Presentation on the topic of environmental management in biology. Presentation "Theoretical Foundations of Environmental Management"

Contents 1. Natural resources and their classifications 2. Specially protected natural areas 3. Rational environmental management, its socio-economic essence. Rational environmental management, its socio-economic essence 4. Main aspects of rational environmental management. Main aspects of rational environmental management

1. Natural resources and their classification Natural resources Natural resources are elements of nature formed in the natural environment as a result of natural processes. They consist of PU and PR itself (elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere), which are used to meet the various needs of society and social production.

Natural resources are the main object of environmental management, during which they are subjected to exploitation and subsequent processing. PR, deprived of natural connections as a result of the impact of labor, becomes a natural raw material that can be used for certain technical, economic and social purposes. Natural resources are the main object of environmental management, during which they are subjected to exploitation and subsequent processing. PR, deprived of natural connections as a result of the impact of labor, becomes a natural raw material that can be used for certain technical, economic and social purposes.

Consumer goods - plant and animal resources, drinking water, air oxygen energy sources - wind energy, hydropower, fossil fuel reserves means and objects of labor - with their help social production is carried out and all products are produced (minerals, wood) recreational resources - means of providing recreation and restoration of human health and ability to work

The classification of natural resources is understood as the division of objects, objects and natural phenomena into groups according to functionally significant characteristics. Taking into account the natural origin of resources, as well as their enormous economic importance, the following classifications of PR have been developed:

Classification of natural resources natural resources by sources of origin biological resources mineral resources By the use of resources in production in production land forest fund water resources ecological classification inexhaustible Inexhaustible inexhaustible non-renewable exhaustible renewable Economic classification classification replaceable irreplaceable Classification by use production agricultural industrial non-productive resources extracted from the natural environment recreational aesthetic scientific

By the criterion of exhaustibility (ecological classification) By the criterion of exhaustibility (ecological classification) Natural resources exhaustible inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, seas and oceans) inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, seas and oceans) Renewable (water, soil, forest, animal world) non-renewable (mineral resources)

Inexhaustible PR Inexhaustible PR are natural and physical phenomena and bodies, the quantity and quality of which practically does not change or changes only imperceptibly in the process of long-term use of nature. Exhaustible resources Exhaustible resources are natural and physical bodies and phenomena, the quantity and quality of which change significantly in the process of long-term use of natural resources. The third sign of classification The third sign of classification is the renewability of exhaustible resources. Based on this criterion, exhaustible resources are divided into: - renewable; - non-renewable; - relatively renewable.

Non-renewable Non-renewable - formed in the bowels of the earth over millions of years (ore and non-metallic minerals, long-term use of which leads to the depletion of their reserves, the replenishment of which is practically impossible.) Relatively renewable Relatively renewable - capable of reproduction at a rate that lags behind the rate of consumption (chernozem , mature wood)

Classification of resources according to their use in production Land fund - all lands within the country and the world, included according to their purpose in the categories: agricultural, populated areas, non-agricultural purposes (industry, transport, mining, etc.); Forest fund is a part of the Earth’s land fund on which a forest grows or can grow, allocated for agriculture and the organization of specially protected natural areas; Water resources - the amount of ground and surface water that can be used for various purposes on the farm; Hydropower resources are resources that a river, tidal activity of the ocean, etc. can provide; Fauna resources - the number of inhabitants of waters, forests, and shallows that a person can use without disturbing the ecological balance; Minerals are a natural accumulation of minerals in the earth’s crust that can be used in the economy.

Resources industrial production Resources of industrial industrial production production energy fuels minerals hydropower resources sources of bioenergy (wood) sources of nuclear energy (uranium) non-energy minerals (ore and non-ore) waters used for industrial production lands occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure biological resources of industrial values

Agricultural production resources combine those types of resources that are involved in the creation of agricultural production. products: agroclimatic - resources of heat and moisture necessary for the production of cultivated plants and grazing; soil-soil - earth and its top layer - soil with the unique property of producing biomass; plant biological resources – feed resources; water resources – water used for irrigation, etc.

Classification by the nature of trade in natural resources: resources of strategic importance, trade in which should be limited, because leads to the undermining of the power of the state by defense (uranium ore and other radioactive substances); resources that have wide export significance and provide an influx of foreign exchange earnings (oil, diamonds, gold, etc.); resources of the domestic market that are widespread (mineral, construction raw materials, etc.)

Private classifications of PR have also been developed: Geological and economic classification fuel and energy raw materials (oil, gas, coal) ferrous and refractory metals (ores of iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, etc.) noble metals (gold, silver, platinoids) chemical and agronomic raw materials (potassium salts, phosphorites, apatites, etc.) technical raw materials (diamonds, graphite, etc.)

The use of various classifications of PR allows: to identify patterns in the formation of groups of resources and their genetic characteristics, to determine the possibilities of economic use; draw conclusions about the degree of their knowledge, as well as directions for rational use and protection.

Share of area of ​​protected areas in different countries CountriesArea of ​​protected areas, % of the total area New Zealand16.0 Austria15.08 Costa Rica11.1 Norway9.2 Panama8.64 Venezuela8.40 Iceland8.05 Ecuador7.35 Great Britain6.11 Bolivia3.96 Colombia3.47 Peru3.34 USA3.33 Paraguay3.04 Finland2.85 Hungary2.82 Sweden2.61 Netherlands2.35 Russia2.22 Canada1.45 Brazil1.25 Italy1.12 France0.70 Nicaragua0.12

Reserve A reserve is a specially protected area in which any economic activity (including tourism) is completely prohibited in order to preserve natural complexes, protect animals and plants, as well as monitor processes occurring in nature

With the help of reserves, three main tasks are solved: 1 - Protection of flora, fauna and natural landscapes with strictly limited or completely prohibited stay on its territory 2 - Research and control of the state of ecosystems and their populations of animals and plants (reserves are scientific institutions where they work biologists of various profiles)

State nature reserves State nature reserves are temporarily protected natural complexes designed for the conservation, reproduction and restoration of some natural reserves in combination with the limited and rational use of others. State nature reserves State nature reserves are temporarily protected natural complexes designed for the conservation, reproduction and restoration of some natural reserves in combination with the limited and rational use of others.

National natural parks National natural parks are used for environmental, recreational, scientific and cultural purposes; as a rule, they include unique natural sites, unique landscapes, historical monuments and other attractions.

Rational environmental management - Rational environmental management is an integrated, scientifically based, environmentally safe and sustainable use of natural resources, with the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential and the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate. 3. Rational environmental management, its socio-economic essence

Unsustainable use of natural resources Unsustainable use of natural resources does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to deterioration of the quality of the natural environment, and is accompanied by a violation of ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems. Consequently, rational environmental management is the conscious regulation of environmental relations on an economic basis. It is based on comprehensive accounting and assessment of PR.

The concept of rational environmental management includes the following basic elements: economic efficiency of use means obtaining the maximum amount of a high-quality product with minimal production costs and economical use of the resource itself; the protection of natural resources and environmental protection involves the implementation of preventive and prophylactic measures before and during the production process, the implementation of protection measures included in the technological process and measures to restore the properties and quality of natural resources disturbed as a result economic activity; reproduction of natural resources means renewal of the size of exploited resources and their reserves, restoration of lost properties and qualities.

Basic principles of rational environmental managementPrinciples Study of resources, obtaining reliable information accounting and assessment development forecast development of management and use systems Protection of resources, maintaining productivity Development of resources (introduction of advanced technologies) Reproduction of natural resources Transformation of resources Forest restoration; Soil reclamation; reclamation Change in characteristics when optimizing parameters (quantitative and qualitative enrichment)

Key measures for rational water use INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY REDUCING FRESH WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCING SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION RECYCLING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IMPROVING PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES WATERLESS AND LOW-WATER PROCESSES PRODUCTION AUTOMATION PROCESSES TO COMBAT WATER LEAKS

Protection of water resources Area of ​​activity Construction of structures for water intake from reservoirs Construction and operation of recycling water supply systems Recycling of valuable substances from wastewater Construction of main canals and conduits Wastewater treatment Collection of sunken wood Construction of coastal treatment stations for ballast water and oil tankers Collection of oil and garbage and other solid and liquid waste from the territory of ports and water areas Desalination of sea and highly mineralized waters Construction of reservoirs Arrangement of water protection zones

Rational use of forest resources Selective harvesting, elimination of overcuts during timber harvesting forest restoration increasing biological productivity and improving the qualitative composition of forest protection (pest control, fire control) using recycled wood waste during its processing reducing losses during transportation

Soil reclamation Soil reclamation is a type of rational environmental management, including a set of measures to increase land fertility or general improvement of the area: hydraulic (irrigation, drainage), chemical (liming, gypsum), physical (sanding, claying). Soil reclamation Soil reclamation is a type of rational environmental management, including a set of measures to increase land fertility or general improvement of the area: hydraulic (irrigation, drainage), chemical (liming, gypsum), physical (sanding, claying).

Reclamation Reclamation is the artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation, disturbed due to mining, construction of roads and canals, etc.: - restoration of reliefs - restoration of soils and vegetation - reforestation - creation of new landscapes Reclamation Reclamation - artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation , disturbed due to mining, construction of roads and canals, etc.: - restoration of reliefs - restoration of soils and vegetation - reforestation - creation of new landscapes

Rational environmental management is distinguished by the following features Rational environmental management is distinguished by the following features: - the use of PR must be accompanied by their restoration - integrated use of PR - secondary use of PR - implementation of environmental protection measures - implementation latest technologies in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environmental protection system.

Integrated use of PR - direction of environmental management; should be carried out, first of all, for exhaustible waste products at the extraction stage. Recycling waste resources is not yet used for all types of waste, since processing technologies are very complex and expensive. Introduction of the latest technologies in order to reduce the load on the waste disposal system (energy saving, resource saving, secondary processing, emission treatment, environmental monitoring) Carrying out environmental protection measures: activities: should be carried out by industrial enterprises, and government bodies those responsible for protected areas must monitor their implementation; the socio-economic essence of rational environmental management

4. Main aspects of rational environmental management 4. Basic aspects of rational environmental management The problem of nature conservation is closely connected with politics, ideology and the social sphere, which necessitates consideration of this problem in various aspects.

Main aspects of rational environmental management Quality of the environment and human health The most important for human health is the quality of air, drinking water, food, as well as the level of noise, electromagnetic vibrations, background radiation, etc. Scientific and technical Organization of production on the principle of full use of resources: development of new technological processes, with the help of which it is possible to organize a gradual transition to low-waste, waste-free closed cycles, etc. Ecological-economic Economy, in its desire to find ways of profitable farming, did not take into account the damage caused to nature in the costs. Until now, the funds allocated for environmental needs significantly lag behind the needs for them, which leads to a significant excess of the amount of damage caused to the national economy by unsustainable nature over the costs of its rationalization. Social and hygienic aspect Protecting health and maintaining favorable hygienic conditions for the life of the population: measures to improve the environment, which include social and hygienic studies, on the basis of which a social and hygienic forecast of the future state of the environment can be determined.

The socio-political aspect of the problem of nature conservation on a global scale in the presence of different social systems: indivisibility of the biosphere, regardless of the territory of the state borders; the impossibility of solving the problem by the efforts of one country. Conservation aspect: preservation of the species diversity of organisms on Earth, because Without this, the evolution of the biosphere is not possible. The economic development of previously protected areas poses a great danger. Legal and international aspects: RP and environmental protection activities are controlled and regulated by the state through a system of natural legislation. Only when environmental laws find legal form in the form of mandatory laws will they have a real chance of being implemented. However, it is not enough to improve only one’s own legislation; it is necessary to promote the development of international legislation regulating the joint efforts of all countries in the field of OP because the biosphere is one. Aesthetic aspect: a person’s natural desire for nature should be based on cultivating a caring attitude towards it. Great harm is caused by fires and “wild” tourism, which leads to enormous environmental and economic losses. Without enough attention environmental education the population cannot hope to implement scientifically based programs for preserving the biosphere.

- The concept of environmental management - The history of the relationship between society and nature - Natural resources and types of their use

Basic concepts - environmental management, rational environmental management, types of environmental management, natural conditions, natural

Environmental management is a set of human impacts, considered as a whole, aimed at ensuring conditions

The concept of “nature management” was introduced into literature in 1959 by Yu.N. Kurazhkovsky

Rational environmental management is a dialectically interconnected unity of measures for use, protection, reproduction and

Rational environmental management is a system of activities designed to ensure the economical exploitation of natural resources and

The socio-economic development of countries is associated with the concept of environmental management. Socio-economic development requires scientific

The degree of involvement of natural resources in production affects the rate of economic growth.

Problems of environmental management are related to the efficient use and consumption of natural resources and environmental protection.

The environmental management policy is based on the formation of the raw material base of economic sectors, taking into account the integrated use

Balanced use of natural resources must take into account

The history of humanity, in a certain sense, is the history of interaction between people and nature. Different eras are different from each other

In the history of interaction between society and nature, a number of special periods can be distinguished:

BIOGENIC PERIOD

AGRICULTURAL PERIOD

Development of the Nile Valley in Ancient Egypt

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD

INFORMATION-ECOLOGICAL PERIOD

The greater the share of agriculture and cattle breeding in the economy, the more it affected people’s lives. Extension

Growth of human biomass during the transition from an appropriating to a producing economy

The more intensive the exploitation of natural resources becomes, the faster ecosystems become impoverished, unless special measures are taken.

For rational, economically profitable production farming, modified, artificially bred varieties were required

Chronology of the emergence of agricultural centers

Most of the plants currently cultivated were grown by humans at the turn of our era, but the cultivation process

Chronology of the beginning of human cultivation of certain plant species

Chronology of domestication of some animal species

World centers of crop production

Legend

The occupation of agriculture and cattle breeding, sedentism and limited land plots and settlements led to the fact that man

Historically, all global economic growth is associated with an increase in resource consumption. Many sectors of the economy are in

The development of technology and the spread of man-made landscapes created the illusion of human dominance over the forces of nature. However

TYPES OF HUMAN INTERVENTION IN THE BIOSPHERE

The history of interaction between society and nature appears as the formation of local, regional and global socio-ecosystems

Society directly interacts with the biosphere. Any changes in the biosphere are reflected in a certain way on society,

PROBLEMS OF NATURE MANAGEMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POPULATION GROWTH

The growth of the world's population increases the impact on the natural environment, creating situations called

Population growth leads to excess consumption of natural resources. Regardless of whether they are used rationally

Energy expenditure per person in different eras

Growth curve of world energy consumption per capita. In 1970, energy consumption per capita did not exceed 1.98

Average individual energy consumption per year at various stages of social development: 1 - cooking; 2 - consumption for

Real humanity exists in a transformed biosphere and according to its laws. It is permissible to speak about its unity in the biological,

Scientific and technological progress has accelerated the development of the technosphere

One of the most important areas of sustainable development of the biosphere and society is the study of the Earth’s natural resources, definitions

Dependence of global economic sectors on biosphere resources (%)

Natural resources (explored and involved in economic turnover) are part of the national wealth and an element of the environment

The concept of natural resources is closely related to the concept of natural conditions. Natural conditions are bodies and forces of nature that

The economic development of society depends on the quantity and quality of natural resources

There are many classifications of natural resources

By genesis (origin)

By method of use

By replaceability

By scale

According to physical properties

The widespread use of natural resources in human life has led to the emergence of two important problems and

Main directions of studying natural resources

The globe has vast and varied natural resources. However, the reserves of their different types are not the same and are located according to

When studying natural resources, it is important to know:

Nature management and resource availability

Based on the level of resource availability, all countries of the world can be divided into several groups

Mineral resources

Classification of mineral resources (non-renewable resources)

When exploiting mineral resources, it is necessary to take into account: - non-renewable resources - exhaustible resources - resources

Formation of fossil fuels. Coal, oil and natural gas were formed from photosynthetic plants that inhabited the Earth in

The relationship between the structure of the earth's crust, relief and distribution of minerals

Leading countries in production of main types of mineral resources

Resource availability of leading countries

Limited mineral resources require rational use of natural resources, the use of new technology, effective low-waste

Integrated use of raw materials is the most important area of ​​rational use of minerals

Availability of reserves of main types of raw materials

Combustible minerals are fuel and energy resources. These are oil, gas, coal, oil shale, peat. Estimated

Fossil fuels are used as fuel and important raw materials for the chemical industry

Coal resources by region of the world

Proven oil and gas reserves by region of the world

Despite the limited reserves of combustible minerals, their widespread use in the economy leads to an increase in volumes

Metallic minerals contain more than 85 chemical elements. They have different properties, which determines

Consumption of mineral raw materials per capita (kg)

The water shell of the Earth includes the waters of the World Ocean, surface waters of land and underground waters. Total water reserves

Distribution of Earth's water reserves

The main problem in the use of water resources is the problem of fresh water. It accounts for only 2.5% of the hydrosphere.

Water consumption structure

Sources of water pollution

Land resources are lands used or suitable for use for economic purposes. They are different from others

Land resources of the world

Biological resources – forest and other plant resources, fish resources, resources of fur-bearing and sea animals

World forest resources

Rational use of forest resources

Impact of industry on the environment

The most important scientific task of our time is the study of the unified system of the biosphere. Modeling the development of modern

Modeling the development of modern technical civilization

Today, the pressure of society on the biosphere has reached such a level when the natural mechanisms of its self-regulation have become

The biosphere and its enemies

Currently, the special biosphere function of man has become obvious - the salvation and preservation of the biosphere.

To prevent undesirable environmental consequences, humanity must move from spontaneous development to rational,

• Environmental management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
• Environmental management is the activity of human society aimed at meeting its needs through the use of natural resources.

• Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which: - extracted natural resources are used quite fully and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources is reduced; - restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured; - production waste is fully and repeatedly used. The system of rational environmental management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming.

• Rational environmental management is a type of relationship between human society and the environment in which society manages its relationship with nature and prevents the undesirable consequences of its activities. An example is the creation of cultural landscapes; the use of technologies that allow for more complete processing of raw materials; reuse of industrial waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of nature reserves, etc.

• Examples: the creation of cultural landscapes, nature reserves and national parks (the most such areas are in the USA, Australia, Russia), the use of technologies for the integrated use of raw materials, processing and use of waste (most developed in European countries and Japan), as well as the construction of wastewater treatment plants, application of closed water supply technologies for industrial enterprises, development of new, economically clean types of fuel.

• Unsustainable environmental management is a system of environmental management in which: - the most easily accessible natural resources are used in large quantities and usually not completely, which leads to their rapid depletion; - a large amount of waste is produced; - the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational use of natural resources is typical for extensive farming.

• Irrational environmental management is a type of relationship with nature that does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection and its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature). Examples of such an attitude are excessive grazing of livestock, slash-and-burn agriculture, extermination of certain species of plants and animals, radioactive and thermal pollution of the environment. Also harming the environment is caused by rafting of timber along rivers with individual logs (moth rafting), draining swamps in the upper reaches of rivers, open-pit mining, etc. Natural gas as a raw material for thermal power plants is a more environmentally friendly fuel than coal or brown coal.

• Examples: the use of slash-and-burn agriculture and overgrazing of livestock (in the most backward countries of Africa), deforestation of equatorial forests, the so-called “lungs of the planet” (in Latin American countries), uncontrolled waste discharge into rivers and lakes (in countries of Foreign Europe, Russia) , as well as thermal pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, extermination of certain species of animals and plants, and much more.

• Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management, special environmental protection bodies have been created, and environmental programs and laws are being developed.

• . Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural systems. The most well-known type of pollution is chemical (the release of harmful substances and compounds into the environment), but such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the natural climate), and noise pose no less potential threat. Environmental pollution is mainly associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic environmental pollution), but pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All shells of the Earth are subject to pollution.

• The lithosphere (as well as the soil cover) becomes polluted as a result of the influx of heavy metal compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides into it. Up to 12 billion tons of waste from large cities alone are removed annually. Mining developments lead to the destruction of natural soil cover over vast areas.

• The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of the annual burning of huge amounts of mineral fuel and emissions from the metallurgical and chemical industries. The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, radioactive compounds

• The hydrosphere is polluted by wastewater from industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical enterprises), runoff from fields and livestock farms, and domestic wastewater from cities. Oil pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and petroleum products enter the waters of the World Ocean every year.

• As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and at the global level (global warming, reduction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, depletion of natural resources).

• The main ways to solve environmental problems can be not only the construction of various treatment plants and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, repurposing production, moving them to a new location in order to reduce the “concentration” of pressure on nature.

• Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are objects of national heritage and are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

• According to leading estimates international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
• Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Theoretical foundations of rational environmental management

Kalmykov G.A.

Moscow - 2015

Environmental management is the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources, i.e., human impact on nature in the process of its economic use.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Contradictions in the relationship between society and nature became threatening in the second half of the 20th century.

The transformative impact of human society on nature is inevitable; it intensifies as the population grows, scientific and technological progress develops, and the number and mass of substances involved in economic circulation increases.

Human life takes place on the earth's surface, the total area of ​​which is about 510 million sq. km. The share of land - continents and islands - accounts for 149 million sq. km. The nature of our planet provides unique conditions for the development of organic life and human habitation. The most important sources are solar energy, air and clean drinking water.

Understanding of the need to limit the influence of people on nature appeared a long time ago. Changes in natural landscapes as a result of economic activities in the ancient civilizations of the Middle East, Central and Southeast Asia occurred so quickly that measures were taken to reduce the anthropogenic impact on nature.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Babylonian king Hammurabi in the 18th century. BC e. in a special set of laws (code) indicated measures for the protection of forests. Under these laws, forests were divided into plots and were under the jurisdiction of “foresters.” They were responsible for the safety of forests and were punishable by death for official violations;

In Ancient Egypt, the Book of the Dead contains the following words that had to be said at the trial of the god Osiris to justify the dead: “I did not exterminate the animals in the pastures. I didn't catch sleepy fish. I did not drive animals from God’s lands...” The listed actions were already considered harmful and sinful;

No later than the 3rd century. BC, according to the ancient treatise “Arthastra”, protected areas and environmental laws of the Indian emperor Ashoka appeared in India...

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

On the territory of our country, the culture of environmental management was formed in several stages:

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

First stage(from IX - XIX centuries).

Characterized by the occurrence legal regulation environmental management processes. The first reliable state acts on nature management date back to the time of the existence of Kievan Rus.

They are associated with the oldest collection of written documents of Russian law - Russian Truth (XI century).

The establishment of the first environmental laws is associated with the names of the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise and his successors in the 11th-13th centuries.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Second phase(XI.1917 – XII.1991)

In combination with planned farming, this created the necessary prerequisites for effective nature conservation activities. The first decrees on land (1917) and on the socialization of land (1918) carried out the nationalization of land and abolished private ownership of it. They contained conditions for improving soil fertility.

The Decree on Forests (1918) ordered the “planting and sowing of forests” in war-denuded spaces. In this legislative act, the forest was considered as a factor influencing agriculture, as a regulator of the water regime, a place of recreation, and a natural monument.

In the first years of the existence of the Soviet state, the following were published: “On the timing of hunting and the right to hunting weapons” (1919), “On medicinal areas of national significance” (1919), “On the protection of green areas (gardens, parks, suburban forests and other plantings)" (1920), "On the protection of fish and animal lands in the Arctic Ocean and the White Sea" (1921)...

The first state reserves opened (Ilmensky, Astra-Khansky, Krasno-Yarsky, “Forest on Vorskla”). A Decree on the Protection of Natural Monuments, Gardens and Parks was issued, which laid the foundations for conservation in our country (1921).

Third stage.

After the breakup Soviet Union It was important to maintain continuity in nature conservation. On December 19, 1991, it was prepared and adopted by the Supreme Council Russian Federation Law of the RSFSR “On the Protection of the Natural Environment”. It regulates problems of environmental management in the sphere of the entire natural environment, without singling out its individual objects, the protection of which is dedicated to special legislation.

To adapt this law to new conditions, in 1993 it was published article-by-article comment. Given the country's transition to market economy The law and comments to it included environmental requirements at three levels: for economic entities, for different stages of the economic process (planning, design, construction, commissioning, operation of facilities) and types of economic impact (agricultural -farming, land reclamation, energy, city construction, etc.).

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Human interaction with nature

Post-industrial civilization

Industrial stage (XVII - early XX centuries)

Stage of traditional civilizations

(V – XVII centuries)

Stage of the Neolithic Revolution (VIt/l BC – Vc.)

Stage of primitive adaptation to nature

Fundamental changes in the technical basis of production, the transition to energy-saving technologies

Rapid transformation of natural landscapes, increasing human impact on the environment.

Increasing load on the land, development of crafts, widespread involvement of natural resources in economic circulation.

The transition from the appropriating to the producing type of economic activity within the clan community.

The dominant type of economic activity is gathering, fishing and hunting.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Structure of the Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management Department

Head of Department

Department of organization of environmental measures

• environmental education work;
• development of draft administrative documents;
• development and control over the implementation of municipal target programs;
• preparation of proposals for federal target programs;
• planning and reporting...

Environmental Monitoring Department

• accounting for the accrual and receipt of fees to the budget for negative impact on the environment;
• preparation of documentation related to environmental management;
• participation in state environmental assessment procedures;
• Formation and maintenance of a database on environmental users in cities...

Environmental Safety Department

• verification based on citizens' requests;
• interaction with the Internal Affairs Directorate and the Prosecutor's Office;
• work as a member of administrative commissions...

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON NATURE RESERVES

The term “nature conservation” became widespread after the First International Congress on Nature Conservation, held in 1913 in Switzerland.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, when human influence on nature was still local in nature, nature conservation was understood as the preservation of individual impoverishing natural objects by removing them from economic use.

In the second half of the 20th century, nature protection began to be understood not only as the preservation of certain objects, but also as protection and rational use of all natural resources and the environment as a whole.

At the 1st European Working Conference on Environmental Education (Switzerland, 1971), instead of the term “nature conservation”, the term “environmental protection” began to be widely used and it was recognized that these two concepts are synonymous.

Recently, the term “nature conservation” has often begun to be replaced by the term “ecology”, with different definitions: fundamental, general, social, regional.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

The first substantiation of ecology as a biological science was made by E. Haeckel (1866). By ecology he understood the science that examines the relationships of organisms between themselves and their environment, to which in a broad sense he included all conditions of existence.

Ecology serves as a theoretical, natural-scientific basis for rational environmental management and nature conservation. The development of principles of rational environmental management and environmental protection required ecology to connect with many other branches of science:

With biology, a system of knowledge on bioecology has been created: autecology, synecology, ecology of biocenoses, evolutionary ecology...

Geography contributed to the emergence of geoecology: ecology of geographical environments, ecology of geological environments...

Medical knowledge helped formulate ideas about human bioecology, medical ecology, psychological ecology...

With the help of fundamental sciences, applied ecology emerged: engineering ecology, economic ecology, agricultural ecology...

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Natural resources are components and properties of the natural environment that are used or can be used to satisfy the various physical and spiritual needs of human society.

Exhaustible

Renewable

Biological

Land

Non-renewable

Mineral raw materials

qualitatively

Inexhaustible

quantitatively

Solar radiation

Wind energy

Tidal energy

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

RELEASES OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

ASPECTS OF NATURE CONSERVATION

Depending on the interaction between man and nature, the following aspects, or aspects, of its protection are distinguished:

• economic aspect - the most important aspect of nature conservation, because any products consumed by people are created through the consumption of natural resources;

• socio-political aspect, when the results of human impact on nature are considered in the light of the development of technological progress, population growth, social conditions, in which they appear;

• health aspect: clean water, air, forest - necessary conditions for the normal functioning of people, which have a beneficial effect on human health, are widely used for health purposes;

• aesthetic aspect: nature is a source not only of material benefits, but also of satisfying the aesthetic needs of a person;

• educational aspect: communication with nature has a positive effect on a person, makes him kinder, softer, awakens better feelings in him;

• scientific and educational aspect associated with the need to preserve natural, undisturbed areas for research.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Principles are the basic provisions that define the goals and objectives, forms and methods, procedures and conditions for environmental activities of the state, organizations and enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership and types of activity, and citizens.

These include:

Principles of rational environmental management and environmental protection

• a developed system of standards in the field of environmental protection, taking into account environmental, sanitary, hygienic and economic requirements:

A set of organizational and methodological standards;

A set of standards in the field of atmospheric protection;

A set of standards in the field of protection and rational use

A set of standards in the field of improving land use;

A set of standards in the field of protection and transformation of landscapes;

A set of standards in the field of protection and rational use

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kalmykov G.A.

Structure of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection

Rational environmental management

Studying

Development

Transformation

Accounting and assessment, development forecast, development of a management and use system

Quality assurance.

Maintaining productivity (reproduction)

Efficiency Comprehensive and cost-effective production and processing

Improvement and optimization.

Enrichment is quantitative and qualitative.

Various types of natural environment resources

Topic: “Nature management and scientific and technological progress” 1. Concept, types and forms of environmental management. Basic principles of rational environmental management 2. Directions for greening scientific and technical progress 3. Production and consumption waste: their types, transportation and destruction

Can you name any activity that does not have environmental consequences or is not based on the use of natural resources? Is it, in principle, possible for humanity to develop in a way that would not lead to changes in its natural environment?

Citizens’ rights to a healthy environment human rights to a clean, healthy and life-friendly natural environment the right of citizens to protect their health from the harmful effects of the environment modified by anthropogenic activities. Citizens’ rights are defined by Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Article 11 of the OOPS Law and are divided into two groups :

Rational environmental management is a comprehensive, scientifically based use of natural resources, which achieves the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate and self-heal. Unsustainable environmental management is consumption leading to depletion (even to the point of extinction) of natural resources, even renewable ones; disruption of the ecological balance of natural systems; environmental pollution.

Basic principles of rational environmental management The principle of a systems approach The principle of optimization of environmental management The principle of outstripping the rate of procurement and extraction of raw materials by the rate of output of useful products The principle of integrated use of natural resources and concentration of production The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production

Costs Concentration of pollution Correlation of environmental and economic optimum for investments in environmental protection activities 1 – curve of costs for eliminating damage from pollution; 2 – cost curve for environmental activities; 3 – total costs; 4 – lowest total costs MPC

According to the UN, to prevent an environmental disaster, the level of environmental expenditures should be 8-10% of GNP. To maintain the current state - 4-5% of GNP. In the Russian Federation, the amount of damage from pollution is 8-9% of GNP, and costs for environmental protection are 1-2% of GNP

Unified, interdependent progressive development of science and technology. Scientific and technological progress first began to converge in centuries, when manufacturing production, the needs of trade, and navigation required theoretical and experimental solutions to practical problems; the second stage is associated with the development of machine production from the end of the 18th century; The modern stage is determined by scientific and technological revolution and covers, along with industry, agriculture, transport, communications, medicine, education, and everyday life.

Directions for greening scientific and technical progress 1. Study of safe limits of anthropogenic impact on the environment 2. Increasing the degree of extraction of minerals from the bowels of the Earth and useful substances from extracted ore 3. Reducing losses of resources in the process of processing them into a finished product and bringing it to the consumer 4. Reducing the weight of finished products products through the use of new technologies (energy- and resource-saving, low- and non-waste) and replacement of materials 5. Creation of new materials in various industries 6. Widespread use of clean and inexhaustible energy sources

Waste-free technology is the practical application of knowledge, methods and means in order to ensure, within the framework of human needs, the most rational use of natural resources and energy and protect the environment. Low- and waste-free technologies make it possible to achieve maximum environmental friendliness of production, “closing” the resource cycle

Objectives of low-waste and non-waste technologies Integrated processing of raw materials using all of their components based on the creation of new non-waste processes Creation and production of new types of products taking into account the requirements of their reuse Processing of production and consumption waste to obtain marketable products or any beneficial use without disturbing the environmental balance Use closed industrial water supply systems Creation of waste-free territorial production complexes and economic regions

Waste classification STATE solid liquid gaseous ORIGIN industrial biological household radioactive CHEMICAL STATE flammable non-combustible TOXICITY extremely hazardous (HE) highly hazardous (HE) moderately hazardous (UH) low-hazardous (MO) non-toxic (NT) DISPOSAL compressed non-compressible

Radioactive waste is not only a product of nuclear power plants, but also waste from the use of radionuclides in medicine, industry, agriculture and science. The collection, storage, disposal and disposal of waste containing radioactive substances is regulated by the following documents: SPORO-95 (Sanitary rules for the management of radioactive waste. M.: Ministry of Health of Russia, 1995) Rules and regulations for radiation safety in nuclear energy. T. I. M.: Ministry of Health of Russia, 1996 OSP 72/95 (Basic sanitary rules) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on the neutralization and disposal of radioactive waste 1149-g In Russia, the Radon system has been developed, consisting of 16 radioactive waste disposal sites

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