28.06.2022

History of the emergence and development of the global Internet. The history of the emergence of the global Internet

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History of the Internet and who created it?

So, it all started in the distant sixties of the last century. At that time, the United States (the country that pioneered the Internet) was at the peak of its capabilities and a huge number of talented scientists worked and served there. It was they who created the future prototype of today's Internet for military purposes. It was called ARPANET and served for communication between various military installations in the event of a nuclear war. Oh how!

As I mentioned just above, the date of birth of this network is considered. But there was nothing in common with what we now understand by the definition of the word Internet. However, the network existed and it developed. Over time, it began to serve not only the military, but also scientists, connecting the country's leading universities. It was developed in 1971 (I wrote about it a little earlier), and a couple of years later the network was able to cross the ocean.

But it was still the preserve of only a select group of scientists and a group of enthusiasts who used it for correspondence. About ten years later (in 1983), a rather significant event occurred - the now well-known TCP/IP protocol was standardized. And in 1988, such a cool thing as chat (real-time correspondence) appeared, which was implemented on the basis of the IRC protocol (in RuNet they called the chat client “Irka”, as I remember now, I’m already many years old).

So, America turns out to have given the impetus for the emergence of the Internet (in our modern understanding), but the very idea of creating the World Wide Web (WWW) had already arisen in Europe within the walls of the still famous organization CERN (collider and other crap).

A Briton worked there Tim Berners-Lee, who can easily be called the founding father of the Internet. Of course, he was not alone, but it was his two-year work on creating the HTML markup language, the HTTP protocol and everything else that was a turning point. This is what made the hypertext-based global network possible.

This was in the late eighties of the last century. And already in 1991, the World Wide Web became available to everyone (the very second birthday of the Internet). But this was not enough for this very accessibility to develop into popularity. Why? Because there was no convenient tool for surfing yet.

And finally, in 1993 the first truly popular one appeared browser for he was graphic, i.e. could display not only text, lists and tables, but also pictures! His name was Mosaic. In fact, he became the founder of all modern columnists (read about) and his popularity at that time was very great.

It was he who attracted millions of new users to the Internet, and it was this date that I would consider the reporting point, when did the real Internet appear in the world?(accessible and understandable to everyone). From this fertile soil, millions of sites and people began to appear on the Internet like mushrooms. In general, life began.

Internet Day

International Internet Day (despite all the above dates of its multiple birth) is usually celebrated April, 4. Why? Well, probably because if the month (April) is written in numbers, it will turn out 4.04 or the famous 404. These numbers have to some extent become the calling card of the Internet, although they mean one of the many possible errors that the server produces when an emergency situation occurs.

It’s just that this very thing catches the eye of users very often (this means that the page at this link was not found - it was deleted, moved, or the link was written with an error).

Often, 404 error pages are designed in a very interesting way (the jaga-jaga alone is worth it) and these numbers are firmly ingrained in the minds of users, even if they do not always understand what they are talking about.

It turns out very symbolic, in my opinion.

When did the Internet appear in Russia (Runet)?

Runet is the Russian-language segment of the Internet, i.e. there is an area where websites in Russian and any other services are located where this language is used for communication. Oddly enough, in terms of popularity, the Russian language is in second place on the Internet (after English) and eats up quite a significant 7 percent.

Moreover, Runet itself appeared somewhat earlier than this term became commonly used. The Russian-language network began to take shape around the same time as the bourgeoisie (the rest of the Internet, with the exception of Runet), namely somewhere since 1991-93. The term “Runet” first came into use in 1997. Its meaning is interpreted differently (some say that these are domains belonging to the ru zone, others that it is the Russian RuNet), but they agree that this is a place on the network where the Russian language is used (mainly Russia and neighboring countries abroad).

Well, you and I, dear readers, are residents of this most Russian-speaking part of the Internet (new reality). Congratulations to you!

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

In which country did the Internet first appear?

The history of the creation of the Internet dates back to the 60s of the last century in the USA. The country had enormous potential; many talented scientists worked in scientific centers. The first Internet prototype was designed for wartime use. For example, for communication during a nuclear war.

The date of creation of the Internet has already been indicated above, but in order to achieve the look familiar to everyone, it had to go through many changes. Over time, the invention was improved and acquired a completely different character. So, soon not only the military, but also scientists could use the network. In 1971, the first email was developed, and just two years later, the Internet spread overseas. However, only a narrow circle of people could still use it.

Thus, the first impetus for the development of the Internet was given in the United States, but the founder of the Internet is Tim Berners-Lee, who worked at the European organization CERN. Having spent two years on development, it was this scientist who made the Internet the way millions of users now know it.

Predictions of the advent of the Internet

When the Internet appeared and who its creator was, we figured it out. It turns out that the idea of the Global Network itself is not so new; many writers of the last and the century before last described predictions of the emergence of the Internet in their works. Thus, Mark Twain, in his 1898 story The London Times, described in detail a certain device called a teleelectroscope. The well-known inventor Nikola Tesla described it back in 1908 modern smartphones, which are used to transmit information over a distance. A Soviet writer also predicted the emergence of the Internet in 1950, describing it in his stories “Multivac.”

Further development of the Internet what it will become in the future

IN modern world technology is developing at a tremendous speed. From the beginning of the history of the Internet to the present day, the system has undergone global changes. It is noteworthy that these changes affected not only technical capabilities, but also human lifestyle. People have radically changed their lives, some professions have been replaced by others, even their way of thinking has changed. No one today can imagine life without the Internet.

What else is he capable of? What other changes await the world’s population with the invention of the Internet?

The World Wide Web includes government, corporate, home and other computer networks. IP protocol connects networks different types and structures. IP is a kind of communication channel through which data can be transferred. The protocol can either “travel” across different classes of networks, or create a single space based on a network class.

Internet structure

The global network has its own structure and hierarchy. The most popular service is WWW. The inventor of WWW is Tim Bernes-Lee, who invented the first Internet. Using this service, information is exchanged around the world via high-speed highways. Such backbones can be telephone or digital lines, optical fiber, radio channels or satellite lines.

The user receives the Internet through a provider, which, in turn, has a connection to a regional provider. The regional one connects to even larger nodes that go to other countries and cities.

For the user, browsing the Internet is carried out using a browser.

A browser is a program for viewing Internet pages. This is a kind of adapter of an incomprehensible information cipher into the pages that we end up with as a result of the request. The inconspicuous operation of the program allows millions of users to easily obtain the necessary information from the World Wide Web.

Dividing the network by language

Network resources are divided according to language. Although the main language of the network is English, the main languages of the world are presented to users. Just select the one you need and view the pages in your native language.

The emergence of Runet

Runet, or the part of the Internet where Russian is used, occupies 7% of all cyberspace and is in second place in terms of use after English. It is impossible to reliably answer the question in what year the Internet appeared in Russia. The phenomenon itself appeared in Russia in 91-93. And the term “Runet” appeared in everyday life much later.

Legal aspect

There is a lot of debate around whether the Internet can be considered a legal subject or not. The set of resources is an organized system in the form of a single network. But this web does not belong to either the state or society, which could enter into legal relationships with the other side. This means that the Internet cannot be a subject of law.

Also, the World Wide Web cannot be a legal object, since it does not have a specific owner or owner, it does not belong to anyone, and therefore cannot be an object of law.

Electronic business

A huge number of resources are associated with business. This includes advertising, sale of goods and services, electronic payments, banking services and much more. Business on the Internet is growing at a tremendous pace, providing the opportunity to earn money for people at almost any age and from anywhere on the planet where there is a network (

Global Internet. Internet definition

Internet– a worldwide information computer network, which is an association of many regional computer networks and computers that exchange information with each other via public telecommunications channels (dedicated analogue and digital telephone lines, optical communication channels and radio channels, including satellite communication lines).

The Internet is a peer-to-peer network, i.e. all computers on the network are essentially equal, and any computer can be connected to any other computer. Any computer connected to the network can offer its services to any other. But the Internet is not only communication channels. The nodes of this worldwide connection contain computers that contain various information resources and offer various information and communication services.

Information on the Internet is stored on servers. Servers have their own addresses and are controlled by specialized programs. They allow you to forward mail and files, search databases, and perform other tasks.

Information exchange between network servers is carried out via high-speed communication channels. Individual users' access to Internet information resources is usually carried out through a provider or corporate network.

Provider - network service provider - a person or organization providing services for connecting to computer networks. The provider is an organization that has a modem pool for connecting to clients and accessing the World Wide Web.

There are also computers that are directly connected to the global network. They are called host computers (host - master). A host is any computer that is a permanent part of the Internet, i.e. connected via the Internet protocol to another host, which in turn is connected to another, and so on.

Below is the structure of the global Internet

Almost all Internet services are built on the client-server principle.

The transfer of information to the Internet is ensured by the fact that each computer on the network has a unique address (IP address), and network protocols ensure the interaction of different types of computers running different operating systems.

All computers involved in data transfer use a single communication protocol, TCP/IP, which consists of two different protocols that define different aspects of data transfer on the network:
1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is the control of data transmission. This protocol “splits” the transmitted information into packets and corrects errors in the information in the recipient’s packet;
2. IP (Internet Protocol) is an internetworking communication. It is responsible for addressing and allows a packet to traverse multiple networks on its way to its destination.

The transfer of information via the TCP/IP protocol occurs according to the following scheme: the TCP protocol breaks the information into packets and numbers them; then the IP protocol transmits these packets to the recipient, where, using the TCP protocol, the completeness of the received packets is checked (whether all packets have been received); After all packets have been delivered, the TCP protocol decomposes the packets into in the right order and connects them into a single whole.

Any computer connected to the Internet has two unique addresses: a digital IP address and a symbolic domain address. Assigning addresses to computers occurs according to the following scheme: the organization “Network information Center» issues groups of addresses to the owners of local networks, and they distribute these addresses at their own discretion. A computer's IP address is 4 bytes long: the 1st and 2nd bytes define the network address, the 3rd byte is the subnet address, and the 4th byte is the address of the computer in the subnet. The IP address is written as four numbers in the range from 0 to 255, separated by dots (example: 145.37.5.150, where 145.37 is the network address; 5 is the subnet address; 150 is the address of the computer in the subnet). A domain address (English domain - area), unlike an IP address, is symbolic and easier for a person to remember. Example: computer.group.big.by, computer domain - the name of the real computer that owns the IP address, group domain - the name of the group that assigned the name to this computer, big domain - the name larger group, which assigned the name to the domain group, and by to the domain space. During the data transfer process, the domain address is converted to an IP address.

Thus, the Internet is a global computer system that:
- logically interconnected by the space of global unique addresses (each computer connected to the network has its own unique address);
- able to maintain communications (exchange of information);
- ensures the operation of high-level services (services), for example, WWW, e-mail, teleconferences, online conversations and others.

Concept and types of services

Servers are network nodes designed to serve requests from clients - software agents that retrieve information or transmit it to the network and work under the direct control of users. Clients provide information in a form that is understandable and user-friendly, while servers perform service functions for storing, distributing, managing information and issuing it at the request of clients. Each type of service on the Internet is provided by corresponding servers and can be used using corresponding clients.

The most suitable classification of Internet services is the division into interactive, direct and delayed reading services. These groups combine services based on a large number of characteristics. Services belonging to the deferred reading class are the most common, the most universal and the least demanding of computer resources and communication lines. This includes, for example, email.

Direct contact services are characterized by the fact that information upon request is returned immediately. However, the recipient of the information is not required to respond immediately. Services where an immediate response to the information received is required, i.e. the information received is, in fact, a request and relates to interactive services.

Currently, there are quite a large number of services on the Internet that provide work with the entire range of resources. The most famous among them are:

DNS service
The DNS service, or domain name system, provides the ability to use mnemonic names instead of numeric addresses to address network nodes. DNS is a computer distributed system for obtaining information about domains. Most often used to obtain an IP address by host name (computer or device), obtain information about mail routing, serving hosts for protocols in a domain.

Email
Electronic mail (E-mail) - intended for sending information to a specific user of the global network. Each user must have an electronic Mailbox is a folder on the server where the user's incoming and outgoing messages are stored. In addition, modern e-mail allows you to: send a message to several subscribers at once, forward letters to other addresses, turn on an autoresponder - a response will be automatically sent to all incoming letters, create rules for performing certain actions with messages of the same type (for example, delete advertising messages coming from certain addresses), etc. An attachment - any other file - can be added to the email. For many companies, email is not just mail, but the basis of the entire office work process. Many computer applications have built-in email support. Email is one of the most common Internet services. Mailing lists operate through email.

Mailing lists
Mailing lists (maillists) are a simple, but at the same time very useful Internet service. This is practically the only service that does not have its own protocol and client program and works exclusively through email.
The idea behind a mailing list is that there is an email address that is actually a common email address for many people who subscribe to that mailing list. You send a letter to this address, for example to the address us.ksm.tej|n11l-u#us.ksm.tej|n11l-u(this is the address of a mailing list dedicated to discussing localization problems for UNIX-class operating systems), and your message will be received by all people subscribed to this mailing list.

Usenet Network News
Teleconferences, or news groups (Usenet), which provide the possibility of collective messaging, are also an Internet service. If e-mail transmits messages on a one-to-one basis, then online news transmits messages on a one-to-many basis. Usenet is a worldwide discussion board. It consists of a collection of conferences (“newsgroups”) whose names are organized hierarchically according to the topics discussed. Messages (“articles” or “messages”) are sent to these conferences by users using special software. After sending, messages are sent to news servers and become available for reading by other users.

You can send a message and view the responses to it that will appear in the future. Since many people read the same material, reviews begin to accumulate. All messages on the same topic form a thread (“thread”) [in Russian the word “topic” is also used in the same meaning]; thus, although the responses may have been written at different times and mixed in with other messages, they still form a coherent discussion. You can subscribe to any conference, view the headers of messages in it using a news reader, sort messages by topic to make it easier to follow the discussion, add your own messages with comments and ask questions. To read and send messages, use news readers, such as the built-in Netscape Navigator browser - Netscape News or Internet News from Microsoft, supplied with the latest versions of Internet Explorer.

FTP service
FTP service is a file archive system that provides storage and transfer of files of various types. Another widely used Internet service. The FTP service provides remote access to the server's file system. Access to files in file archives, to gigantic amounts of information on the Internet. The FTP server can be configured in such a way that you can connect to it not only under your name and password, but also under the code name anonymous - anonymous. Then only a certain set of files on the server becomes available to you - a public file archive.

IRC service
IRC service - Internet Relay Chat, designed to support text communication in real time.
There are thousands of Internet Relay Chat (IRC) servers on the Internet that provide interactive communication. Any user can connect to such a server and start communicating with one of the visitors to this server or participate in a collective “meeting”. Messages are transmitted within the server. The simplest way communication - conversation (chat). This is an exchange of messages typed from a keyboard. If the interlocutors' computers are equipped with a sound card, microphone and speakers, then you can exchange audio messages. However, a “live” conversation is only possible between two interlocutors at the same time. In order to see each other, that is, exchange video images, video cameras must be connected to the computers. To organize interactive communication, you need special software (for example, the NetMeeting program, which is included in the Windows OS).

Infrastructure services
The FTP described above is an example of an Internet infrastructure service, that is, a service based on software typically provided as part of an operating system.

Telnet service - designed to manage remote computers in terminal mode. It is also used as a means of accessing remote information services, which can be accessed in text terminal mode. Telnet is used as part of the Internet information service, when upon connection the user ends up not in a command interpreter, but immediately in a specialized program that provides access to information resources.

This way you can work with the catalogs of some libraries, with the server serving information system CTN, you can access the WWW terminal navigator (text or graphic).

WWW hypermedia system
World Wide Web (WWW, W3, “World Wide Web”) is a hypertext (hypermedia) system designed to integrate various network resources into a single information space. It is a distributed system that provides access to related documents located on different computers connected to the Internet.

The World Wide Web is made up of hundreds of millions of web servers. Most of the resources on the World Wide Web are based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages that share a common theme, design, and links, and usually reside on the same web server, are called a website. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers.

The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and an explosion in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that they are not the same thing.

The services listed above are standard. This means that the principles for constructing client and server software, as well as interaction protocols, are formulated in the form of international standards. Therefore, software developers are required to adhere to general technical requirements during practical implementation.
Along with standard services, there are also non-standard ones, which are the original development of a particular company. As an example, we can cite various systems such as Instant Messenger (original Internet pagers - ICQ, AOl, Demos on-line, etc.), Internet telephony systems, radio and video broadcasts, etc. An important feature of such systems is lack of international standards, which may lead to technical conflicts with other similar services.

The main stages of the creation and development of the Internet

The predecessor of the modern Internet was the US Department of Defense APRANET. The development of the network was entrusted to the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California at Santa Barbara. The computer network was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and in 1969, as part of the project, the network united four of these scientific institutions. All work was funded by the US Department of Defense. Then the ARPANET network began to actively grow and develop, scientists from different fields of science began to use it.

Within five years, the Internet reached an audience of over 50 million users. Since January 22, 2010, the crew of the International Space Station has received direct access to the Internet.

The first ARPANET server was installed on September 2, 1969 at the University of California (Los Angeles). The Honeywell DP-516 computer had 24 KB of RAM.

On October 29, 1969, at 21:00, a communication session was held between the first two nodes of the ARPANET network, located at a distance of 640 km - at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Charlie Kline tried to perform remote connection from Los Angeles to a computer at Stanford. His colleague Bill Duvall from Stanford confirmed the successful transmission of each entered character by telephone. The first time, only three “LOG” characters were sent, after which the network stopped functioning. LOG should have been the word LOGIN (login command). The system was returned to working condition by 22:30 and the next attempt was successful.

By 1971, the first program to send email over the Internet was developed. This program immediately became very popular.
In 1973, the first foreign organizations from Great Britain and Norway were connected to the network via a transatlantic telephone cable, and the network became international.

In the 1970s, the network was primarily used for sending email, and the first mailing lists, news groups, and bulletin boards emerged. However, at that time the network could not yet easily interoperate with other networks built on other technical standards.

By the end of the 1970s, data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1982-1983. Jon Postel played an active role in the development and standardization of network protocols.

On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP, which is still used to connect (or, as they say, “layer”) networks. It was in 1983 that the term “Internet” was assigned to the ARPANET network.

In 1984, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed. And in 1984, the ARPANET network had a serious rival: the US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded an extensive inter-university network NSFNet (English National Science Foundation Network), which was made up of smaller networks (including the then famous Usenet and Bitnet networks) and had much larger throughput than ARPANET. Over the course of a year, about 10 thousand computers connected to this network, and the name “Internet” began to smoothly transition to NSFNet.

In 1988, the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol was developed, making real-time communication (chat) possible on the Internet.

In 1989 in Europe, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN), the concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was proposed by the famous British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who, within two years, developed the HTTP protocol, the HTML language and URIs.

In 1990, the ARPANET network ceased to exist, completely losing competition to NSFNet. In the same year, the first Internet connection was recorded via telephone line(so-called “dial-up”, English dialup access).

In 1991, the World Wide Web became available to the public on the Internet, and in 1993, the famous NCSA Mosaic web browser appeared. The World Wide Web was gaining popularity.

In 1995, NSFNet returned to its role as a research network, with the routing of all Internet traffic now handled by network providers rather than the National Science Foundation's supercomputers. Also in 1995, the World Wide Web became the main provider of information on the Internet, overtaking the FTP file transfer protocol in traffic. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was formed. We can say that the World Wide Web transformed the Internet and created its modern appearance. Since 1996, the World Wide Web has almost completely replaced the concept of the Internet.

In the 1990s, the Internet united most of the then existing networks (although some, like Fidonet, remained separate). The unification looked attractive due to the lack of a single leadership, as well as due to the openness of the Internet's technical standards, which made the networks independent of businesses and specific companies.

By 1997, there were already about 10 million computers on the Internet, and more than 1 million domain names were registered. The Internet has become a very popular means for exchanging information.

Since January 22, 2010, the crew of the International Space Station has received direct access to the Internet.

Web 1.0 and Web 2.0

The Internet boom is commonly referred to as the steady commercial growth of Internet companies associated with the advent of the World Wide Web, which began with the first release of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 and continued throughout the 90s.
The short (by historical standards) existence of the WWW service has shown its relevance to an ever-increasing number of users. More and more companies have refocused on Internet business with a large share of advertising rather than Internet services. Between 1995 and 2001 there was a revaluation of Internet technology. The dot-com bubble, which culminated on March 10, 2000, led to a wave of bankruptcies and a loss of confidence in the securities of high-tech firms associated with the provision of services via the Internet. The subsequent boom in 2002 led to the emergence of high-tech Internet companies and the rapid development of Internet services. This has become a good incentive for the development of web-centric concepts and technologies that enhance user capabilities. The mass implementation and use of these solutions is the reason for qualitative changes in the World Wide Web, a kind of change in the “version” of the Web. At the moment, Internet analysts distinguish web 1.0, web 2.0 Internet resources, and the concept of web 3.0 services already exists (it is worth noting that this division is conditional and often criticized)..

Web 1.0
Web 1.0 is a retronym for a concept that refers to the status of the WWW and any style of website design used before the term Web 2.0. Web 1.0, or the “classic web” as it is called, is all about static websites. This is a kind of web library that is made by the few for the many, where sites are compared by the type of technology used. A typical example of web 1.0 are sites consisting of many linked static web pages, the information on which is created and modified only by the site developer. Since 1998, guest books and forums began to be widely used to make websites more interactive (although these functions were available before). Such sites are sometimes called web 1.5, emphasizing the ability of users to communicate, the presence of profiles and the formation of online communities. However, the user cannot yet create or change content - this is the prerogative of site administrators.

There were no developed chats; IRC and ICQ were mainly used, but mostly email. Few people created normal websites of their own; many low-quality websites were created on free hosting.

Versions of sites were created for different encodings and browsers, depending on the users' software. Registration of domains and payment for normal paid hosting, which was available to a small number of people, were inaccessible. There were no blogs, web services or wikiprojects.

Main characteristics of Web 1.0: unchanged site structure, static information, labor-intensive process of updating and creating new resources, one-way security process, centralized website content, small number of users.
Web 1.0 is a general term that describes the state of the World Wide Web during the first decade of its existence. The 90s of the 20th century were characterized by low computer literacy of users, slow connection types and a limited number of Internet services. Websites of that time had the following main features:
- static content of web pages, content created and maintained by the website developers;
- frame and/or table layout;
- low quality markup (often the content was presented in plain text, taken from Usenet forums and similar sources, and enclosed in a tag

);
- widespread use of non-standard tags supported only by a specific browser;
- the use of physical or embedded styles, rarely embedded and, especially, linked style sheets;
- indication of information about the recommended browser version and monitor resolution at which the site design is displayed correctly;
- guest books, forums or chats - as tools feedback and adding interactivity;
- use of graphic and text informers (weather, dollar exchange rate, etc.) to aggregate information.

In the first decade of the Internet, or Web 1.0, the very foundation of the Internet was developed, which made it possible to provide access to huge amounts of information to a wide range of Internet users.

The conventional end of the “Web 1.0” era dates back to 2001, when the shares of Internet companies collapsed. Actually, the existing sites did not go away, but the newly created sites were more and more different from the typical “web-one-zero”.

Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is a set of web technologies focused on the active participation of users in the creation of website content.
The appearance of the name Web 2.0 is usually associated with Tim O’Reilly’s article “What Is Web 2.0” dated September 30, 2005. In this article, Tim O'Reilly linked the emergence of a large number of sites united by some general principles, with the general trend of development of the Internet community, and called this phenomenon Web 2.0, as opposed to the “old” Web 1.0. Although the meaning of this term is still the subject of much debate, those researchers who recognize the existence of Web 2.0 highlight several main aspects of this phenomenon.

The first to use the phrase Web 2.0 was O’Reilly Media, a publisher specializing in information technology. This happened in 2004. A little later, the head of the publishing house, Timothy O'Reilly, formulated some of the principles of Web 2.0. Over time, the scope of Web 2.0 has expanded, displacing traditional web services, called Web 1.0.

Feature of Web 2.0. is:
- attracting “collective intelligence” to fill the site;
- interaction between sites using web services;
- updating web pages without rebooting;
- aggregation and syndication of information;
- combining various services to obtain new functionality;
- design using style markings and an emphasis on usability.

Basic elements of Web 2.0:
Web services (web services) are network applications accessible over the HTTP protocol, using XML-based data formats (RPC, SOAP or REST) as communication protocols. As a result, the software can use web services instead of implementing the required functionality itself (for example, checking the email address entered in a form). Tools for working with HTTP and XML are available in any modern programming language, so web services are platform independent.

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)- an approach to building user interfaces for web applications, in which the web page, without reloading, asynchronously loads the data the user needs. The use of Ajax became most popular after Google began actively using it to create their websites such as Gmail and Google Maps. Ajax is often considered synonymous with Web 2.0, which is completely wrong. Web 2.0 is not tied to any one technology or set of technologies; with the same success, Flash 4 already provided the ability to asynchronously update a page back in 1999.

Web syndication– simultaneous distribution of information, including audio and video, to various pages or websites, usually using RSS or Atom technologies. The principle is to distribute the titles of the materials and links to them (for example, the latest forum posts, etc.). Initially, this technology was used on news resources and blogs, but gradually the scope of application expanded.

Mash-up(literal translation - “mixing”) - a service that fully or partially uses other services as sources of information, providing the user with new functionality for work. As a result, such a service can also become a new source of information for other web mash-up services. Thus, a network of services dependent on each other and integrated with each other is formed. For example, the website of a transport company can use Google Maps to track the location of transported cargo.

Labels (tags)- keywords that describe the object in question or relate it to a category. These are a kind of labels that are assigned to an object to determine its place among other objects.

Socialization- use of developments that allow you to create user communities. The concept of site socialization can also include the possibility of individual site settings and the creation of a personal zone (personal files, images, videos, blogs) for the user, so that the user feels unique. Encouragement, support and trust in the “collective intelligence”. When forming a community great importance has a competitive element, Reputation or Karma, which allow the community to self-regulate and set additional goals for users to be present on the site.

Design. The concept of Web 2.0 is also reflected in the design. Roundness, imitation of convex surfaces, imitation of reflections in the manner of glossy plastic of modern hi-end devices (for example, players) became preferred. Overall, the perception appearance It looks more pleasing to the eye. The graphics of such sites take up a larger volume than when using an ascetic design. This trend is partly due to the coincidental release of new versions of operating systems using the above-mentioned ideas. However, the monotony of such sites is obvious in Lately The graphic appearance of classic Web 2.0 design is considered outdated and uncreative. This is especially reflected in the modern trend of creating informative sites, where the main role is played by simplicity, elegance, graphics and usability. There should be no restrictions in design, but Web 2.0 instills them.

Disadvantages of Web 2.0
When using Web 2.0 technologies, you become a tenant of service and/or disk space from some third-party company. The resulting dependence creates a number of disadvantages of new services:
- dependence of sites on the decisions of third-party companies, dependence of the quality of the service on the quality of work of many other companies;
- poor adaptability of the current infrastructure to perform complex computing tasks in the browser;
- vulnerability of confidential data stored on third-party servers to attackers (there are known cases of theft of personal data of users, mass hacking of blog accounts).

Now we are at the end of the second decade of Web 2.0, various user interfaces were developed that allowed users to manage Internet content and communicate with each other.

Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is a fundamentally new approach to processing information presented on the World Wide Web. Web 3.0 primarily implies a different approach to information processing by the user community. The term Web 3.0 is also often used to refer to the concept of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is “part of the global concept for the development of the Internet, the purpose of which is to implement the possibility of machine processing of information available on the World Wide Web. The main emphasis of the concept is on working with metadata that uniquely characterizes the properties and content of World Wide Web resources, instead of the currently used textual analysis of documents” (Wikipedia). That is, it is a kind of network above the Network, containing metadata about the resources of the World Wide Web and existing in parallel with them.

Alternative theory of Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is a concept for the development of Internet technologies, formulated by the head of Netscape.com, Jason Calacanis, in continuation of the concept of Web 2.0 by Tim O'Reilly. Its essence is that Web 2.0 is only a technological platform, and Web 3.0 will allow professionals to create high-quality content and services on its basis.
The definition was published on Calacanis' personal blog on March 10, 2007. Calacanis noted that Web 2.0 makes it possible to quickly and practically freely use a significant number of powerful Internet services with high consumer qualities, the choice among which can be made by selecting data of interest to the user (behavioral factors).

From Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 - three decades. Let's take the following images to explain the differences between Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 otherwise known as the Semantic Web. But, before comparing Web 2.0 and Web 3.0, it is useful to compare Web 1.0 with Web 2.0:

Low (HTML page) Medium (XML tag) High (RDF objects) Services provided Search (the ability to search for information, search results are not accurate) Communities (blogs on social networks) Search (a way to find information, search results are precise and vary from user to user due to preferences) User participation factor short average high User satisfaction factor from using the site short average high Data linkability factor (link hits) low (documents) average (documents) high (documents and their individual parts) Subjectivity factor high medium (the ability to select friends lists or set restrictions on access to data in blogs) low (everyone can access the resource via URI) Level of content transclusiveness short medium (data "mixing" controlled by application code) high (data-driven "mixing" of data) Level of correspondence between the visible and the preferred (What You See Is What You Prefer (WYSIWYP)) short average high (customizable description of resource presentation, search using targeting) Data availability (open access to data) low medium (access via data silos - server applications) high (direct access) User identification tools weak medium (OpenID) strong (FOAF+SSL) System deployment model Centralized Centralized, with delegation of some powers by the user (registration of a new user automatically leads to the creation of an environment for him) Distributed, with dedicated centralized functions Data model Logical (hierarchical, DOM based) Logical (hierarchical, XML based) Conceptual (RDF graphs) User interface Dynamically generated (server-side) static interface (client-side) Dynamically generated (server-side), with the ability to partially change on the client side (XSLT, XQuery/XPath) Fully dynamic interface provided by RDF self-description capability Data query capabilities Full text search Full text search Full text search + search in graph structures using SPARQL (Structured Graph Pattern Query Language) Web as a mass media Represents the opinion of the author/publisher Reflects an opinion social group, consisting of equal authors and commentators Represents the opinion of a social group, supported by expert assessments. Popularity of information is important

Development prospects

It is very difficult to predict the development of such a complex and large-scale phenomenon as the Internet. One thing is certain: network technologies will play a huge role in the life of the information society.

Currently, the Internet is developing exponentially: every one and a half to two years its main quantitative indicators double. This refers to the number of users, the number of connected computers, the volume of information and traffic, and the number of information resources.

The Internet is developing rapidly and qualitatively. The boundaries of its application in the life of mankind are constantly expanding, completely new types of network services and the use of telecommunication technologies even in household appliances are appearing.

Life modern society is becoming more and more computerized. Requirements for the efficiency and reliability of information services are growing, and new types of services are emerging. Scientists are already developing fundamentally new forms of global information networks. In the near future, many network design, administration and maintenance processes will be fully automated.

Links

In the days of Web 1.0, the creation of websites was carried out only by their owners. The sites did not allow you to change their content; the only methods of interaction with the user were email and a guest book, which provided rather meager opportunities for communication.

The prototype of the Internet was created in the late sixties by order of the US Department of Defense. At that time there were not very many powerful computers, and to carry out scientific research There was a need to provide access to these computers for numerous scientists. At the same time, the Ministry of Defense set the condition that the network continue to operate even if part of it is destroyed, so the increased reliability of the Internet was built into its creation.

The birthday of the Internet can be called January 2, 1969. On this day, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a division of the US Department of Defense, began work on a defense computer communications project. As a result of the research, the ARPANET network was created, the functioning of which was based on the principles on which the Internet was later built.

The next stage in the development of the Internet was the creation of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) network. The network, called NSFNET, united scientific centers in the United States. At the same time, the basis of the network was five supercomputers connected to each other by high-speed communication lines. All other users connected to the network and could use the capabilities provided by these computers. The NSFNET network quickly took the place of the ARPANET, and the latter was liquidated in 1990. The development of the network required its reorganization, and in 1987 the NSFNET Backbon was created - the base part or backbone of the network. The ridge consisted of thirteen centers connected to each other by high-speed communication lines. The centers were located in different parts USA. Thus, the Internet appeared in the United States.

The second birth date of the Internet is considered to be 1983. This year saw revolutionary changes in computer communications software. The problem of global network stability was solved by the introduction of the TCP/IP protocol, which underlies the worldwide network to this day. The development of the network after the introduction of the TCP/IP protocol accelerated significantly. In the second half of the 80s, the domain name system (DNS, Domain Name System) was formed and started working. Then the concept of the Internet as a self-developing decentralized hierarchical structure appeared. If in the days of ARPANET the network was financed from the top down, now it began to be financed from the periphery, from the bottom up - from end users to the owners of core networks.

High-speed territorial communication channels have appeared. At the same time, national networks were created in other countries. Computer networks different countries began to unite, and in the nineties the Internet appeared in its current form. The Internet now connects thousands of different networks located around the world.

Currently, the Internet continues to develop rapidly and you can find a wide variety of information on it. Tens of millions of users have access to the Internet.

The Internet appeared in Russia relatively recently. In the beginning, the vast majority of users could only accept and receive emails, but could not connect to the Internet and use all its capabilities.

The rapid growth in the number of Internet users in Russia began in 1996. Today, in our country, the Internet has turned from a curiosity into an everyday tool. This can also be seen in the development of the Russian part of the Internet. If a few years ago almost all information on the Internet was provided in English language and was intended mainly for foreigners, today, mainly, information providers focus on domestic users and on the Internet you can find a wide variety of information in Russian.

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