrastructure.

For different banks, one task may be relevant and another may not be relevant, but, nevertheless, these two areas are usually considered to be the main ones in credit scoring.

Each direction has its own tools and methodology with the help of which these problems are solved.

Analytical models for assessing borrowers (scoring models) are a mechanism that allows not only to embody the experience of credit experts, but also to find “hidden” logical dependencies and take them into account when making a decision on issuing a loan.

When creating scoring models, the bank faces a number of tasks:

Determining the key purpose and type of scoring: determining what exactly scoring will be used for - assessing the borrower, assessing the dynamics of the account, or determining the optimal strategy for “bad” borrowers.

Assessment, analysis and determination of criteria: setting criteria for assessing creditworthiness and determining the basic parameters for classifying borrowers.

Selection of methods for constructing scoring models: research of available methods for creating scoring models for maximum adequacy of the existing situation.

Assessing the financial efficiency of models: assessment and analysis of the overall impact of the scoring model on the loan portfolio as a whole.

If we consider the implementation of credit scoring as a task of building centralized system assessing the borrower and making decisions in lending, it is necessary to note the following features of Scorto solutions:

Management of credit products - setting correspondence between models and types of credit products, using different assessment models for different target groups.

Creating a decision-making strategy - creating rules for interpreting the scoring result, forming principles for a decision-making strategy on a loan application.

Monitoring points of sale of loans - assessing the efficiency and dynamics of work in real time, tracking the number of “fictitious” requests for assessment, tracking decisions made based on scoring.

Monitoring the adequacy of the loan portfolio and models - checking the working adequacy of the model on current borrowers, assessing the factor of subjectivity in decision making.

The range of techniques and methods of risk analysis in lending is very wide. Scorto offers its clients a number of specialized tools that improve the quality of risk management of financial organizations:

A specialized application for solving problems of data consolidation, processing and enrichment of credit portfolio data, allowing you to collect information from various sources, unify the presentation, clear data from redundant and incorrect information - Scorto™ Refiner.

A specialized application for analyzing data and creating financial and operational reporting that allows you to monitor and create interactive reports - Scorto™ Supervisor.

A specialized application for calculating capital requirements and assessing credit risk, allowing you to calculate: reserve capital requirements; Reserve capital; risk-weighted assets; default correlation; adjustment of the repayment period, and also allows for stress testing of the loan portfolio - Scorto™ Accord.

1.5 Analysis of the loan portfolio of commercial banks during the financial crisis

The essence of a bank's loan portfolio can be considered at the categorical and applied levels. In the first aspect, the loan portfolio is the relationship between the bank and its counterparties regarding the return movement of value, which takes the form of credit requirements. In the second aspect, the loan portfolio is a collection of bank assets in the form of loans, discounted bills, interbank loans, deposits and other credit-related claims.

Loan portfolio management is one of the most important aspects of banking practice. Not only the success of resolving a particular conflict situation, but also the stability and reputation of the bank itself depends on the correct choice of the loan portfolio management method.

The priority in managing the loan portfolio is to implement the task of increasing bank profitability by orienting the composition of the loan portfolio towards investments in the most attractive segments of the credit market and reducing investments in the least attractive areas of lending.

In the context of the financial crisis, there has been a significant decrease in the loan portfolio and an increase in overdue loans.

Contrary to calls from the authorities, banks are not increasing their loan portfolios.

Banks' loan portfolios have become slightly smaller compared to the beginning of 2009. The decrease amounted to tenths of a percent. At the beginning of 2009, according to the Central Bank, the volume of loans from banks was 12.5 trillion. rub., later it grew by 2.4% to 12.8 trillion. rub.

Most large banks did not show growth in corporate lending. Of the top 10 by assets, eight banks submitted reports. The balance of loan debt increased only for two of them - Alfa Bank (+0.6%) and Rosselkhozbank (+2%). VTB and Gazprombank reduced their portfolios by 2%, and the subsidiaries of foreign banks reduced their portfolios even more: Raiffeisenbank - by 7%, and Rosbank - by 4%.

Don't think that banks aren't issuing new loans. New loans are issued, only their volume is inferior to the amount of client payments to repay the debt, and the indicator in the bank’s reporting changes by this difference.

It is natural that the amount of debt of companies is not increasing: lending is still not very active, and growth, at best, is offset by payments. Lending activity is quite normal for the current state of the financial system.

Some borrowers refuse to take out a loan, even having a positive decision from the bank. Companies are reducing their debt burden. That is, their interests are more likely to counteract the aspirations of banks. Business has shrunk, and the profitability of enterprises is not enough to cover portfolios. The largest banks have problems with the formation of reserves. They, of course, try to follow the instructions of the country's leadership, but they have to be too strict about the quality of the borrower, assessing risks and collateral - the issuance has been greatly narrowed, and even with high-quality borrowers, they do not have time to issue as much as they could issue before.

The slight increase in lending in mid-2009 was partly due to the revaluation of foreign currency loans and the ability to obtain money from the Central Bank, but now the Central Bank, fighting currency speculation, has reduced the supply of liquidity. The ruble strengthened against the dollar by 1.24%, so the growth cannot be explained by currency revaluation. In addition, borrowers try to repay foreign currency loans first.

The main problem for banks is not the lack of liquidity. Borrowers often have several lenders and in such cases it is difficult to predict the requirements of other lenders and assess the risk of refinancing.

Increasing the loan portfolio is almost impossible due to the lack of quality borrowers. Borrowers are not paying their loans and banks are experiencing increased arrears.

The quality of a bank's loan portfolio is determined not only by current payments. The structure of the portfolio in terms of repayment prospects and the consequences of non-repayment is of great importance. In a simplified manner, borrowers can be divided into categories: conscientious, insolvent and problematic.

In any situation, it is more profitable for the bank to “upgrade” the category of the debtor in order to avoid default on the loan, because Default implies recording a loss on an issued loan. The loss can be expressed in the writing off of debt when collection is impossible, or in a huge discount when selling problem debt to collection agencies. In addition, if there is a default on a loan, the bank incurs additional costs, especially for debt collection in court, with the involvement of an enforcement service, the sale of collateral, etc.

A deeper quantitative analysis will show that everything is not so simple. In some cases, for example, depending on the loan amount or the liquidity of the collateral, it may be more profitable to begin legal procedures for debt collection as soon as possible. On the other hand, an “increase” in the category, for example, in connection with debt restructuring, entails a decrease in the profitability of this client for the bank. An interesting problem arises of optimizing the profitability of a loan portfolio taking into account crisis factors. In a broader sense, it can be viewed as the problem of optimizing the value of a loan portfolio, taking into account the factors of profitability, costs, default risk and maintaining customer loyalty.

Official statistics, which characterizes the share of overdue loans in Russian banks, does not give much cause for concern. In 2009, it amounted to only 4.2% of the placed funds of the banking sector, while the formed reserves increased to 6.9% of the loan portfolio.

A more serious danger, in our opinion, is the increase in the share of problem and bad loans that have been impaired to 7.6% (IV and V risk groups in the Bank of Russia classification) in the loan portfolio of banks. It is these loans that are the leading indicator for overdue loans (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 - Loan quality indicators of Russian banks for 5 years

There are quite a few estimates of the share of problem loans that have been impaired in Russian banks: they range from a moderate 15 to 60% of the loan portfolio. But even the highest estimates do not suggest that all of these loans are bad, since they combine both clearly distressed assets that have been impaired and loans that were simply rolled over or restructured by banks.

The share of restructured loans can be estimated. One of the popular assessment methods is to compare the structure of loans by maturity for the first quarter of 2009 and 2010. Over the year, the share of loans to enterprises with a maturity of over 12 months increased from 50.6 to 61%, in fact, in the absence of new lending. This means that about half of the loan portfolio was extended, with about 10% for a period of more than one year. Thus, up to 60% of the loan portfolio can be considered restructured and classified as problem loans.

It is unlawful to include all extended loans among problem loans. What would have been on-lending in the absence of a bank crisis becomes an extension during a crisis. Thus, the very fact of forced prolongation to a greater extent reflects the problems of the banks themselves (for example, lack of credit resources), rather than enterprises.

The definition of problem loans that are impaired can vary widely. However, paradoxically, the estimate of the final losses turns out to be much more stable. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to highlight exactly that part of the loan portfolio where borrowers are experiencing real problems with servicing loans.

A comparison of the reporting under RAS and IFRS of Russian banks shows that the level of overdue loans in Russian reporting is close to the level of problem loans under IFRS that have been impaired. Reporting under IFRS, unlike Russian reporting, in principle does not operate with an indicator of the share of overdue loans. Each bank presents reports in its own format, however, in some reports under IFRS it is still possible to highlight the indicator of overdue loans.

When comparing the statements under RAS (Russian Accounting Standards) and IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) of 5 Russian banks (in Krasnoyarsk), it is clearly visible that, contrary to popular belief, the share of overdue loans under IFRS and RAS is comparable (Table 1) .

Table 1 - Comparison of the indicator of overdue loans according to RAS and IFRS

Bank name RSBUMSFOLoan portfolio (billion rubles) Overdue loan debt (billion rubles)% of overdue loan debtLoan portfolio (billion rubles)Overdue loan debt (billion rubles)% of overdue loan debtVTB Bank 1485271,822557,847,91, 87Bank of Moscow504.15.51.09516.661.16Rosselkhoz Bank4678.51.82398.619.24.82Alfa Bank427.734.68.09563.335.36.26MDM Bank184.310.95.9120740.819.71

Many banks have decided to report in their Russian financial statements loans for which there are late payments as overdue in full (RAS gives banks this right). This decision is not least due to the fact that, without formally classifying the loan as overdue, the bank cannot sue or demand early repayment of the loan. Therefore, banks that have taken an active position in collecting overdue debts naturally show in their Russian financial statements a level close to IFRS.

Overdue loans under RAS are higher for legal entities than for individuals, which is caused by longer lending periods for companies and the greater prevalence of loans from legal entities with repayment on the last day.

In general, the difference in the amounts of overdue loans according to IFRS and RAS, if present, is not so great.

Probably, as of the end of 2009 (dates of reporting under IFRS and RAS), the principal amount of overdue loans as a percentage of the loan portfolio was about 8.09%, against the official value of about 6.26%. This figure is close to the default rate in the corporate bond market at the beginning of 2010.

CHAPTER 2. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LOAN PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT USING THE EXAMPLE OF JSCB "ENISEY" (OJSC)

.1 General characteristics of JSCB "ENISEY" (JSC)

Full corporate name of the Bank in Russian: Joint-Stock Commercial Bank "ENISEI" (open joint-stock company) - JSCB "ENISEY" (OJSC).

Full corporate name of the Bank in English: “The ENISEY Bank” Public Company - “The ENISEY Bank” PLC.

Location of the Bank: Russia, 660075, Krasnoyarsk, Republic Street, building 51.

Postal address of the Bank: Russia, 660075, Krasnoyarsk, Respubliki Street, building 51.

JSCB "ENISEI" (Krasnoyarsk) was created on a share basis, the charter was registered with the State Bank of the RSFSR on October 12, 1990 (registration No. 474).

Based on the decision of the meeting of shareholders dated March 12, 1991, the YENISEY Commercial Bank was reorganized in the form of transformation into a closed joint stock company.

The Bank is part of the Russian banking system and in its activities is guided by federal laws and other legal acts of the Russian Federation, including regulations of the Bank of Russia, as well as the Charter.

The bank is a legal entity, owns separate property, which is accounted for on its independent balance sheet, can, in its own name, acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, bear responsibilities, and be a plaintiff and defendant in court. The bank is liable for its obligations with all its property.

The bank is a commercial organization and operates in the form of an open joint-stock company. The authorized capital of the Bank is divided into shares certifying the obligatory rights of shareholders in relation to the Bank. Shareholders are not liable for the Bank's obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with its activities, up to the value of the shares they own. The Bank is not liable for the obligations of its shareholders.

The supreme governing body of the Bank is the general meeting of shareholders.

The general management of the Bank's activities is carried out by the Supervisory Board.

Management of the current activities of the Bank is carried out by the collegial executive body of the Bank - the Board and the sole executive body of the Bank - the Chairman of the Board. The person performing the functions of the sole executive body of the Bank also performs the functions of the chairman of the collegial executive body of the Bank. The Bank's executive bodies are accountable to the Supervisory Board and the General Meeting of Shareholders. The executive bodies of the Bank organize the implementation of decisions of the general meeting of shareholders and the Supervisory Board.

JSCB "ENISEY" retains the advantages of a regional bank, focused primarily on working with residents of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2005, YENISEY joined the international banking group Converse Group. Attracting international financial resources allowed the bank to expand its capabilities to serve enterprises and individuals. Over the past year alone, the volume of household deposits and loans issued by the bank has increased 2.5 times. The balance sheet currency of JSCB YENISEY increased from 440 million to 2 billion rubles over two and a half years. Ten years ago, YENISEY occupied the top line in regional ratings and had the most extensive branch network in the region among commercial banks. What the situation looks like today - in terms of the size of assets and the size of balance sheet profit, YENISEY is now one of the three leaders among Krasnoyarsk banks. In the rating of Expert-Siberia magazine “Banks of the Siberian region by decreasing assets”, the bank took 24th place out of 62. The bank has nine additional offices and two branches. It is planned to open another additional office in Moscow. The opening of a Moscow additional office means that YENISEY Bank is going to enter the federal level.

Today, JSCB "Yenisei" positions itself in the banking services market as a financial and credit organization that supports small and medium-sized businesses in a wide range of industries. About 30% of its loan portfolio is made up of investment activities of construction companies - such as Gothika, Zodchiy, Sava-LTD. Among the bank's regular clients are Krasnoyarsk Airlines, Vodokanal, the Slavitsa group of companies, and wholesale and retail trade organizations. Such cross-industry diversification of the loan portfolio makes it possible to ensure the necessary financial stability of the business and provides additional guarantees of stability.

2.2 Main areas of lending at JSCB "ENISEY"

For Krasnoyarsk residents, for example, car loans are now very popular. Last year, YENISEY began providing loans for the purchase of used Japanese right-hand drive cars. The service turned out to be in great demand. At the beginning of 2010, the portfolio of car loans of JSCB YENISEY amounted to 150.469 million rubles. The second popular direction is loans with “real” money. Krasnoyarsk residents increasingly like to take cash instead of taking out commodity loans. Therefore, we are gradually abandoning consumer lending points in stores and offering new products. For example, loans “We must take it!”, as well as “Free”, “Consumer”, “Practical”, etc. To receive them, the borrower must confirm his income. And this is not a whim at all: the bank adheres to a policy of reasonable caution, since it is necessary to reduce risks as much as possible, and therefore save depositors’ money. For the convenience of clients, JSCB "ENISEY" can offer a loan for a small amount - "Fifty dollars". In the first six months of 2009, the bank issued unsecured consumer loans in the amount of 277.5 million rubles - 14.96% more than in the same period last year. In the rating of the agency "RBC Rating" The most "consumer banks" in the first half of 2009, JSCB "ENISEY" took 60th place. Back in 2007, YENISEY launched a small business lending program. What results were achieved: In the first half of 2009, the bank provided loans to small and medium-sized businesses in the total amount of 102 million 105 thousand rubles, which is 557.5% higher than the same period last year. Over the year, the maximum loan amount “one-handed” for small enterprises increased from 3 to 5 million rubles. The average amount of loans issued is 1-1.5 million rubles.

Today, 20% of Yenisei JSCB's loan portfolio consists of loans to individuals. The bank was among the first to offer the population an express lending program, when a consumer loan is issued within an hour at any additional office of Yenisei Bank and is issued for a period of up to one year. Today, more than 40 Krasnoyarsk trading enterprises cooperate with the bank under the express lending program.

JSCB "ENISEY" constantly offers its customers many new products. The most noticeable innovation is that the bank began working with AHML on a mortgage lending program. In the period from January to July 2009, the bank issued mortgage loans in the amount of 12.477 million rubles and entered the top 100 mortgage banks in Russia. In addition, modernization of products that have already become familiar to Krasnoyarsk residents has occurred and is constantly ongoing. For example, loan terms increase, interest rates decrease, commission amounts change, the number of documents required to obtain a loan decreases, etc.

Let's consider the most popular types of lending at JSCB "ENISEY" for both individuals and legal entities.

Lending to individuals:

Cash loan "Fifty Kopecks" - a quick loan without guarantors and income certificate.

Advantages of the loan:

Loan for any purpose;

The loan is provided if you have only 2 documents: a passport and a second document of your choice;

Classic lending

Lending under the state program for the recycling of cars older than 10 years.

Advantages of the loan:

Cash loan for any consumer purposes;

The maximum loan amount is limited by solvency;

No penalties for early repayment;

The interest rate is calculated on the balance of the actual debt.

Cash loan “We must take it!” - quick loan without guarantors or collateral.

Advantages of the loan:

Loan for any purpose;

No guarantors or collateral required;

Loan for bank clients: for those who have already taken out a loan from YENISEY Bank, depositors and participants in salary projects. YENISEY Bank especially values ​​its regular customers and offers them special lending conditions.

YENISEY Bank especially values ​​its regular customers and offers them special lending conditions. The interest rate on the loan varies from 20% to 22% per annum, based on the client’s category and the quality of the credit history at YENISEY Bank.

) Car loan

Select a car and get bank approval for a car loan. YENISEY Bank offers lending programs for the purchase of new cars from domestic and foreign manufacturers.

With the help of a mortgage loan from YENISEY Bank, you can purchase an apartment and move into your own home in a short period of time. YENISEY Bank operates according to the standards of the state program of the Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending. The interest rate on the loan is from 9.5% per annum. A positive decision on a mortgage loan is valid for 3 months.

With the help of a mortgage loan from YENISEY Bank, you can purchase an apartment and move into your own home in a short period of time. A long mortgage term will allow you to pay it off in small payments.

Lending to legal entities:

The Bank offers various options for lending programs for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, providing the opportunity to successfully solve any business problems.

The purposes of lending are replenishment of working capital, creation and acquisition of assets necessary for the Borrower’s activities (purchase of real estate, vehicles, equipment, renovation of premises, etc.)

Lending to individuals can be visually represented as follows (Fig. 2)

Figure 2 - Types of lending to individuals at JSCB "ENISEY"

In the future, the bank will maintain its position as a universal bank serving both the population and enterprises. The possibility of attracting a subordinated loan from Converse Group is currently being considered. This will allow us to rapidly increase lending volumes and more fully reveal the bank’s potential in other areas of work.

The financial market is stabilizing. Bank liquidity is improving. It is logical to assume that in this situation they will give preference to credit products. Moreover, the state is making efforts to inject monetary resources into the real sector of the economy.

In 2011, the base rate on loans for large and medium-sized enterprises will not exceed 14% per annum. For small businesses, the rate for scoring lending programs can vary within 20-24% per annum, for classic programs - within 18% per annum. Under the population lending programs, there is no need to expect a sharp reduction in interest rates. Consumer loans will be from 17% per annum and higher, car loans - 12-15% per annum, under government programs of preferential car loans with subsidized interest rates - from 10% per annum.

The bank has developed a set of internal regulations governing the procedure for making decisions on granting loans and procedures for assessing the level of credit risk. The main documents in the field of credit risk assessment are:

Regulations on the credit committee;

Regulations on linked lending;

Methodology for analyzing the financial and economic activities of corporate clients;

Methodology for analyzing the financial and economic activities of individual entrepreneurs and legal entities using a simplified reporting system;

Instructions on lending to individuals;

Methodology for analyzing financial condition and calculating limits on counterparty banks;

Regulations on the procedure for forming reserves for loans.

In order to minimize credit risk, the bank has implemented:

establishment by the authorized body of the bank of the maximum size of a transaction (limit) with a counterparty, the completion of which does not require approval from the Credit Committee;

agreement with the Credit Committee on the completion of a transaction the size of which exceeds the established limit for transactions with counterparties.

Based on the loan portfolio of individuals, the bank forms a portfolio of homogeneous loans with the following characteristics of loan homogeneity:

loans are provided for consumer purposes on the terms established by the bank’s regulations on lending to individuals (including overdrafts);

the value of each loan as of the date of risk assessment does not exceed 0.1 percent of the bank’s own funds (capital).

The amount of the reserve is determined by the bank based on the share of overdue debt in the total amount of debt on loans included in the portfolio of homogeneous loans.

2.3 Analysis of the loan portfolio of JSCB "ENISEY"

In 2009, the Bank actively positioned itself in the banking services market of the Krasnoyarsk Territory as a universal bank providing credit operations, cash settlement services, deposit operations with legal entities and individuals, bill settlements, conversion operations and operations with precious metals.

The main direction in the reporting year was the development of retail business, which as a result led to a faster growth rate of income from such banking operations as express lending.

In the reporting year, as in previous years, the main segments of the banking services market, the presence of which for the bank was associated with the receipt of income and expenses, constituting the largest share in total income and expenses, remain operations related to the provision of loans.

The distribution of the loan portfolio of legal entities and individuals is as follows (Table 2):

Table 2 - Distribution of the loan portfolio of legal entities (by industry) and individuals

2008 Total, loan debt, rub. Share % 2009 Total, loan debt, rub. Share % Change in share by legal entity. persons 179.44274.3 by legal entities 214.38463-11 of which by industry: industry, including: 20.4288.5 of which by industry: industry, including: 46.750 13.75.2 agriculture 31.31713 agriculture 17.0955.0-8.0 construction24.39910.1construction28.3548.3-1.8trade and public catering38.64716trade and public catering49.47714.51.5transport and communications21.0908.7transport and communications1.2490.4-8.3other industries43.56118other industries71.459213.0physical persons61.99725.7for individuals126.0343711.3Total241.439100Total340.418100141

The data presented in Table 2 allows us to draw conclusions about the increase in the share of industrial, trade and public catering enterprises in the portfolio of loans to legal entities. The constantly growing demand for goods and services of enterprises in these industries and the higher profitability of their production lead to an increase in the need for borrowed funds to replenish working capital and invest in new products. The share of agricultural enterprises in the total portfolio decreased due to the Bank’s lack of interest in lending to these industries at a low interest rate and a long term.

Figure 3 - Profitability from providing credit operations at JSCB "ENISEY"

In 2008 and 2009, the main share of the bank's income came from lending to legal entities. Since the last change in the refinancing rate, the bank was forced to reduce rates on loans provided to its clients. Thus, credit funds became cheaper for borrowers, and they were able to request larger amounts. Another factor influencing the level of profitability is the presence in the total mass of loans of a large number of so-called preferential loans, with a reduced interest rate. This type of loans is provided to bank employees, insiders, and shareholders. If you group the data by type of loan and, after analyzing each group separately, obtain more accurate data on the profitability per unit of loan, the picture will be different. As a recommendation, we can propose to once again increase the loan portfolio at the expense of new borrowers, with the interest rate at the level prevailing in the borrowed capital market.

Table 3 - % of income from lending in the total income of JSCB "ENISEY" for 2008-2009

2008 2009 Growth rate, % Income, total: 73.477103.11740.3 Interest income: 52.37170.71735 Legal loans. persons 41.47552.38426.3 Loans to individuals. persons 7.17414.707105 Other income 6.85510.029248 Balance sheet profit 8.1987.300-11 Operating profit 4.02520.140400.3 Use of profit 1.6022.21038 Net profit 6.5975.090-22.8

Figure 4 - % bank income from lending

The volume of interest income received on loans to legal entities in 2009 compared to 2008 increased by 26.3%.

Interest income received from lending to individuals increased by more than 2 times (105%), which is a natural fact associated with the growth of active operations in the retail business. The weighted average interest rate on loans issued to individuals was 24.8%. The rate increase in absolute terms for the reporting year was about 1.0% and was due to an increase in the share of more expensive types of loans in the portfolio structure.

The increase in interest income from transactions with individuals is also due to an increase in the share of loans issued to individuals in the total portfolio of loan debt by 11.3%. By the end of the reporting year, this share in the total portfolio of loan debt amounted to 37.0%.

Figure 5 presents data on the share of loans provided in the total volume of bank assets. The share of loans in total assets is 54 percent.

Figure 5 - Income from credit operations in total bank income.

Table 4 - Assets of JSCB "ENISEY" for 2009

Assets Average balances January Average balances December Increase in average balances for 2009 Growth rate % Total average balances for 2009 Legal loans. individuals and enterprises196 934259 23562 30231.6245 474 Placement rate, % 2219.6-2.4-11.020.3 Loans to individuals. persons48 735107 04458 310119.663 520 Placement rate, %23,824,814,323.7 Express loans28 39379 07950 686178.540 819 Placement rate, %27,627.2-0.4-1,426.6 Consumer loans20 34227 4037 06134.722 334 Placement rate, %18.517.9-0 ,6-318.3Total loans 245 669366 280120 61149.1308 719 Placement rate, %22.421.1-1.2-5.621

In general, the loan portfolio grew by 70.9% in 2009; the weighted average placement rate by the end of 2009 for the entire portfolio averaged 21.1%. The growth rates for 2009 compared to 2008 in the size of the loan portfolio and the amount of interest income received are of a leading importance, both in absolute and relative terms.

The portfolio of working assets for the year reached a value of 375.0 million rubles, which in percentage terms increased by 42.4% compared to the previous year.

The share of working assets in the total structure reached 78.2% by the end of the year. The increase in the share of working assets is due to a proportional increase in the share of deposits of legal entities and individuals.

The improvement in the overall score for this group of indicators was mainly due to the loan quality indicator (from 4.2% to 2.6%) and the share of overdue loans (from 4.3% to 3.2%). Liquidity indicators, which have the greatest impact on the overall score, had high values ​​throughout the year, and there was a constant tendency for these indicators to improve. Thus, the instant liquidity indicator increased from 68.1% to 74.9%, the current liquidity indicator from 85.8% to 91.6%.

Figure 6 - Dynamics of overdue debt on loans at JSCB "ENISEY"

This figure reflects the dynamics of overdue debt on loans granted to JSCB "ENISEY" during 2009 and the beginning of 2010.

In absolute terms, the amount of debt either decreases or increases. But in general, there is a visible trend towards an increase in the amount of overdue debt.

It is difficult to characterize the reasons for this situation. The pattern can be seen in the fact that the amount of overdue debt decreases during the second and third quarters of the year. The reason for this, the author sees, is that in the middle of the year, high business activity allows borrowers to earn enough money and not “regret” returning it to the bank. At the end of the current year and at the beginning of the next year, business activity declines, and borrowers are in no hurry to divert their working capital to repay the loan. Unfortunately, borrowers are not afraid that if they do not repay the loan, they will ruin their credit history. You can contact another bank. There is no general information database on the borrower’s credit history in Russia, and there will not be in the near future. Therefore, borrowers do not worry about their credit history. Moreover, a huge number of banks and a much smaller number of borrowers - large enterprises, forces the bank to make concessions to the borrower, and allows borrowers to dictate their terms.

Figure 7 - Delinquency on loans provided to JSCB "ENISEY" in 2009

The figure clearly shows that the amount of overdue debt on loans ranges from one to three percent of the amount of loans provided (net debt). It would seem that the value is small. However, we must remember that with an increase in the amount of overdue debt, including due to an increase in the exchange rate foreign currencies, the amount of the reserve for possible loan losses is subject to corresponding adjustments. An increase in the amount of the reserve diverts the bank's funds, which could be used, in particular, for lending to clients. Consequently, the bank needs to work more carefully and carefully with the client at the stage of issuing a loan, in order to further prevent or reduce the risk of non-repayment of the loan, even with collateral.

The dynamics of the amount of collateral for loans corresponds to the dynamics of the amount of loans provided. As the amount of loans granted increases, the amount of collateral accepted also increases, and vice versa. The structural composition of support by type is well illustrated in the figure:

Figure 8 - Structure of collateral for loans to JSCB "ENISEY" in 2009

The share of guarantee amounts in the total amount of security is 45 percent. This is not surprising, since in practice all guarantors are jointly and severally liable with the borrower and with each other. That is, the amount of the guarantee includes the amount of the loan, the amount of interest for the entire period of using the loan, and the amount of possible costs of litigation in the event of failure to fulfill loan obligations. It should be noted here that for a bank a guarantee, in some cases, is much more reliable than any other security.

For example, when lending to individuals, employees of a bank's client organization, it is quite problematic to obtain collateral as collateral for loans.

Personal property of citizens, as a rule, is of no value to the bank. And selling it as collateral is a rather dubious source of loan repayment. But a guarantee from an organization - a bank client - is a very reliable type of security. If necessary, the guarantor repays the loan for the borrower (his employee), and then withholds part of the employee’s earnings to reimburse this amount. There is only one problem - in the absence of any collateral, these types of loans are considered risky and an increased amount of reserve is created for them.

But still, the share of collateral in the total volume of collateral is significantly large: 52 percent in 2009. As for the structure of the collateral, it is either the borrower’s property or goods in circulation. In both cases, the property is left with the mortgagor. There are isolated cases of bail vehicles leaving the property with the mortgagor.

In 2009, there were no cases of repayment of loans provided through the sale of collateral. This does not mean that collateral is not needed at all, but speaks of the competent work of the Credit Department employees in assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers. And also about careful work with the proposed collateral, which encourages borrowers to return the funds received from the bank.

2.4 Credit policy of JSCB "ENISEY" (JSC)

When forming the credit policy, JSCB "ENISEY" takes into account a number of objective and subjective factors (Table 5).

Table 5 - Factors determining the bank's credit policy

Macroeconomic General state of the country's economy Monetary policy of the Bank of Russia Financial policy of the Government of Russia Regional and sectoral State of the economy in the regions and industries served by the bank Composition of clients, their need for credit Availability of competing banks Intra-bank Amount of the bank's own funds (capital) Structure of liabilities Abilities and experience of staff

The bank's credit policy determines the standards, parameters and procedures that guide bank employees in their activities to provide, process and manage loans. A credit policy is usually formalized in the form of a written document, which includes provisions regulating the preliminary work for issuing a loan, as well as the lending process. The bank under study does not have a “Credit Policy” document; the credit policy itself consists of a number of documents that form the bank’s activities - Instructions on lending to legal entities of JSCB YENISEY, Main directions of monetary policy and liquidity management of JSCB YENISEY for the year and other documents . These documents provide a general idea of ​​the bank's credit policy.

The Bank's Board and the Credit Committee determine the main directions of the bank's credit policy, namely:

current priority areas in lending taking into account credit risks in various sectors of the national economy;

structure of the bank's loan portfolio (by terms, interest, categories);

limits on lending volumes per borrower;

methodology for assessing the financial condition and creditworthiness of the Borrower, taking into account the specifics;

methodology for determining the loan category.

The bank's loan portfolio serves as the main source of its income and at the same time the main source of risk when placing assets.

The stability of the bank, its reputation, and financial results largely depend on the structure and quality of the loan portfolio. Loan officers and senior officials carefully analyze portfolio composition to identify excessive concentrations of loans in certain industries or with individual borrowers, as well as problem loans that require bank intervention.

The purpose of credit monitoring is to control the quality of the loan portfolio, conduct an independent examination, and timely identify deviations from accepted standards and goals of the bank’s credit policy.

Monitoring the progress of loan repayment and interest payments is an important stage of the entire lending process. It consists of periodically analyzing the borrower’s credit file, reviewing the bank’s loan portfolio, assessing the condition of loans and conducting audits.

For this purpose, JSCB YENISEY maintains a credit archive, which is the basis for credit monitoring.

All the necessary documentation is concentrated there - financial reports, correspondence, analytical reviews of creditworthiness, collateral documents, etc.

Due to the specifics of the position of a state bank, as well as historical prerequisites, the program for monitoring the loan portfolio depends on its specialization and the accepted methods for assessing the borrower’s creditworthiness. By issuing many loans to enterprises in industries experiencing a decline in production, the bank systematically reviews the affairs of its borrowers every 2-3 months.

A differentiated approach is also used: the most reliable loans are reviewed once a year, while problem loans require constant analysis and monitoring.

There is constant monitoring of large loans and periodic monitoring of loans below a certain amount.

During the next control check, JSCB YENISEY assigns a rating to loans, which represents the final assessment of the loan according to a number of parameters.

In the event of an increase in “Critical Loans”, the reasons for the deterioration of the portfolio are determined and measures are taken to correct the situation. If the increase in critical loans is associated with borrowers in a certain industry or with a certain type of loan, the issuance of these loans is reduced. Based on the inspection, an assessment is made of the work of individual credit inspectors and bank departments.

Thus, credit monitoring carried out in the bank is a powerful tool for implementing the bank’s credit policy.

Having examined the methods for implementing the credit policy of YENISEY Bank, it should be noted that, despite the fact that the bank has clearly organized and streamlined work on credit risk management, it is continuously improved and updated.

Planning plays a very important role in the bank's activities. Basic planning data are reflected in the credit policy, such as income planning by type, and they can be presented in the following form (Table 6).

Table 6 - Income planning for JSCB "ENISEY"

Types of income Planned income for 2009 Actual income for 2009 Deviation loan transactions 105 20 10662 + 142 foreign exchange transactions 708 698-10 cash services 1280 1450 + 170 collection 56 205 576-44 other services 1 290 1364 + 74 TOTAL 194 18 19 750 + 332

For greater clarity, planned indicators can be presented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 9).

Figure 9 - Planned income by type.

The credit policy of JSCB "ENISEY" is aimed at increasing not only clients for existing types of activities, but also at introducing more and more new types of lending and provision of services. In general, the credit policy of the bank under study is effective and produces positive results.

2.5 Loan portfolio accounting

The loan portfolio is understood as the totality of the bank's claims for loans granted to various borrowers. To calculate the volume of the loan portfolio, you can use the most accessible form of accounting reporting, “Turnover Statement of Accounts of a Credit Institution,” from which data on cash balances is obtained.

The loan is issued in writing by a bank employee.

The order establishes the direction of the loan. It can be of three types:

the loan is credited to the client’s current account;

a loan, bypassing the current account, is provided to pay for various payment documents for commodity and non-commodity transactions;

the loan is used to repay other previously issued loans.

Credit operations of banks and operations on placement of funds are reflected in accounting accounts grouped by type of loans and placed funds of the bank.

First-order accounts in the Chart of Accounts correspond to the types of enterprises - borrowers who received funds for temporary use, and they can be divided into 4 groups. 1st group - interbank loans and deposits are reflected in active accounts of the first order: (319,320,321,322,323, 329). 2nd group - loans to legal entities are reflected in active accounts of the first order: (441-453; 460-473). 3rd group - loans to individuals are reflected in active accounts of the first order: (455,457). 4th group - active accounts for accounting for overdue loan debt: (324, 325, 458, 459). Second order accounts of 1-3 groups of accounts are opened for the following terms of placement: on demand, for a period of up to 30 days, for a period of 31 to 90 days, for a period of 91 to 180 days, for a period of 181 days to 1 year, for for a period of 1 year to 3 years, for a period of more than 3 years, a loan provided when there is insufficient funds in the current (current) account (“overdraft”). Second-order accounts of the 4th group of accounts are formed according to the types of borrowers for which the overdue account was formed.

The debit of the accounts reflects the following amounts:

granted loans.

The following amounts are reflected in the credit of accounts:

repaid debt on loans provided to clients; debts written off to accounts for accounting for overdue debts of clients.

Accounts 32001, 32101, 44201, 44301, 44401, 44501, 44601, 44701, 44801, 44901, 45001, 45101, 45201, 45301, 45401, 45509, 45608, 4 5708 are intended for accounting for loans provided when there is insufficient funds for the settlement (current) or deposit (individuals) account (“overdraft”).

Lending in the form of “overdraft” to accounts for recording deposits (deposits) of individuals applies exclusively to accounts that account for funds raised on demand.

The debit of the accounts reflects the amount of the loan granted.

The credit accounts reflect the following amounts: repaid loan debt. Accounting for loans provided is shown in the table (Table 7).

Table 7 - Accounting for loans provided

Contents of the transaction DebitCredit The client's (legal entity) current account is credited with the amount of the loan provided. person by crediting funds to his deposit account. 45502-07(A) 45701-06(A) 42301-07(P) 42601-07(P) The accounting reflects the amount of consumer loan provided to individuals. person by issuing cash from the bank's cash desk 45502-07(A) 45701-06(A) 20202(A) The amount of the loan provided to individuals is taken into account. person - entrepreneur. 45403-08(A) 45701-06(A) 40802(P) 40820(P) The accounting reflects the write-off (reduction) of the amounts of the current debt of the borrower (legal entity) on the principal debt upon receipt of funds to repay it .40702(P) 40818(P) 40819(P)45203-08(A) 45601-06(A) Takes into account the write-off (reduction) of the amounts of the current debt of the borrower (individual) on a consumer loan upon receipt of funds to repay it by writing off funds from his deposit account at the bank. 42301-07(P) 42601-07(P) 45502-07(A) 45701-06(A) The accounting reflects the write-off (reduction) of the amounts of the borrower's (individual) current debt for a consumer loan when funds are received to repay it by depositing cash into the bank's cash desk. 20202(A)45502-07(A) 45701-06(A) The write-off (reduction) of the amounts of the borrower's (individual's) current debt for the consumer loan is taken into account loan upon receipt of funds to repay it by deducting from the amounts accrued wages bank employee.60305(P)45502-07(A) 45701-06(A)

CHAPTER 3. DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION OF CREDIT WORK OF JSCB "ENISEY" (JSC)

In general, based on the results of practical work, the organization of the work of the Credit Department of JSCB "ENISEY" can be considered consistent with the current banking and civil legislation, instructions and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Credit Policy and other internal banking documentation regulating the work of the Credit Department.

Based on the results of the analysis of loan profitability, it is proposed to consider the possibility of a differentiated approach to issuing loans - to provide more borrowers with loans for a period of up to six months, and for loans provided for a period of more than six months - to consider the possibility of increasing the interest rate.

When lending, assessing the client’s creditworthiness is of particular importance. The bank has the right to choose any method for assessing creditworthiness. It is advisable that she use independence, liquidity, turnover ratios, as well as business risk and cash flow analysis. This will allow you to consider the client’s financial situation in detail.

The process of reviewing a loan application and granting a loan can be improved by working as a team of employees from the Credit Department, Risk Management Department and Legal Department. This will avoid duplication of some operations, improve the exchange of information, and slightly shorten the first four stages of the loan process. In addition to this, it is recommended that the bank consider the possibility of hiring professional appraisers of collateral (goods, real estate, equipment, cars).

In view of the significant number of loans issued on the security of goods in circulation with the collateral remaining with the pledgor, we can recommend that the bank consider the possibility of lending using warehouse receipts.

The bank does not practice lending against bank guarantees from other banks.

It can be recommended to use in practice Deposit and Savings Certificates of other banks as collateral. Since certificates are securities, loans secured by them will be equivalent to loans secured by securities. From the point of view of creating a reserve for possible loan losses, this is a more attractive type of security than guarantees. The certificate's expiration date must coincide with the loan term, which will allow the loan to be repaid on time. Difficulties may arise when checking the stability of the bank that issued the certificate, as well as when establishing the existence of the deposit itself and the authenticity of the certificate.

We cannot discount the possibility of insuring credit risks, as well as the possibility of jointly lending to one borrower with other credit institutions.

To improve the credit work of YENISEY JSCB, it is possible to offer such a form of non-traditional loan repayment as the sale of debts at a discount. Selling debts at a discount means selling receivables to creditors at a discount, which forms the income of the buyer of this debt. The size of the discount depends on:

the expected period for debt collection;

the current market level of deposit rates in a given period;

the total amount of debt sold;

the risk associated with the possible write-off of debts due to the recognition of the debtor as an insolvent payer.

The sale of debts is used by the creditor to ensure that repayment amounts are received into his account as quickly as possible.

The sale is carried out by transferring the right to claim these debts to another person, that is, the creditor actually sells his receivables to another person and thus has the opportunity to quickly collect the debt. However, he is forced to cede to the buyer part of the amount of this debt, which constitutes the discount amount. Despite this, it may be more profitable for the lender to sell the debt rather than wait for it to arrive after a certain period of time, especially in an inflationary environment.

The buyer of overdue debts must be sure that he will be able to collect them in the future. To do this, the debtor provides guarantees of payment of debts after receipt of money in his account.

The sale by a creditor of its debts also means the transfer of all risks of their losses to the buyer of the debt. Therefore, the discount size takes these risks into account. The sale of debts is formalized by a tripartite agreement, the parties of which are: the creditor, the debt seller and the debt buyer. In accordance with this agreement, the buyer of debts undertakes to transfer their amount minus a discount to the seller of debts within a certain period of time, the debtor undertakes to transfer debts to the buyer, taking into account interest determined by the time the debt is overdue.

The advantages of selling debt at a discount are that it accelerates capital turnover, reduces the need for credit resources, reduces the risks associated with permanent loss of debt, and improves balance sheet liquidity. The disadvantage of selling debts for the seller is that for his granted loan he will receive less than he is entitled to, by the amount of the discount.

The main obstacle in the development of the considered method of reducing accounts receivable is the lack of experience and knowledge of standard contracts for the sale of debts among companies and banks.

Also, one of the organizational measures aimed at improving the quality of checking the borrower’s creditworthiness may be a credit assessment. The preparation of this document will help the credit officer to systematize the information he has and present it in a concise and complete form for presentation to management.

The credit committee, which, in fact, makes the decision to issue a loan, having such a document can better assess the prospects of this transaction, since all the necessary information on the loan is collected in one place and in an easy-to-read form. There is no need to sift through piles of financial reports, certificates, opinions and other documents.

The work of compiling a credit assessment is carried out as follows: in the process of checking the client’s application for a loan, an assessment is made of his creditworthiness, the prospects of the project being financed, the quality and adequacy of the collateral. The loan inspector receives the necessary materials from the client, from enterprises and banks that previously interacted with him, studies the business plan for the implementation of which the loan is requested, visits the Borrower with the aim of:

make sure the information in the business plan is correct;

obtain the necessary information that is needed to evaluate the loan and is not included in the business plan;

assess the viability of the business plan and especially determine management's ability to successfully implement it;

invite the borrower to accept conditions under which he has the greatest chance of a positive decision.

After receiving all the necessary information, a credit review is compiled, which summarizes the available facts and sets out the recommendations and conclusions of the loan officer.

To understand the positive and negative aspects of the development and implementation of credit policy by domestic commercial banks, it is advisable to consider the experience of foreign commercial banks, find positive and negative aspects, and, taking them into account, outline ways to improve credit policy.

If the borrower's financial condition worsens, repayment of the loan may be at risk. Having identified such a borrower, it is necessary to take emergency measures to prevent deterioration of the bank’s loan portfolio. The sale of collateral is a measure of last resort that should be avoided due to its complexity and imperfection of legislation in this matter. Therefore, it is advisable to assess the borrower’s financial condition and recommend measures to improve it.

It is advisable to assess the financial condition of an enterprise in the context of balance sheet items that affect the enterprise's creditworthiness indicators.

If there is a tendency towards a deterioration in the creditworthiness of an enterprise, then it should make efforts to prevent a deterioration in its creditworthiness. Such measures should be:

improving the organization of settlements with debtors and creditors in order to prevent accelerated growth of accounts payable over accounts receivable;

reducing costs for fixed assets and increasing costs for the formation of working capital;

reducing the amount of working capital in inventories and costs.

Thus, the implementation of these activities will help the borrower achieve higher financial indicators, which will allow him to use bank loans more effectively in the future.

Having considered ways to increase the borrower's creditworthiness, it is necessary to consider working with problem loans, since experience shows that the lending process is not limited to assessing the borrower's creditworthiness.

One of the most important components of bank lending is the creation and analysis of a loan portfolio. Many banks solve this problem functionally using MS Excel. However, as the business grows and the number of loans issued increases, Excel can no longer cope, and the bank needs a professional solution built on a reliable platform. At the beginning of 2006, the R-Style Softlab company, to automate the complex analysis of the loan portfolio, developed the business application RS-DataHouse: Loan Portfolio, which will help banks successfully develop credit business and minimize credit risk. Along with R-Style Softlab analysts, specialists from one of the largest banks in the country, the Moscow Bank for Reconstruction and Development, took part in setting the problem, where the first implementation of the new application took place.

In “RS-DataHouse: Credit Portfolio,” the analysis of the credit portfolio and related management are carried out not only for the entire portfolio as a whole, but also for various types and groups of its components - down to a single credit transaction. A timely analysis of the state of the loan portfolio will allow bank management to quickly make management decisions and coordinate credit policy.

To analyze the loan portfolio using “RS-DataHouse: Loan Portfolio,” the bank can use both generally accepted and proprietary methods.

Uploading data from the accounting system, loading it into storage, as well as calculating the unit are carried out at night, according to a given schedule and do not require any preparatory work from the economist.

With the help of “RS-DataHouse: Loan Portfolio,” a bank can not only significantly speed up the process of calculating a loan portfolio, but also solve several other related problems, for example:

independent construction of a payment calendar (taking into account the transfer of holidays and weekends);

independent calculation of accrued interest, determination of the period until interest is paid, and the repayment period of the principal debt.

Based on the calculated aggregates, “RS-DataHouse: Loan Portfolio” generates a number of reports that segment loans by their condition. The bank will be able to receive information on all borrowers, and in the context of any dimension of the aggregate (service point, loan product, etc.), who have fallen into arrears or, conversely, who have repaid the loan ahead of schedule.

The performance of the loan portfolio and credit risk are assessed in “RS-DataHouse: Loan Portfolio” based on various methodologies. This assessment uses data on the creditworthiness of clients, allowing us to identify the most profitable sectors of the client base, calculate the profitability of loan products, total risk and the share of risky loans in the total volume of bank loans.

CONCLUSION

The ongoing study of the quality of the loan portfolio of commercial banks in modern conditions allows us to conclude with the following general provisions and conclusions.

Bank credit is one of the most important links in a market economy. Its role is so important and multifaceted that it can be called the “heart” of the economy, giving impulses to the entire economic complex of the state; by its level of development one can judge the level of development of the entire economy. It is thanks to loans from commercial banks that most business entities have the opportunity to obtain the additional funds they need to carry out their activities and further development, stabilizing economic relations both within the state and abroad.

In turn, issuing loans for banks is not just a profitable operation, but one of the main sources of income, since at any level of economic development, even in conditions of financial instability of enterprises, lending is not suspended. It all depends only on how a particular bank carries out its credit policy and whether its loan portfolio is effective.

Credit operations are the basis of the banking business, since they are the main source of income for the bank. But these operations are associated with the risk of loan non-repayment (credit risk), to which banks are more or less exposed in the process of lending to clients. That is why credit risk, as one of the types of banking risks, is the main object of attention of banks.

The banking crisis is characterized by a sharp increase in the share of doubtful and bad debts in the loan portfolios of banks, an increase in their losses due to the revaluation of uncovered market positions, and a decrease in the real value of banking assets.

In order to manage the quality of the loan portfolio both in a calm market and in crisis conditions, banks need a set of methodological (and preferably software, automated) components.

Thus, the problem of forming and managing a loan portfolio is important. In the process of analyzing the structure of a bank's assets, it is necessary to pay attention to the dynamics, taking into account and analyzing the influence of various, both external and internal factors.

YENISEY Bank offers its clients a wide range of lending services. The list of loans is constantly expanding, and the issuing system is becoming more flexible and convenient.

In general, the quality of the loan portfolio of JSCB YENISEY is satisfactory. When assessing the quality and structure of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, the main reason for the deterioration in the quality of the loan portfolio was identified - an increase in the absolute and relative value of problem debt and, as a consequence, a decrease in profitability due to the need to increase the size of the created reserve. The reason for this deterioration was the following shortcomings in organizing the process of forming a loan portfolio and its management system:

At the preliminary analysis stage, there is a lack of differentiation in the approach to short-term and long-term lending. At the stage of credit monitoring, there is a lack of automation of the process of tracking current credit ratings, a system for accumulating information available to all interested services of the bank.

Therefore, from the point of view of improving the quality of the loan portfolio, the main recommendations for the bank are:

Tracking potentially insolvent borrowers at the stage of preliminary analysis - review the analysis methodology used and supplement it with a system of coefficients reflecting the industry and technological characteristics of the borrower.

Development of your own system of coefficients and differentiation of their values ​​depending on the types of lending (long-term and short-term), on the types of credit operations (classical lending, leasing, factoring, etc.), on the object of lending (working and fixed capital), on the type of counterparty (legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and individuals), on the size of the borrower (it is necessary to use different methods for large, medium and small enterprises).

Increasing the frequency of credit monitoring activities - reviewing credit ratings not once, but, for example, twice over a certain period of time (year, six months, quarter, etc.). In addition, the solution to the problem of operational control of the financial condition of clients can and should be the automation of the process of determining credit ratings, as well as the organization of a system for accumulating statistical information characterizing the credit history of bank clients.

Automation of the process of classification and statistical analysis of the bank's loan portfolio based on information processing software, which will reduce the complexity of the analysis and, accordingly, the time and labor costs of credit employees.

Organization of close cooperation between credit management and marketing management, which will allow, when planning credit operations, to take into account the situation in a particular market and structural changes in the economy as a whole.

Thus, it becomes clear that the problem of the quality of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank is large and multifaceted, and the existing quality management methods are diverse and for more successful functioning of the banking system it is necessary to introduce a unified regulatory framework for all banks.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1.On banks and banking activities [Electronic resource]: federal law of December 2, 1990 N 395-1 ed. dated 02/28/2009. - Access mode: ConsultantPlus.

2.On mandatory standards for banks [Electronic resource]: Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 110-I dated January 18, 2004, ed. from 10/11/2009 - Access mode: ConsultantPlus.

.On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt [Electronic resource]: Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 254-P dated April 26, 2004, ed. dated November 28, 2009 - Access mode: ConsultantPlus.

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.Panova G.S. Credit policy of a commercial bank: textbook / G.S. Panova - M.: ICC "DIS", 2009. - 464 p.

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.Shirinskaya Z.G. Accounting and operational technology in a bank: textbook / Z.G. Shirinskaya - M.: “Perspective”, 2008 - 356 p.

.Azarov V.M. “Credit portfolios of banks during the financial crisis”, special issue of the newspaper “Banking Course” - 2009 No. 124 (24), pp. 12-23.

.Belozerova V.V. “Russian bankers are concerned about the quality of their loan portfolios,” Banks and Exchanges - 2010, No. 8, pp. 21-24.

.Goryunov I.V. “Criteria analysis of assessing the quality of loans to corporate borrowers”, Banking Bulletin - 2009 No. 5., pp. 10-11.

.Dudkova V.V. “Credits. What to expect...", Newspaper Banking News - 2010 No. 3 (56)., p. 35.

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.Rusanov Yu.Yu. “Methodology for assessing the risks of lending to small and medium-sized businesses,” Analytical Banking Journal - 2010 No. 12., p. 32.

.Frolov M.S. “Loans grew on shares”, Banking Press magazine - 2010 No. 245 (12)., p. 20.

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29.Bank "Yenisei" [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: www.banki.ru<#"justify">ANNEX 1

The essence of a number system for assessing the quality of a commercial bank’s loan portfolio

APPENDIX 2

bank scoring loan portfolio

The essence of the scoring system for assessing the quality of a commercial bank’s loan portfolio

Among the traditional activities of commercial banks, the main operation is the provision of loans, since the direct relationship between the result of lending, profitability and stability of the bank’s existence is obvious.

The presentation of funds by the bank against the written commitment of the client is the cornerstone of the banking business. These operations bring the bulk of the banks' profits. Thus, of the total gross operating income of American commercial banks in 1989, $368.4 billion, $250.9 billion (68.1%) accounted for interest payments on loans and leasing issued, and only 51, $2 billion (13.9%) - for income from the securities portfolio.

The importance of credit operations is determined by many circumstances, including the following:

the predominance of credit in the active operations of commercial banks of the Republic of Belarus at the present stage - up to 50-70%;

interest received on credit operations is the main source of income for a commercial bank;

these operations are the most risky and therefore most responsible for the bank’s reputation and its stability, since the composition of credit resources is dominated by borrowed rather than the bank’s own funds;

ability to ensure repayment of the loan by the borrower;

an indicator of the professional competence of the bank’s personnel and its management;

the size, composition and structure of credit operations are the basis for calculating the bank’s main assessment indicators - liquidity and solvency.

It should be noted that credit, as an economic category, is associated with other cost categories. Therefore, lending principles are usually divided into two groups:

general economic principles - inherent in all categories, including credit;

principles reflecting the essence and functions of credit.

The first group includes:

profitability - characterizes the achievement of the greatest efficiency in the use of credit with the smallest credit investments. This policy is important for both lenders and borrowers. For the bank, efficiency leads to the possibility of accelerating the circulation of credit resources. For the borrower, economical use of the loan means a reduction in loan fees and an increase in income;

differentiation - consists in providing a loan on different terms depending on the nature of the borrower, the direction of the loan, credit risk, loan term, timeliness of repayment and some other circumstances;

complexity - presupposes a credit policy that is carried out taking into account the patterns of economic development in a certain period.

The second group includes the following principles:

urgency - means that the loan agreement must establish a loan period, and this period must be observed by the borrower;

material security of the loan - according to this principle, loans should only be serviced by the movement of actually existing value;

fee - means that each borrower must pay the bank a fee for temporarily borrowing funds;

repayment - means that the loan must be repaid within the period specified in the agreement;

targeted nature of the loan - loans are issued only for certain purposes, namely, to satisfy the temporary need of the borrower for additional funds. This is the difference between lending and financing.

The bank's loan portfolio includes interbank loans and loans provided to individuals and legal entities, or a loan portfolio to clients. At the same time, due to their specificity, all interbank transactions in general, and interbank loans in particular, are identified by banks in accounting and analysis as a special group and are considered separately from transactions with clients.

The author believes that the emergence of the term “bank loan portfolio” was due to the need for quantitative and, above all, qualitative characteristics of issued loans and the bank’s lending activities as a whole.

There are different points of view on the definition of the term “loan portfolio”. Let us present several definitions and generally accepted interpretations of the concept presented in economic banking literature.

The loan portfolio is the result of the bank’s activities in providing loans, which includes the totality of all loans issued by the bank for a certain period of time.

The bank's loan portfolio consists of balance sheet balances for short-term, long-term and overdue loans. These are the volumetric characteristics of the bank’s loan portfolio. Qualitative characteristics are used to assess the bank’s provision of loan repayment and reduction of credit risks, i.e. non-repayment of the principal amount of the loan and interest on it.

Formally, a bank’s loan portfolio is the entire set of loans issued by it at any given moment. However, if this is not just a list of loans, but a set that is structured according to a certain criterion (criteria) that is essential for loans, then the “loan portfolio” becomes a characteristic of the quality of loans issued and the entire lending activity of the bank.

A loan portfolio is a set of balances on loan accounts as of a certain date, which are grouped according to various criteria, including by type of loan, by type of collateral, by level of profitability, by the composition of borrowers, etc.

Despite the existing variety of definitions, the general thesis of the above definitions is that the loan portfolio is the result of the bank’s lending activities. Therefore, the most complete and correct definition of the loan portfolio will be in two aspects:

quantitative characteristics of the bank’s lending activities, i.e. information on lending volumes, composition and structure of investments;

qualitative characteristics of the bank’s lending activities, i.e. classification of credit investments according to certain criteria.

In the process of evolution of the term for the separation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, concepts such as gross loan portfolio, net loan portfolio, loan portfolio weighted by risk percentage and others arose.

The gross loan portfolio provides a quantitative description to clients and is calculated by summing up urgent, extended, overdue and doubtful debts on loan accounts as of a certain date.

The loan portfolio is qualitatively characterized by such concepts as the net loan portfolio and the loan portfolio weighted by the percentage of risk.

The net loan portfolio is calculated by subtracting the amount of the created reserve for losses on doubtful debts from the gross loan portfolio. It represents the amount of loan investments that can be returned to the bank on the analyzed date. Loan investments, as is known, are classified according to the degree of risk depending on the client’s assignment to a certain risk group (from 0 to 150%), therefore a loan portfolio is calculated, weighted by the risk percentage. By multiplying the balance of debt in the context of forms of collateral by the established percentage of risk, a weighted loan portfolio is determined, from which the amount of the reserve for losses on doubtful debts is excluded; the desired value represents the amount of own and attracted resources that may not be returned to the bank.

It should be noted that a qualitative assessment involves the classification of bank loan investments according to certain criteria. These criteria include: the degree of creditworthiness of clients, the purpose, size and type of loans, the timing and procedure for repaying loans, the volume and quality of loan repayment collateral, types of collateral for the fulfillment of obligations under a loan agreement, compliance with loan repayment terms, etc. This is necessary for credit management portfolio, its quality.

In this work, the author adheres to the point of view on the definition of the loan portfolio, according to which the loan portfolio is considered as a set of credit debt reflected in the second class of the chart of accounts in banks of the Republic of Belarus, as well as interbank loans and deposits. In relation to the loan portfolio of a particular bank, on the basis of the actual data of which the analysis was carried out, this approach is reflected in the fact that the loan portfolio also includes factoring operations, leasing, bill accounting, fulfillment of obligations under issued bank guarantees and sureties.

It is possible to analyze the composition and structure of the loan portfolio according to various criteria. The author has summarized some classification criteria (see Appendix 1).

If we analyze the sectoral structure of the loan portfolio, we can note those sectors in which placing funds is most profitable from the point of view of the ratio of profitability and risk, and also note how diversified the loan portfolio is. The diversification indicator will show how dependent and sensitive the bank is to changes in the situation in a particular industry. From the point of view of management quality, the loan portfolio can be:

optimal - a loan portfolio that is most consistent in composition and structure with the bank’s optimal credit and marketing policy and its strategic development plan;

a balanced loan portfolio is a portfolio of bank loans that, in its structure and financial characteristics, lies at the point of the most effective solution to the risk-return dilemma, that is, at the point of achieving a balance between two opposing categories.

Taking into account the above reasoning and classifications, the loan portfolio of a commercial bank can be displayed in the form of a table reflecting the main conditions of the concluded loan agreements (see Appendix 2).

In accordance with the table for classification of bank assets developed by the National Bank, the main indicators relating to the characteristics of the loan portfolio are the following: type of activity of the bank client, form of ownership, short-term and long-term loans, extended debt on the principal debt, overdue debt on the principal debt, doubtful debt, amount debts in risk groups I, II, III and IV.

It should be noted that the main purpose of any analysis is the scientific justification of the adopted management decisions, which are aimed at increasing the efficiency of operations and optimizing organizational processes. In a general approach, there are two main ways to improve operational efficiency: reducing waste and increasing profitability. In this case, the first method seems more promising due to the following reasons:

transaction costs are practically reduced to a minimum, reserves for reducing the cost of banking services have already been used;

fierce competition in the banking market and, as a consequence, a fall in the level of interest rates on loans;

uniformity of services provided by banks;

standardization and strict regulation of the technology of operations.

A thorough analysis of the factors that most influence the growth of bank losses on various loans allowed Western bankers to draw certain conclusions. According to World Bank(Table 1.1), factors internal to the bank are the cause of 67% of bank loan losses, and external factors account for, respectively, 33% of losses.

Table 1.1 Factors causing bank losses when lending, %

Note. Source:

Consequently, the data presented show that in 67% of cases, bank losses during lending were due to the influence of internal factors, which is a consequence of the shortcomings of the methods used or their incorrect use. Therefore, the analysis should identify a potential source of bank losses in order to prevent them and, accordingly, reduce the risk of credit operations.

A qualitative assessment of the risk of a loan portfolio becomes especially relevant in connection with the diversification of banks’ operations. In the process of analyzing the loan portfolio, banks rank loans, i.e. use a method for systematically and objectively classifying the loan portfolio in accordance with quality and risk characteristics.

In addition to analyzing the loan portfolio for a certain date, a study of the loan portfolio in dynamics is carried out, i.e. A linear analysis is carried out according to the main indicators (gross, net loan portfolio, risk-weighted loan portfolio, degree of credit risk, amount of the created reserve to cover possible losses, etc.) for a number of years. Also, to specify and study the influence of seasonal fluctuations in the real sector, data for quarterly dates of the period under study, etc. are used.

This approach allows us to present the analysis of the loan portfolio as a system that includes the following elements:

assessment of the quality of loans that make up the loan portfolio;

determining the portfolio structure based on loan quality and assessing this structure based on studying its dynamics;

determination of a sufficient amount of reserves to cover loan losses based on the structure of the loan portfolio.

Since analysis and management of the loan portfolio complement each other, they must be considered as two parts of one whole in their close relationship. The analysis serves as a justification for management decisions made, under the influence of which the bank’s loan portfolio is formed.

It is important to note that analysis and management are continuous processes. Therefore, the result of their interaction - the loan portfolio formed on a certain date, in turn, becomes the subject of analysis of the next time period. The relationship between two processes of different time periods is schematically presented in Fig. 1.1

Fig.1.1 Interrelation of analysis and management processes of different periods of time

Note. Source: [own development based on economic and mathematical modeling models].

To achieve your goals, the process of forming a loan portfolio must be managed. Management represents active participation and influence on the process, which implies the need to implement all management functions: planning, organization and control.

Let's look at all these functions. At the planning stage long-term and short-term goals of the loan portfolio and standards for its formation are determined. In this case, you can select certain values ​​of the following indicators as goals to achieve:

weighted average risk of the loan portfolio;

structure of the loan portfolio by risk groups;

degree of diversification of the loan portfolio;

degree of protection against credit risk;

the amount of reserve sufficient to cover possible losses;

the amount of profitability of the loan portfolio as a whole, etc.

Achieving these goals is possible only if the optimal indicators of individual loans are achieved, such as the amount of risk of an individual loan, the profitability of an individual loan, etc. This requires consistent achievement of the goals of individual stages of lending: implementation of rules and procedures when assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower; compliance with the rules for drawing up loan agreements; carrying out timely control over the payment of interest and repayment of the principal debt by borrowers at all stages of the credit process.

Performing the functions of an organization implies determining the organizational structures and persons responsible for managing the loan portfolio, their duties and powers, responsibilities, etc. Typically, this stage includes:

selection of criteria for assessing the quality of loans that make up the loan portfolio;

development of a specific method for assessing the quality of loans (credit analysis procedures) based on criteria and training of bank personnel;

organizing work on classifying loans depending on the quality of collateral;

organization of work on classifying loans by risk groups .

development of ways to accumulate statistical information by bank to determine the percentage of risk for each group of classified loans, the share of overdue debt and the percentage of its write-off at the expense of the bank’s reserves in the context of individual groups of loans, etc.;

development of methods for determining the absolute value of credit risk in the context of groups of loans in the loan portfolio and the total risk for the bank;

introduction of methods for determining the amount of the reserve created to cover possible loan losses;

development of methods and procedures for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio based on financial ratios and segmentation of the loan portfolio.

Let us now imagine the following management function - control. This function is implemented in three main directions:

reducing credit risk for each specific loan (checking the intended use, checking the material security of the loan, the continuous process of monitoring the client’s financial condition, his creditworthiness and the status of payments);

reduction of loan losses at the level of the bank’s loan portfolio as a whole;

correct organization of credit operations.

An important point in managing a loan portfolio is the bank's strategy and tactics in the field of obtaining and providing loans, which constitute the essence of its credit policy. The following definition can be given: credit policy is a policy related to the movement of credit. Each bank forms its own credit policy, taking into account political, economic, organizational and other factors. The key element of credit policy is the tools it uses to meet the needs of clients for borrowed funds, expressed in the types of loans issued by the bank.

The credit policy formulates a general goal and determines the ways to achieve it:

priority areas of credit investments by industry, legal status;

types of loans and credit accounts acceptable to the bank;

loans that the bank prefers to abstain from;

preferred circle of borrowers;

undesirable borrowers for the bank in various categories;

policy in the field of providing loans to individuals;

a set of measures to control the quality of the loan portfolio.

After analyzing foreign economic literature, it should be noted that an effective bank credit policy should include:

the goal on the basis of which the loan portfolio is formed (indicating the characteristics of a good loan portfolio: types of loans, their repayment terms, size and quality of loans);

responsibilities for transferring rights and providing information within the framework of credit management;

the practice of applying for, checking, evaluating and making decisions on customer loan applications;

the necessary documentation attached to each loan application, as well as documentation that must be kept in the loan file;

rights of bank employees with a detailed indication of who is responsible for storing and checking credit files;

basic rules for accepting, evaluating and selling credit collateral;

description of the policy and practice of setting interest rates and commissions on loans, loan repayment terms;

a description of the quality standards that apply to all loans;

indication of the maximum size of loan investments (the maximum share of loans in assets);

description of the region served by the bank, where the bulk of credit investments should be made;

description of the practice of identifying, analyzing and resolving situations related to problem loans;

As a rule, the strategy and tactics of credit policy are developed at the central office (head bank) by the credit department (management), credit committee, and approved by the relevant bank management body.

The credit policy of a commercial bank has an internal structure, which includes:

the bank's strategy for developing the main directions of the credit process;

bank tactics for organizing lending;

control over the implementation of credit policy.

The main provisions of credit policy are communicated to the lower levels, which, as a rule, are the main implementers and on which the quality of the loan portfolio ultimately depends. The success of credit policy is determined by the practical actions of bank personnel who interpret and implement credit policy settings at all stages of the credit process.

Thus, the formation of a loan portfolio is a reflection of the strategy adopted by the bank's senior management. This is a process that is managed both at the macro and micro levels.

Management at the macro level (strategic) is aimed at creating an optimal loan portfolio as a whole, i.e. determining priorities, formation standards, portfolio sizes, and achieving optimal values ​​of indicators characterizing the loan portfolio as a whole. These indicators include: portfolio profitability, investment structure and total portfolio risk.

Management at the micro level (current or operational) is aimed at optimizing individual stages of the formation and functioning of the loan portfolio in compliance with all procedures, instructions, methods, rules and other restrictions reflecting the strategy and tactics of the bank’s lending activities.

So, the credit policy of a commercial bank, being a fundamental element of the loan portfolio management process, determines the bank’s long-term targets in this area of ​​activity, taking into account the general direction of the bank’s functioning, as well as the tools and procedures for the direct work of employees in the management process.

It should be noted that the credit policy pursued by commercial banks of the Republic of Belarus in 2003-2004 was determined by both external and internal factors that entailed changes in the structure of banks’ credit investments. External factors have the greatest influence on the formation of the credit market in the Republic of Belarus.

These factors include the following:

the tight monetary policy pursued by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus;

refinancing policy of commercial banks;

inflationary processes in the economy;

currency regulation, in particular: devaluation of the national currency, the presence of mandatory sale of foreign currency earnings;

level of money emission;

availability of external sources of financing (servicing external credit lines guaranteed by banks and the Government).

The main internal factors include:

structure of the resource base of commercial banks;

quality of the loan portfolio;

availability and structure of the client base.

The author considers it necessary to note the negative phenomena in the credit process. Research shows that the lack of thorough analysis of loan applications, which many banks consider burdensome, is very significant. But the rapidly changing economic environment, competition, and the gradual spread of syndicated loans impose time restrictions on the analysis of the creditworthiness of the borrower, which conflict with the requirements of reasonable prudence.

Lack of preliminary testing of new credit technologies and products can lead to serious problems. This refers to the bank’s introduction of new credit technologies that neglect proven practice principles, procedures and methods for assessing the quality of loans:

Lack of parallel assessment of loans - re-assessment of loans in large banks should be carried out by a department that is not directly involved in providing loans and can provide a loan assessment based on financial statements, business unit work materials, etc. The purpose of re-evaluation is to ensure that loans are provided in accordance with the bank's policies and to provide an independent assessment of their quality.

The inability of the bank's controls to detect false information about the borrower - banks do not inspect the collateral on site, do not confirm its assessment, and do not analyze the financial statements.

Despite the fact that banks correctly set non-price loan terms, the bank’s lack of a clear methodology for calculating the interest rate can lead to an increase in the share of loans with an underestimated level of risk. Also, insufficient attention is often paid to the effects of the business cycle, which includes four stages - crisis, depression, recovery and recovery. Sectors of the economy such as trade and services experience rather sharp cyclical fluctuations. The activities of the borrower may be very sensitive to changes in such individual factors as commodity prices, competition, etc.

Insufficient development of internal bank documents regulating credit policy, decision-making procedures for issuing a loan, distribution of responsibilities between departments and employees of the bank also negatively affects the state of the loan portfolio. In conclusion, we draw the following conclusion. The success of credit activities is determined by the presence of a balanced credit policy, procedures for organizational and technological measures, and adequate credit control systems.