STD decoding. Blood test for sexual diseases

List of STDs, how they are transmitted, signs and treatment methods

STD(decoding: sexually transmitted diseases) - this category includes diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact. They affect not only the genitals, but the entire body, which often leads to quite serious consequences.

According to statistics, approximately half of Russians are infected or have ever been infected with at least one type of STD. This prevalence is due to frequent changes of partners, as well as the beginning of early sexual relationships. Also, the spread of these diseases is facilitated by new means of contraception, which have replaced the condom.

Sexually transmitted diseases include illnesses caused by various pathogens.

STDs are spread exclusively through sexual contact - vaginal, anal or oral; in this case, the gender of the person does not matter. Many sexually transmitted infections are spread through genital contact, even if there is no penetration. For example, genital herpes can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact: minor damage to its surface is enough to become infected.

There are STDs that can be transmitted to humans in other ways. Thus, hepatitis B and HIV can be transmitted through blood transfusions and through the use of needles during injections.

The use of barrier methods of contraception does not always guarantee safety. When using this method of protection, it is important to follow the instructions on the packaging.

Symptoms

In medicine, the main signs indicating the presence of an STD are identified. Their appearance is a reason to consult a gynecologist or urologist. The specialist will conduct an examination and prescribe further examination.

List of STD symptoms:

• redness and rashes in the intimate area;
• itching in the intimate area;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• discomfort during intimate relationships;
• painful, frequent urination;
• altered genital discharge;
• pain in the lower abdomen or groin.

There are a lot of sexually transmitted infections, and each of them has its own characteristics of manifestation.

The most common STDs

Anyone can become infected with these diseases, regardless of gender, age and social status:

• Chlamydia– an insidious disease that is transmitted exclusively through sexual contact. Most patients have virtually no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. In men, chlamydia manifests itself with characteristic symptoms: cutting pain during urination and ejaculation. This is caused by inflammation of the urethra and epididymis, which is caused by pathogenic bacteria. In women, signs of infection are less noticeable and may not appear at all. However, chlamydia is one of the causes leading to inflammatory processes, ectopic pregnancy, and female infertility.
• Trichomoniasis– bacterial infection. At the initial stage, the disease does not manifest itself. The incubation period is about two weeks. Men may experience characteristic discharge from the penis, as well as a burning sensation in the urethra. Women have a more pronounced manifestation of trichomoniasis. One of the characteristic symptoms is yellow-green discharge that has an unpleasant odor and cutting pain when having sex.
• – a fairly common STD, often found among people aged 15 to 24 years. The infection spreads in all types of intimate relationships. In men, gonorrhea appears 1-2 days after infection. Patients experience painful and frequent urination and are bothered by copious discharge of pus from the urethra. Gonorrhea requires effective and rapid treatment. In the absence of timely treatment, various complications arise. Women's temperature rises and they experience bloody issues and pain during sex, the condition of the body as a whole worsens.
• – is a viral disease characterized by high susceptibility to pathogens. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse and during skin-to-skin contact; the causative agent is HSV-2 (interpretation: herpes simplex virus type II). About a day after infection, small blisters appear on the genitals; their formation is accompanied by a slight tingling and itching. Over the next few days, the blisters turn into painful sores, swollen lymph nodes and fever. Rashes are a visible part of the disease. After they disappear, the virus can remain in the body for many years, and sometimes for life. Lack of timely treatment in pregnant women can lead to various complications, including fetal death.
• Syphilis– an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called “pale spirochete”. You can become infected with this disease through sexual contact of any form. The first symptoms appear ten days after infection - a chancre appears on the perineum or genitals (less often on other parts of the body). Over time, similar rashes appear on the fingers and oral cavity. There is an increase in lymph nodes, especially in the cervical and inguinal. In medicine, there are 3 stages of syphilis. In the absence of timely treatment, the disease can become severe: ulcers spread throughout the body, including the mucous membranes. The patient is worried about aching bones, inflammatory processes and deterioration in overall health. At the third stage of the disease, meningitis may occur. Complications of syphilis can lead to the most severe consequences, such as paralysis or death.
• are sexually transmitted viruses. Regardless of gender, the disease manifests itself in the same way - in the form of warts in the anus and perineum. In men, warts can be hidden in the urethra and behind the foreskin. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 are one of the main causes of cervical cancer. It is possible that the disease may be asymptomatic; in this case, you can only find out about the presence of infection after diagnosis.
• Ureaplasmosis – a disease characterized by a chronic course. Its causative agent is ureaplasma, a single-celled microorganism belonging to the opportunistic flora. This means that ureaplasma is present in small quantities in a healthy person. The disease begins to progress when microbes begin to multiply rapidly, displacing healthy microflora. Symptoms appear after 2-3 weeks, patients experience a burning sensation when urinating, inflammation genitourinary system and cloudy vaginal discharge. Often women are bothered by pain in the lower abdomen. If left untreated, the disease enters the chronic stage and entails complications: endometritis, colpitis, narrowing of the urethra, cystitis, inflammation fallopian tubes etc. Untimely treatment of ureaplasmosis can lead to premature birth, missed abortion and infertility.
• Mycoplasmosis– caused by opportunistic microorganisms. They can be present in the body of an absolutely healthy person and provoke many diseases of the genitourinary system. In men, the disease is asymptomatic, in women there is a burning sensation when urinating, pain during sexual intercourse and pain in the lower abdomen.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)– the most dangerous of all sexually transmitted diseases. The disease does not appear immediately; its incubation period lasts from three weeks to three months. Symptoms appear only at the stage of manifestation of the process. Patients complain of chronic weakness, inflammation of the lymph nodes, loss of appetite, and headaches. Main characteristic feature HIV is a sore throat (inflammation of the tonsils) that does not go away for a long time. Patients' body temperature rises to 37.5°C, which cannot be normalized with antipyretic drugs. The lack of adequate antiretroviral therapy negatively affects the general condition of the patient. The body is attacked by various bacterial and viral diseases: herpes, candidiasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis. And, as a result, AIDS develops.

Diagnostics

There are quite a lot of pathogens included in the group of STDs. Medicine offers many diagnostic methods to detect them and prescribe a treatment regimen.

Conventionally, these methods are divided into several groups:

• blood tests;
• STD test;
• microscopic methods;
• seeding and cultural methods;
• DNA diagnostics.

After the appearance of symptoms indicating the presence of any sexually transmitted infection, you should consult a specialist. Male patients should make an appointment with a urologist, and female patients with a gynecologist. If there are obvious signs of a sexually transmitted disease (rashes on the genitals or chancre), you should consult a venereologist.

In modern medicine, there are many diagnostic methods, but an exact universal method does not yet exist. When testing for STDs, you cannot use only one method.

As a rule, a complex of various measures is used to identify the pathogen, so diagnosis often takes a lot of time.

• The first thing to do if symptoms indicate sexually transmitted infection, - take it to the clinic microflora smear. This is a procedure that is performed annually during a routine examination by a gynecologist or urologist. In women, a smear is taken from the urethra and vagina, in men - from the urethra.
• One of the simplest methods is bacterial culture. The doctor takes genital secretions from the patient for analysis. The material is placed in a special nutrient medium, which promotes the proliferation of pathogenic and “correct” bacteria.
• If necessary, in addition to microbiological analysis, a linked immunosorbent assay, which allows you to identify active antibodies that help the body fight STDs. For certain diseases that affect the entire body (syphilis, HIV), an additional blood test is performed (Wassermann reaction and HIV detection).
• The most accurate diagnostic method is polymerase chain reaction(PCR), which allows you to identify hidden diseases that are asymptomatic.
• The presence of infection is detected using DNA analysis. As a rule, this method is most effective in cases of suspected diseases that remain dormant in the body for a long time.

In addition to being examined by specialists, patients with STDs may need to be examined by other doctors, since some diseases also affect other organs. Such infections include:

• herpes, HPV;
• syphilis, etc.

They can affect the skin, joints, vision, and circulatory system. Depending on the degree of complications, you need to contact a dermatologist, infectious disease specialist, immunologist, proctologist and other highly specialized specialists.

It is important to remember that only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis, since many diseases have similar symptoms. Self-medication can only aggravate the development of the disease and lead to serious complications.

Treatment

Treatment of STDs requires an individual approach to each patient. Treatments for such ailments include the following types therapy:

• antiviral;
• immunostimulating;
• antibacterial;
• vitamin therapy;
• physiotherapy.

Effective treatment should be aimed not only at the genitals, but also at correcting the condition of the body as a whole. Local treatment gives only short-term results and in most cases does not eliminate the infectious disease 100%.

A lasting effect can only be achieved with the help drug therapy. In this case, the patient is prescribed local antibacterial agents (gels, suppositories, ointments and creams) and oral medications for oral administration. In some cases, invasive treatment methods such as IVs or injections may be indicated.

Treatment is prescribed by a venereologist and includes:

• a course of antibacterial drugs - penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, etc.;
• imidazole drugs;
• sulfa drugs;
• antifungal drugs.

Before taking any medicines, it is necessary to pass special tests to determine the body’s susceptibility to antibiotics.

Correctly selected treatment antiviral drugs and antibiotics lasts 10-12 days. If the disease becomes chronic, the duration of treatment is at least three weeks. In special cases, a second course of drug therapy is prescribed, but the treatment regimen is slightly modified.

Prevention

If an STD occurs, both partners must be treated, otherwise there is a risk of re-infection. It is not so difficult to become infected with such diseases; almost every person who has an intimate relationship is at risk. The main method of prevention is trusting relationships, refusal promiscuity and contraceptive use.

To avoid relapse of the disease, after the course of treatment you need to be observed by a specialist, periodically taking tests. The last check, which completely eliminates any remaining infection in the patient’s body, includes provocation. If the body passes such a test, this means that the person is absolutely healthy.

Modern pharmacology offers big choice Antibiotics against STDs come in various forms, but not all of them are effective enough. Self-medication of such diseases is strictly prohibited; medications only a specialist should.

Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs, are a group of diseases that are infectious in nature and, to a large extent, spread through unprotected sexual intercourse. The main method of detecting the disease is a blood test for STDs (ST).

According to the latest data, sexually transmitted diseases include about 30 pathogenic microorganisms that are causative agents of diseases. These infections are transmitted through various types of unprotected sexual intercourse.

In medicine, the basis for the classification of STDs is the type of pathogen; these are divided into 5 groups:

In addition, these diseases are divided into curable and incurable. Most sexually transmitted diseases are curable; incurable diseases include: AIDS and anogenital herpetic infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms and STDs when infected primarily affect the genitals and reproductive system of a person. The consequences of STDs can be quite serious and sometimes irreversible. Taking a chronic form, they can cause hormonal disorders, various inflammations of the internal and external genital organs, and lead to infertility or pathologies of pregnancy and the fetus.

Some diseases are asymptomatic, while others have pronounced specific symptoms. Among other things, the incubation period can be asymptomatic for several weeks.

Considering the widespread prevalence of these diseases and the specificity of their manifestation, there are several common symptoms that are characteristic of infection:

• pain during sexual intercourse;
• abundant or from the genitals, accompanied by a specific odor;
• sensations of cutting pain and burning during urination;
• itching and rashes on the genitals;
• pain in the lower abdomen, urge to urinate frequently;
• impossibility of conception;
• miscarriage.

Diagnostics

Given the serious consequences of STDs, it is necessary to diagnose the disease as quickly as possible and prescribe treatment for STDs in order to reduce the irreversible effects on the body.

Blood test for STDs - what is it? This is a method of comprehensive blood testing aimed at detecting whether a patient has an infection or antibodies developed against it. indicates that the patient has recovered from this infection. Antibodies from some infections can persist in the body from several weeks to several years.

In diagnostic practice, two types of blood tests are used to detect infections: (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR analysis).

The basis is the analysis of immune reactions with antibodies produced after an illness. When a person becomes infected with an infection, the body begins to produce a protein aimed at destroying the virus. The human immune system produces a certain type of immunoglobulin. A blood test reveals the presence/absence of this immunoglobulin.

General blood test for STDs, what does it include? First of all, these are blood tests to detect HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C. In addition, the blood reveals not only the presence or absence of the disease, but also the form of its course: acute or chronic. A blood test for STDs also includes detection of ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, gardnerellosis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, candidiasis, human papillomavirus (HPV) of low, medium and high cancer risk.

Indications for research

Today, blood tests for rare sexually transmitted infections are used in mandatory at:

• the manifestation of one or more symptoms of an STD;
• during ;
• in complex treatment of infertility;
• during pregnancy;
• for prevention purposes.

At-risk groups

Risk groups, among which the highest percentage of incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, are the following categories of the population:

• representatives of non-traditional sexual orientation (mostly among males);
• persons engaged in paid sexual services and their clients;
• convicts in penal colonies and places of deprivation of liberty;
• drug addicts who inject drugs;
• asocial persons without a fixed place of residence;
• people who are disorderly sex life without protection;
• teenagers belonging to groups of marginal behavior and youth with deviant behavior.

Where to donate blood

The detection of sexually transmitted diseases and hidden infections is carried out in specially equipped laboratories operating both at medical institutions and independently functioning. An in vitro blood test for STDs is performed using the most modern equipment, which allows you to obtain reliable information in the shortest possible time.

For convenience, laboratory results are provided to clients in decrypted form. A blood test for STDs and deciphering it will not be difficult for the patient, since the results data are presented not in quantitative, but in qualitative terms. In the results form, opposite the listed names of infectious agents, its presence or absence will be indicated.

When contacting a laboratory for STD testing, you need to keep in mind that this test is very sensitive to various external factors.

Preparation

The accuracy of the analysis results for sexually transmitted diseases depends on compliance with the preparation requirements and the general condition of the body:

• , early in the morning.
• At least one day before the test, refrain from sexual intercourse.
• Try not to urinate for at least two hours.
• On the day before taking blood, do not use antiseptic agents for treatment.
• In some cases, it is recommended to provoke an infection by eating spicy or salty foods.
• Women of reproductive age are recommended to donate blood for infections no later than the 5th day of the menstrual cycle.
• To carry out the analysis, do.

average cost

When taking blood tests for STDs, the price (cost) may vary depending on the number of infections to be detected by laboratory diagnostics. Typically, the initial analysis includes an expanded list of infections; only those infections to which a positive reaction was detected are included in subsequent control studies.

Prevention

The peculiarity of STIs is that they progress very quickly. The likelihood of contracting an infection through unprotected sexual intercourse is quite high, so preventive measures must be applied promptly. There are primary and secondary prevention of STDs.

Primary prevention measures for STIs:

• Information education, first of all, for categories belonging to the risk group and among teenagers.
• Information education of the population in the media about the epidemiological situation.
• Trainings among children and adolescents to promote the values ​​of a healthy lifestyle.
• Maintaining hygiene rules in public places and at home.
• Regular visits to a gynecologist and urologist.

Secondary prevention measures for STIs:

• Drug prevention: use of antibacterial drugs in the first days after potential infection.
• Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene in intimate life.
• Use of barrier contraceptives.
• Preventive treatment of sexual partners if one of them has an STD.

Compliance with the rules of prevention to protect you and your loved ones from sexually transmitted diseases.

every woman needs at least twice a year. In a woman’s life, situations often arise when it is necessary good advice obstetrician-gynecologist, answer to question, consultation. But even if a woman has no complaints, it must be taken into account that in Lately Asymptomatic gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted infections and gynecological tumors, are very common. Even pathological vaginal discharge does not always occur with such diseases. Without tests, it is difficult to distinguish them from normal discharge. With the hidden course of female diseases, there is no abdominal pain, bleeding, menstrual irregularities and other symptoms. Therefore, every woman needs preventive gynecological examinations and basic tests (general blood test, urine test, smear for flora and cytology), the results of which allow us to identify the presence of hidden asymptomatic gynecological diseases and infections in the early stages. The number of preventive gynecological examinations depends on previous diseases and other factors.

When you need good advice from a doctor, you can come for a consultation with a gynecologist at our gynecological clinic, ask the doctor questions about your health, undergo an initial gynecological examination and, if necessary, further examination and treatment.

Consultation with a gynecologist for early diagnosis of pregnancy

A consultation with a gynecologist and a gynecological examination are also necessary for early diagnosis pregnancy. The first signs of pregnancy are inaccurate and often mislead women. During pregnancy, menstrual-like vaginal discharge is possible, and pregnancy tests may be falsely negative. For an accurate early diagnosis of pregnancy, a consultation with a gynecologist, pelvic ultrasound and determination of the hCG level in a blood test are necessary.

A good gynecologist is, first of all, a good diagnostician. Diagnosis of gynecological diseases is based on experience and knowledge. During the initial gynecological examination, the gynecologist will determine whether there is a need for more detailed diagnostics and consultations with other doctors. According to your indications, you will receive all the necessary treatment recommendations and referrals for tests. This will allow you to dispel many fears and doubts, notice unfavorable changes in women’s health in time, take measures to correct them, and begin treatment on time.

A woman is sometimes scared or ashamed to come to a consultation with a gynecologist and a gynecological examination. She is frightened by the examination procedure, and even by the sight of the gynecological chair. However, it is advisable for even a healthy woman to visit a gynecological clinic twice a year. The main task of an obstetrician-gynecologist at a gynecological clinic is to preserve the health of a woman, which is only possible through the prevention of gynecological diseases and their timely detection in the initial stages. At an appointment with a gynecologist in our gynecological clinic, you will forget about the fear of a gynecological examination. The polite staff of the clinic does everything possible to quickly and efficiently provide you with the necessary medical services.

Features of gynecologist consultation. Gynecological examination

Every healthy woman should undergo a gynecological examination twice a year to maintain her health, prevent and identify gynecological diseases in the early stages. To avoid the development of sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases and gynecological tumors, it is better not to postpone a visit to the doctor, but to come for a preventive examination and consultation with a gynecologist.

The gynecologist must know the individual characteristics of your body, all the gynecological diseases that you have suffered. Communication with a gynecologist at an appointment should be easy and confidential. Every woman should have her own obstetrician-gynecologist.

It is advisable to come to a gynecologist’s consultation for the first time at the age of 15-16 years, especially if the girl has not yet started her menstrual cycle. It is also necessary to come to an appointment with a gynecologist if a woman has already begun or plans to begin sexual activity. Gynecologists advise not only to undergo a preventive gynecological examination twice a year, but also to undergo basic tests, especially when a new sexual partner appears, to do colposcopy and gynecological ultrasound, because the asymptomatic (hidden) course of gynecological diseases is very common and difficult to diagnose. Many gynecological diseases, if not treated promptly, can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.

Stages of consultation with a gynecologist and gynecological examination

Questions for a gynecologist

You can come for a consultation with a gynecologist and a preventive gynecological examination if you have no complaints or already have certain complaints. A consultation with a gynecologist begins with a conversation. First, the gynecologist asks questions and fills out a medical record. By asking questions, the gynecologist will find out what problem the woman came to the doctor’s office with. It is important for a gynecologist to know what diseases a woman has had throughout her life, which will tell him about her predisposition to certain diseases. Some questions may seem too intimate or unnecessary, but they must be answered absolutely honestly. Answer all the gynecologist's questions and do not hesitate to ask him questions, because the state of your health depends on it.

External gynecological examination

A consultation with a gynecologist may include procedures such as measuring blood pressure, determining weight, and examining the mammary glands. After which the gynecologist proceeds to a gynecological examination of the female genital organs. To do this, the woman needs to lie down in a special gynecological chair. The gynecologist conducts an external examination to identify possible discharge, irritation, rashes, condylomas, gynecological tumors and other pathological changes in the external female genitalia. Having completed the external gynecological examination, the gynecologist proceeds to the internal gynecological examination.

Internal gynecological examination

During an internal gynecological examination, an obstetrician-gynecologist inserts disposable plastic speculum into the vagina to examine the cervix. The gynecologist also evaluates the presence of discharge and other pathological processes. After removing the speculum from the vagina, the gynecologist performs a vaginal examination. The gynecologist inserts the fingers of one hand, dressed in sterile disposable gloves, into the vagina. The gynecologist places his other hand on the anterior abdominal wall. Thus, the doctor notes the size, shape, position, mobility, pain of the uterus and appendages, and draws attention to the presence of pathological space-occupying formations in the pelvis. If you experience pain when palpating, you should immediately inform your gynecologist, as this may be a sign of an inflammatory or other gynecological disease. Sometimes a gynecologist can perform a rectal examination (for example, when examining virgins) when the data from other examinations is insufficient.

Taking a smear for flora during an internal gynecological examination

A mandatory stage of a preventive gynecological examination should be taking a smear. A bacteriological study is a study of a smear of gynecological discharge. The number of leukocytes is counted in the smear and pathogens are looked for. More than 10 leukocytes in the field of view may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection or inflammation of the female genital organs. Based on the results of the smear, fungi (candidiasis), “key cells” (bacterial vaginosis), changes in the normal flora in the discharge due to vaginal dysbiosis can be detected. The gynecologist prescribes culture of discharge and PCR diagnostics of discharge to clarify the causative agent of the infectious process if a smear shows the presence of infection, but does not identify its causative agent.

Taking a smear for cytology during an internal gynecological examination

Cytological examination (cytology) is a mandatory stage in the early diagnosis of cervical diseases and a mandatory analysis carried out before its treatment. Even if nothing bothers the woman and the cervix seems unchanged to the naked eye, the woman should regularly (every year) undergo a cytological examination of cervical scrapings. The gynecologist takes a scraping during an internal gynecological examination. The scraping is taken with slight pressure, while the deeper layers of cells are scraped off. This is a painless procedure. This is done because the malignant process begins from the lower layers of the cervical epithelium and progresses to the surface of the mucous membrane. Therefore, if only the superficial layer is included in the analysis, a diagnosis can only be made when the disease is already at a late stage of development.

Colposcopy

Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix under a special microscope - a colcoscope. The gynecologist uses colposcopy during an internal gynecological examination in order not to miss the initial signs of a malignant tumor, if nothing bothers the patient and the cervix seems unchanged to the naked eye.

Colposcopy has a huge diagnostic value if you suspect cervical cancer, for diagnostics erosions cervix, dysplasia, leukoplakia. Only extended colposcopy can help make an accurate diagnosis of cervical disease in the early stages and determine its malignancy.

Extended colposcopy is an examination of the cervix after treatment with a 3% acetic acid solution. The action of acetic acid lasts about 4 minutes. After studying the collopscopic picture of the cervix treated with acetic acid, the gynecologist performs the Schiller test - smearing the cervix with a cotton swab moistened with 3% Lugol's solution. The iodine contained in the solution stains glycogen in the cells of healthy, unchanged squamous epithelium of the cervix dark brown. Thin cells (atrophic age-related changes), as well as pathologically altered cells in various dysplasias of the cervical epithelium (precancerous conditions) are poor in glycogen and are not stained with iodine solution. Thus, a gynecologist during colposcopy identifies areas of pathologically altered epithelium and, if necessary, marks areas for cervical biopsy.

Ultrasound of the pelvis and fetus

In gynecology, pelvic ultrasound complements the gynecological examination and is used very widely, because with its help, with a high degree of reliability, you can examine the pelvic organs and monitor the development of pregnancy (fetus). Pelvic ultrasound is an examination method that allows a gynecologist to get an idea of ​​all the pelvic organs, including the uterus and ovaries, which is of great importance in the diagnosis of gynecological tumors and inflammation of the female genital organs, and abnormalities of the uterus.

A pelvic ultrasound makes it possible to determine the causes of pathological discharge, uterine bleeding, pain in the lower abdomen and menstrual irregularities that are not visible during a routine gynecological examination.

Ultrasound allows you to determine the presence of pregnancy and fetal abnormalities. Ultrasound also plays a decisive role in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and is necessarily performed before the abortion procedure to confirm the presence of a fertilized egg in the uterine cavity.

Consultation with a gynecologist based on the results of a gynecological examination and tests

To make a diagnosis, a gynecologist compares the results of a gynecological examination with data from anamnesis (the history of the woman’s life and illness), gynecological tests, complaints and the results of other examinations. Therefore, in order to make a diagnosis or ensure the absence of gynecological diseases, a woman needs at least two consultations with a gynecologist.

At the first consultation, the gynecologist performs the gynecological examination described above, colposcopy, pelvic ultrasound and collects material for gynecological tests. If a woman has complaints and symptoms of gynecological diseases, the gynecologist, during the first consultation, recommends to the woman what tests (except smears) she needs to undergo and prescribes symptomatic treatment to reduce the symptoms of the disease (pain in the lower abdomen, bleeding, itching, etc.).

A woman can take many tests during her first gynecological examination, but to take some tests she needs to come to the gynecologist again for fence material for analysis on a certain day of the menstrual cycle, after the necessary preparation or on an empty stomach.

At a follow-up appointment, the gynecologist advises the woman on the results of smears and other tests, if they were taken during the first gynecological examination. Test results may indicate the presence of a gynecological disease in the absence of symptoms, confirm a preliminary diagnosis made during the first examination, or indicate the need for further examination to make a diagnosis.

A complete treatment regimen for a gynecological disease is signed by a gynecologist after diagnosis. After treatment, and sometimes during treatment, a woman needs to come for a consultation with a gynecologist and take gynecological tests again to monitor the results of treatment.

Preparing for a gynecological examination

A woman needs to visit a gynecologist’s office several times a year if she cares about her health. The most optimal period for a preventive examination by a gynecologist is after menstruation. One day before consulting a gynecologist, it is not recommended to be sexually active. It is necessary to take a shower before examining a gynecologist, but douching has a negative effect, because... the doctor needs to see the real condition of the vaginal discharge and take a swab. There is no need to shave your hair before examining a gynecologist. If a woman has taken antibiotics and other medications, then it is necessary to warn the doctor about this. Sometimes testing for infections should take place no earlier than two weeks after the end of treatment in order to get the correct results. If you have to get tested for chronic infections, it is better to do this before or immediately after your period.

A consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist and examination usually takes about 30 minutes. Try not to be nervous during the examination. Answer all the doctor's questions and do not hesitate to ask him questions, because... The state of your health depends on this.

It is necessary to come to see a gynecologist in the following situations:

Recently, the asymptomatic course of gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases, has become very common. Vaginal discharge occurs in such diseases, but more often they are the only symptom and appear periodically. Without analyzes It is difficult to distinguish them from normal discharge. Therefore, every woman needs a preventive examination by a gynecologist at least twice a year.

Pathological vaginal discharge is the main symptom of almost all gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases. If they appear, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist with an examination and tests for determining infections, including sexually transmitted ones.

Uterine bleeding in the middle of the cycle, increased and prolonged bleeding during menstruation. Consultation with a gynecologist with examination and Ultrasound in this case, they are necessary to determine the source of bleeding. Bleeding that occurs during pregnancy requires immediate hospitalization.

Abdominal pain. In female gynecological diseases, it is most often observed in the lower abdomen. A consultation with a gynecologist with an examination, tests and other examinations are necessary to identify the cause of the pain.

Problems with conception. Conceiving a child requires preparation. Gynecological diseases can negatively affect pregnancy and the unborn baby. Therefore, it is very important to come for a consultation and examination with a gynecologist to identify and treat them before conception.

At planning pregnancy a woman needs to come for an examination and consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist, be examined and take a test in advance tests to identify infections, including - ureaplasmosis. Planning your pregnancy and performing a gynecological examination during pregnancy allows you to avoid complications and unpleasant surprises during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of pregnancy. The first signs of pregnancy before a missed period are inaccurate and often mislead women. During pregnancy, menstrual-like discharge is possible. In order to diagnose pregnancy in a timely manner, at the slightest suspicion, you need to consult a gynecologist, do an ultrasound and a blood test for hCG.

Termination of pregnancy (medical abortion). In the event of an unwanted pregnancy, you will receive qualified advice from an obstetrician-gynecologist on how to terminate it. Medical abortion is the least traumatic for a woman.

Contraception. Every woman should, with the help of a gynecologist, choose the most suitable means of protection against unwanted pregnancy for her. This requires a consultation with a gynecologist with an examination, ultrasound, and, if necessary, hormonal studies and other tests.

Hormonal disbalance. Often the main cause of diseases of the female reproductive system is hormonal changes (hormonal imbalance). During your consultation, your gynecologist will prescribe the necessary examinations to diagnose hormonal disorders.

Menstrual irregularities. Ovarian dysfunction is most often a symptom of serious gynecological diseases. A consultation with a gynecologist and an examination is necessary to identify these diseases.

From symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ninety percent of all women are affected. Before your period a woman may experience many unpleasant and painful sensations, which should not normally exist. A woman should not put up with these sensations and suffer in silence; she must come for a consultation with a gynecologist.

Tides and painful sexual intercourse are the most common symptoms of menopause. During the consultation, the gynecologist will tell the woman how to alleviate the pathological menopause. Very dangerous symptom- the appearance of bloody discharge from the genitals after menopause. When they appear, a woman should consult a gynecologist for an examination immediately.

Cervical erosion. One of the most common diseases, which may not manifest itself in any way and can only be detected during a preventive gynecological examination.

Uterine fibroids. It may also not manifest itself in any way and be detected only during a preventive gynecological examination. Asymptomatic progression can lead to severe growth of the node, bleeding and surgical intervention.

Endometrial hyperplasia often asymptomatic, but more often manifests itself as dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Often the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia is made when a woman comes to see a gynecologist about infertility.

Polyps of the uterus (endometrium) and cervix(cervical canal). IN last years polyps of the uterine body and cervix are found even in teenage girls. They do not manifest themselves in any way for a long time and over time can become malignant. For their timely detection, every woman needs a consultation with a gynecologist and a preventive examination twice a year.

Ovarian cyst. During a routine ultrasound examination, a gynecologist may detect an ovarian cyst in a woman. Some cysts may disappear on their own, but in many cases a course of hormonal treatment is required, and in some cases surgery is required to get rid of the source of the danger.

Spikes are formed when an acute inflammatory process in the female genital organs becomes chronic and the healing process extends over time. Adhesive disease is practically untreatable. Therefore, to avoid the formation of adhesions, if symptoms occur inflammation Immediately come for an appointment with a gynecologist.

Cervicitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix. May manifest as pathological discharge, burning, itching. If the flow is hidden, it may not manifest itself in any way. Therefore, every woman needs a preventive consultation with a gynecologist with an examination at least twice a year. The causative agents of infection are often gonococci and Trichomonas.

Thrush (or vaginal candidiasis) Caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. It often becomes chronic due to improper self-medication. For selection proper treatment and identifying infections that often accompany exacerbation of thrush, which a woman may not even suspect (including sexually transmitted infections), it is necessary to consult a gynecologist for an examination.

Vaginal dysbiosis- this is a violation of the normal microflora of the vagina. This disease affects most women; it is often the result of improper self-medication. Dysbacteriosis can lead to the development of inflammatory gynecological diseases. Before prescribing medications to normalize the vaginal microflora, a consultation with a gynecologist, examination and tests is necessary.

For examination on syphilis a woman can also come for a consultation and examination with a gynecologist . Syphilis is a chronic venereal disease that affects the skin, mucous membranes, many internal organs, bones and the nervous system. Recently, it has often been completely asymptomatic. The RW (Wassermann reaction) used to diagnose syphilis is often false-positive and false-negative and is very outdated.

Advantages of the Demetra Gynecological Clinic

• The consultation is conducted by highly qualified gynecologists with extensive experience.
• Considering the frequent imitation of gynecological diseases in the pathology of other organs, close cooperation is carried out between gynecologists and the therapist for the benefit of patients
• Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases, incl. laboratory tests, pelvic ultrasound and pregnancy ultrasound, colposcopy
• Treatment of diseases without hospitalization (outpatient)
• Convenient location of the clinic in Kyiv: Darnitsky district, near Poznyaki metro station
• Convenient working hours by appointment only
• If you have any questions, call us, our employees will provide all the necessary information

List of STDs, how they are transmitted, signs and treatment methods

STD(decoding: sexually transmitted diseases) - this category includes diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact. They affect not only the genitals, but the entire body, which often leads to quite serious consequences.

According to statistics, approximately half of Russians are infected or have ever been infected with at least one type of STD. This prevalence is due to frequent changes of partners, as well as the beginning of early sexual relationships. Also, the spread of these diseases is facilitated by new means of contraception, which have replaced the condom.

Sexually transmitted diseases include illnesses caused by various pathogens.

STDs are spread exclusively through sexual contact - vaginal, anal or oral; in this case, the gender of the person does not matter. Many sexually transmitted infections are spread through genital contact, even if there is no penetration. For example, genital herpes can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact: minor damage to its surface is enough to become infected.

There are STDs that can be transmitted to humans in other ways. Thus, hepatitis B and HIV can be transmitted through blood transfusions and through the use of needles during injections.

The use of barrier methods of contraception does not always guarantee safety. When using this method of protection, it is important to follow the instructions on the packaging.

Symptoms

In medicine, the main signs indicating the presence of an STD are identified. Their appearance is a reason to consult a gynecologist or urologist. The specialist will conduct an examination and prescribe further examination.

List of STD symptoms:

• redness and rashes in the intimate area;
• itching in the intimate area;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• discomfort during intimate relationships;
• painful, frequent urination;
• altered genital discharge;
• pain in the lower abdomen or groin.

There are a lot of sexually transmitted infections, and each of them has its own characteristics of manifestation.

The most common STDs

Anyone can become infected with these diseases, regardless of gender, age and social status:

• Chlamydia– an insidious disease that is transmitted exclusively through sexual contact. Most patients have virtually no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. In men, chlamydia manifests itself with characteristic symptoms: cutting pain during urination and ejaculation. This is caused by inflammation of the urethra and epididymis, which is caused by pathogenic bacteria. In women, signs of infection are less noticeable and may not appear at all. However, chlamydia is one of the causes leading to inflammatory processes, ectopic pregnancy, and female infertility.
• Trichomoniasis– bacterial infection. At the initial stage, the disease does not manifest itself. The incubation period is about two weeks. Men may experience characteristic discharge from the penis, as well as a burning sensation in the urethra. Women have a more pronounced manifestation of trichomoniasis. One of the characteristic symptoms is yellow-green discharge that has an unpleasant odor and cutting pain when having sex.
• – a fairly common STD, often found among people aged 15 to 24 years. The infection spreads in all types of intimate relationships. In men, gonorrhea appears 1-2 days after infection. Patients experience painful and frequent urination and are bothered by copious discharge of pus from the urethra. Gonorrhea requires effective and rapid treatment. In the absence of timely treatment, various complications arise. In women, the temperature rises, bleeding and pain during sex are observed, and the condition of the body as a whole worsens.
• – is a viral disease characterized by high susceptibility to pathogens. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse and during skin-to-skin contact; the causative agent is HSV-2 (interpretation: herpes simplex virus type II). About a day after infection, small blisters appear on the genitals; their formation is accompanied by a slight tingling and itching. Over the next few days, the blisters turn into painful sores, swollen lymph nodes and fever. Rashes are a visible part of the disease. After they disappear, the virus can remain in the body for many years, and sometimes for life. Lack of timely treatment in pregnant women can lead to various complications, including fetal death.
• Syphilis– an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called “pale spirochete”. You can become infected with this disease through sexual contact of any form. The first symptoms appear ten days after infection - a chancre appears on the perineum or genitals (less often on other parts of the body). Over time, similar rashes appear on the fingers and in the mouth. There is an increase in lymph nodes, especially in the cervical and inguinal. In medicine, there are 3 stages of syphilis. In the absence of timely treatment, the disease can become severe: ulcers spread throughout the body, including the mucous membranes. The patient is worried about aching bones, inflammatory processes and deterioration in overall health. At the third stage of the disease, meningitis may occur. Complications of syphilis can lead to the most severe consequences, such as paralysis or death.
• are sexually transmitted viruses. Regardless of gender, the disease manifests itself in the same way - in the form of warts in the anus and perineum. In men, warts can be hidden in the urethra and behind the foreskin. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 are one of the main causes of cervical cancer. It is possible that the disease may be asymptomatic; in this case, you can only find out about the presence of infection after diagnosis.
• Ureaplasmosis – a disease characterized by a chronic course. Its causative agent is ureaplasma, a single-celled microorganism belonging to the opportunistic flora. This means that ureaplasma is present in small quantities in a healthy person. The disease begins to progress when microbes begin to multiply rapidly, displacing healthy microflora. Symptoms appear after 2-3 weeks, patients experience a burning sensation when urinating, inflammation of the genitourinary system and cloudy vaginal discharge. Often women are bothered by pain in the lower abdomen. If left untreated, the disease enters the chronic stage and entails complications: endometritis, colpitis, narrowing of the urethra, cystitis, inflammation of the fallopian tubes, etc. Untimely treatment of ureaplasmosis can lead to premature birth, missed pregnancy and infertility.
• Mycoplasmosis– caused by opportunistic microorganisms. They can be present in the body of an absolutely healthy person and provoke many diseases of the genitourinary system. In men, the disease is asymptomatic, in women there is a burning sensation when urinating, pain during sexual intercourse and pain in the lower abdomen.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)– the most dangerous of all sexually transmitted diseases. The disease does not appear immediately; its incubation period lasts from three weeks to three months. Symptoms appear only at the stage of manifestation of the process. Patients complain of chronic weakness, inflammation of the lymph nodes, loss of appetite, and headaches. The main characteristic symptom of HIV is a sore throat (inflammation of the tonsils), which does not go away for a long time. Patients' body temperature rises to 37.5°C, which cannot be normalized with antipyretic drugs. The lack of adequate antiretroviral therapy negatively affects the general condition of the patient. The body is attacked by various bacterial and viral diseases: herpes, candidiasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis. And, as a result, AIDS develops.

Diagnostics

There are quite a lot of pathogens included in the group of STDs. Medicine offers many diagnostic methods to detect them and prescribe a treatment regimen.

Conventionally, these methods are divided into several groups:

• blood tests;
• STD test;
• microscopic methods;
• seeding and cultural methods;
• DNA diagnostics.

After the appearance of symptoms indicating the presence of any sexually transmitted infection, you should consult a specialist. Male patients should make an appointment with a urologist, and female patients with a gynecologist. If there are obvious signs of a sexually transmitted disease (rashes on the genitals or chancre), you should consult a venereologist.

In modern medicine, there are many diagnostic methods, but an exact universal method does not yet exist. When testing for STDs, you cannot use only one method.

As a rule, a complex of various measures is used to identify the pathogen, so diagnosis often takes a lot of time.

• The first thing to do if you experience symptoms indicating a sexually transmitted infection is to get tested at the clinic. microflora smear. This is a procedure that is performed annually during a routine examination by a gynecologist or urologist. In women, a smear is taken from the urethra and vagina, in men - from the urethra.
• One of the simplest methods is bacterial culture. The doctor takes genital secretions from the patient for analysis. The material is placed in a special nutrient medium, which promotes the proliferation of pathogenic and “correct” bacteria.
• If necessary, in addition to microbiological analysis, a linked immunosorbent assay, which allows you to identify active antibodies that help the body fight STDs. For certain diseases that affect the entire body (syphilis, HIV), an additional blood test is performed (Wassermann reaction and HIV detection).
• The most accurate diagnostic method is polymerase chain reaction(PCR), which allows you to identify hidden diseases that are asymptomatic.
• The presence of infection is detected using DNA analysis. As a rule, this method is most effective in cases of suspected diseases that remain dormant in the body for a long time.

In addition to being examined by specialists, patients with STDs may need to be examined by other doctors, since some diseases also affect other organs. Such infections include:

• herpes, HPV;
• syphilis, etc.

They can affect the skin, joints, vision, and circulatory system. Depending on the degree of complications, you need to contact a dermatologist, infectious disease specialist, immunologist, proctologist and other highly specialized specialists.

It is important to remember that only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis, since many diseases have similar symptoms. Self-medication can only aggravate the development of the disease and lead to serious complications.

Treatment

Treatment of STDs requires an individual approach to each patient. Treatment methods for such ailments include the following types of therapy:

• antiviral;
• immunostimulating;
• antibacterial;
• vitamin therapy;
• physiotherapy.

Effective treatment should be aimed not only at the genitals, but also at correcting the condition of the body as a whole. Local treatment gives only short-term results and in most cases does not eliminate the infectious disease 100%.

A lasting effect can only be achieved with drug therapy. In this case, the patient is prescribed local antibacterial agents (gels, suppositories, ointments and creams) and oral medications for oral administration. In some cases, invasive treatment methods such as IVs or injections may be indicated.

Treatment is prescribed by a venereologist and includes:

• a course of antibacterial drugs - penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, etc.;
• imidazole drugs;
• sulfa drugs;
• antifungal drugs.

Before taking any medications, it is necessary to pass special tests to determine the body's susceptibility to antibiotics.

Correctly selected treatment with antiviral drugs and antibiotics lasts 10-12 days. If the disease becomes chronic, the duration of treatment is at least three weeks. In special cases, a second course of drug therapy is prescribed, but the treatment regimen is slightly modified.

Prevention

If an STD occurs, both partners must be treated, otherwise there is a risk of re-infection. It is not so difficult to become infected with such diseases; almost every person who has an intimate relationship is at risk. The main method of prevention is trusting relationships, avoidance of promiscuous relationships and the use of contraception.

To avoid relapse of the disease, after the course of treatment you need to be observed by a specialist, periodically taking tests. The last check, which completely eliminates any remaining infection in the patient’s body, includes provocation. If the body passes such a test, this means that the person is absolutely healthy.

Modern pharmacology offers a large selection of antibiotics against STDs in various formulations, but not all of them are effective enough. Self-medication of such diseases is strictly prohibited; only a specialist should select medications.

Among the many different diagnostic methods that are used in modern medicine, one of the most common is a smear. In view of this, you should familiarize yourself with the main features of this procedure and find out what diseases this method of examination is used to diagnose.

STDs - types of disease and appointment for examination

First of all, it should be noted that this is a large group of diseases, which includes known sexually transmitted diseases, as well as new diseases, one of the methods of transmission of which is sexual intercourse.

Major sexually transmitted diseases:

• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Mycoplasmosis
• Cytomegalovirus

This group includes a larger number of diseases, but the most common diseases that are sexually transmitted are presented above.For many people, the pressing question is whether any examinations are necessary if no symptoms of the disease appear. A definite answer to this question will only be positive, since many sexual diseases in the early stages have a latent form, that is, they occur with virtually no visible symptoms.

In what cases should you be tested for STDs:

• If certain symptoms of sexual diseases occur
• If you have regular sexual intercourse, even if the partners use protection
• In cases of unprotected sexual intercourse
• When planning, before conceiving a child
• During pre-treatment of STDs

As for the symptoms of STDs, there are quite a large number of them, and all of them are a direct indication for testing. In addition, sexual diseases can be tested for other pathological conditions.

More information about diagnosing STDs can be found in the video.

Indications for testing:

• The appearance of skin rashes in the genital area
• Feeling itchy or burning
• Pain when
• Cases of pathological pregnancy and miscarriages
• Presence of arthritic diseases
• Diseases of the genitourinary system
• Discharge with a strong odor and unnatural color
• Change in the color of seminal fluid in men

A rather serious problem for people who are being tested for STDs is shyness in front of specialists. In most cases, you can overcome this feeling if you seek help from a specialist of your own gender.

In general, the diagnosis of STDs is a very important procedure that must be completed in order to ensure the absence of certain sexual diseases, or to prescribe the necessary treatment.

At the moment, the diagnosis of STDs is carried out using various diagnostic methods, which you should learn more about.

Smear test for STDs: general information about the procedure

The question of what a smear for STDs is is quite relevant. First of all, it is necessary to note that this is not one, but several survey methods that differ from each other in evaluation criteria, indicators, and many other features.

When diagnosing sexual diseases, one of the most informative methods is the analysis of material taken by smear. This method is absolutely safe, and also completely painless. In women, a smear allows you to determine both the presence of certain harmful microorganisms and assess the condition as a whole.

Laboratory examination of the obtained material can be carried out in several ways, which, as a rule, are combined in a comprehensive diagnosis of STDs. In particular, an examination is carried out using a smear. In addition, bacteriological seeding of the obtained material and microscopic examination can be carried out, which allows one to determine the state of the microflora, as well as identify the presence of pathological bacteria.

Material for analysis can be collected in the following places:

• Oropharynx
• Vagina
• Anal area
• Urethra

The most reliable method for diagnosing STDs is the polymerase chain reaction. This method is aimed at determining the presence of an infectious agent, and this method can give an accurate result even if only a few DNA fragments of the pathological organism are present in the sample taken.

Unlike microbiological culture, PCR allows you to accurately determine the presence of a disease in a very short period of time. Most often, this method is used in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections that are viral in nature. PCR is often used in cases where other diagnostic methods are not effective.

PCR is a rather complex and highly technical method, and therefore requires compliance with many rules regarding laboratory equipment, collection of material for research and other important points.

In rare cases, diagnostic results may not be reliable. This happens, for example, if the sample taken for analysis was contaminated with any substances.Also, it can give a positive result after a course of treatment. This is due to the fact that the immune system of a recovered person gradually removes dead bacteria.

It should also be noted that PCR results can be false negative, that is, indicate the absence of pathogens of the disease, while it is present. Such a violation is possible if the collection of material for laboratory study was taken unsuccessfully. Also, an incorrect result occurs if the patient took any medications immediately before the diagnosis.

Another diagnostic option in which a smear is performed is microflora analysis:

• This method is most relevant in gynecology, and therefore is performed mainly on women.
• The study is aimed at studying the state of discharge, as a result of which the presence of pathological microflora is determined, which may contain pathogens of the disease, or is the optimal environment for their reproduction.
• It is recommended that every woman who plans to take smears to determine microflora.
• In addition, this procedure should be performed when treating various drugs with the use of potent antibiotics and any other drugs whose action can significantly weaken the body’s immune properties.

In general, there are several options for laboratory testing of samples to identify pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases. Knowing what a smear for STDs is, you need to carefully prepare for the test.

Preparing and conducting analysis

A smear for STDs is effective method diagnostics, however, in order for it to give reliable results, it is necessary to comply with the basic rules of the procedure not only on the part of the doctor, but also on the part of the patient.

In particular, in order for the results to be as informative as possible, it is necessary to carefully prepare for the procedure.

How to prepare for an STD test:

• Before visiting a specialist, you should abstain from sexual intercourse for 2-3 days.
• The day before, you should not go to the shower or sauna, as the thermal effect will certainly affect the diagnostic results
• You should visit the toilet 2-3 hours before the procedure, as urination is prohibited before the procedure.
• It is not recommended to use intimate hygiene products on the eve of the examination.
• In addition, many experts believe that in women the diagnostic procedure gives the most reliable results in cases where the analysis was taken within 4-5 days after completion

For women, a smear is taken for analysis in a gynecological office. Material for examination is taken from all areas that may be a potential source of infection. Most often these are three points: the cervix, urethra, and vaginal cavity. At the same time, the specialist uses, which also makes it possible to determine the external condition of the genital organs.

In men, material for analysis is collected by a urologist from the urethra, and in rare cases from other parts of the genital organs.Undoubtedly, to obtain reliable results from smear analysis, it is necessary to carry out preparatory measures.

Survey results

The results are interpreted taking into account several indicators that are reflected during the procedure.

Smear readings:

• Presence of squamous epithelium
• Quantity
• Number of bacteria
• Presence of fungal microorganisms
• Presence of atypical cells
• Presence of gonococcus or diplococcus bacteria

It should be noted that the norm indicators of the presented criteria may differ depending on the age of the patient being examined, his individual physiological characteristics, as well as many other external and internal factors. In view of this, only a specialist can accurately determine the results of a smear.

In certain cases, a smear for STDs is not enough to accurately determine the diagnosis. In particular, urogenital in rare cases is able to detect chlamydial infections or mycoplasma virus. Also, fungi that can be detected during a smear analysis often indicate thrush, and not a sexually transmitted disease. In rare cases, this disorder may be a symptom of an STD.

Diagnostic results are usually prepared within 1-2 days after the material is collected for analysis.

Some clinics may conduct an express examination, in which the results are ready within 20-30 minutes, but most often such a study is not reliable and informative.

Since a smear is far from the only diagnostic method for determining STDs, the patient may be prescribed additional procedures, including bacterial culture and analysis in men.In general, there are many diseases that are transmitted primarily through sexual contact. The presence of symptoms of such diseases, as well as a number of other situations, requires objective diagnosis, one of the most optimal options of which is a smear for STDs.