DIY car voltage converter 12v 220v. High voltage and more

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As a rule, in case of a complete power outage, consumers buy a conventional UPS. But this is not always the right decision. If the voltage in the network not only disappears, but also constantly fluctuates, the help of such an electrical appliance will not be enough. You will have to spend extra money on the purchase. Which, in general, may not be exactly cheap. , also known as an inverter, is ideal for such cases. The device uses a single-phase voltage regulator, which can save various household appliances from possible short circuits, voltage drops and increases. A modern uninterruptible power supply that supplies connected devices with high-quality electricity during short-term and long-term power outages. Most types of such devices, designed for round-the-clock operation, are most often used to ensure uninterrupted and safe operation of highly sensitive gas heating boilers of the brands Baxi, Buderus, Protherm, Ferolli.

Which is better to buy an inverter for boilers with pure sine

On the Russian market today you can find a large selection of different models, and each in turn differs in both the quality of work and service life. Therefore, when choosing a single-phase 220V converter, you should pay attention to the following points:

Is charging available for batteries with protection? . This feature regulates the charge current to operate batteries of different capacities. Allows you to avoid problems with overcharging or, conversely, an unacceptably low charge. And using this method to increase the service life of external connected batteries. The charger should automatically recharge the batteries without causing any problems for them.

Sine wave shape . One of the main qualities that a modern inverter for heating boilers should have is a clean (correct) output signal. This is very important for heating devices that place high demands on the quality of the power supply.

Mode switching speed . The indicator of the time period at the moment of transition of the “inverter” mode to the “stabilizer” and vice versa should be fractions of seconds. It is recommended to immediately pay attention to this parameter if the electrical appliance installed in a house or apartment is highly sensitive to surges in electric current.

AC regulator . It is thanks to this device that gas equipment will be constantly protected from network emergencies.

Russian voltage converter from 12 to 220 – Energy PN

The Russian-made ETK Energia is very popular. They have optimal technical characteristics for the operation of electrical heating equipment. Equipped with an automatic intelligent protection system. They are an excellent choice for powering modern low-power gas boilers of the Baksi, Buderus, Vailant, and Proterm series.

Advantages of single-phase inverter Energy (12V 220V):

• True PWM conversion with an ideal sine wave;
• A powerful battery charging unit with a protection system is placed: against incorrect connection polarity, overcharging, deep discharge, training mode during sulfation;
• Can work with acid batteries, which will save money;
• A relay current stabilizer has been introduced, with an operating range of 147-250V;
• When the fluctuation level drops below 200 Volts, the battery power does not turn on;
• Automatic protection (shutdown) at 120-285V;
• Allows short-term overloads up to 120%;
• Incredibly high speed of switching to the battery during a power outage (no more than 5ms);
• Output accuracy indicator: as for a UPS - 1%, for a stabilizer - 10%;
• Operating principle of the inverter installation module: PWM DC/AC converter with CPU;
• An LED display is provided to monitor the network;
• Possibility of operation at low temperatures down to -20°C;
• In the absence of light, with the help of connected batteries, it can work for more than a day;
• Portable;
• Inexpensive and fairly competitive price.

Operating principle of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS):

• • If there is voltage in the outlet, but it is negative, then the sine wave inverter performs the task as a normalizer. And provides charging to the connected batteries;

  In the online store STABILIZATORU-RU you can deliver in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other cities of Russia. A 12 month warranty is issued.

I propose a 12/220V voltage converter (inverter) circuit (power up to 500 Watt), powered by a 12V battery, which can be useful in a car and at home for lighting, for powering a TV, a small refrigerator, etc. The circuit is assembled on two 155 series microcircuits and six transistors. The output stage uses field-effect transistors that have a very low on-state resistance, which increases the efficiency of the converter and eliminates the need to install them on radiators that are too large.

Let's figure out how the circuit works: (see diagram and diagram). The D1 chip contains a rectangular pulse generator, the repetition rate of which is about 200 Hz - diagram “A”. From pin 8 of the microcircuit, pulses are sent further to frequency dividers assembled on elements D2.1 - D2.2 of microcircuit D2. As a result, at pin 6 of the D2 chip, the pulse repetition rate becomes half as much - 100 Hz - diagram "B", and at pin 8 the pulses become equal to the frequency of 50 Hz - diagram "C". Non-invertible 50 Hz pulses are removed from pin 9 - diagram “D”. An “OR” logic circuit is assembled on diodes VD1-VD2. As a result, the pulses taken from the pins of microcircuits D1 pin 8, D2 pin 6 form a pulse corresponding to diagram “E” at the cathodes of the diodes. The cascade on transistors V1 and V2 serves to increase the amplitude of the pulses necessary to fully open the field-effect transistors. Transistors V3 and V4 connected to outputs 8 and 9 of microcircuit D2 open alternately, thereby locking either one field-effect transistor V5 or another V6. As a result, control pulses are formed in such a way that there is a pause between them, which eliminates the possibility of through current flowing through the output transistors and significantly increases efficiency. Diagrams "F" and "G" show the generated control pulses for transistors V5 and V6.

A correctly assembled converter begins to work immediately after power is applied. When setting up, you should connect a frequency meter to the output of the device and set the frequency to 50-60 Hz by selecting resistor R1, and, if necessary, capacitor C1.

About details
Transistors KT315 with any letter index, KT209 can be replaced with KT361 with any letter index. We will replace the KA7805 voltage stabilizer with the domestic KR142EN5A. Any resistors with a power of 0.125...0.25 W. Almost any low-frequency diodes, for example KD105, IN4002. Capacitor C1 type K73-11, K10-17V with low capacity loss when warming up. The transformer was taken from an old tube black and white TV, for example: “Spring”, “Record”. The 220 volt winding remains, and the remaining windings are removed. Two windings are wound on top of this winding with PEL wire - 2.1 mm. For better symmetry, they should be wound simultaneously into two wires. When connecting the windings, take into account the phasing. Field-effect transistors are fixed through mica spacers to a common aluminum radiator with a surface area of ​​at least 600 sq.cm.

List of radioelements

When it is necessary to create mains voltage in a car, special 12-220 converters are usually used. There are inexpensive standard inverters on sale for about 20-30 dollars. However, the maximum power of such devices is, at best, about 300 watts. In some cases, this power may not be enough.

You can get power for a powerful amplifier through small transformations. It is enough just to replace the secondary winding on a standard inverter. After this, you can get any value of the input voltage. For example, the power of a 400 Watt inverter will increase to 600 Watts.

To increase power at home, experts recommend using a simple method. It will be necessary to replace the high-power bipolar switches with IRF 3205.

An inverter is used for operation, to which it is possible to connect 4 pairs of output transistors. Therefore, the device, after carrying out the necessary work, will be able to produce a power of about 1300 watts. If you buy a ready-made inverter with such parameters, its cost will increase to 100-130 dollars.

It is worth noting that the traditional push-pull circuit of the device does not contain protection against overheating, short circuit and output overloads.

The generator is based on a TL 494 microchip, which has an additional driver. It is necessary to replace low-power bipolar transistors with domestic analogues (KT 3107).

In order not to use powerful switches to supply power, the inverter is equipped with a remote control circuit.

In the driving part of the device, special SCHOTTTKI diodes type 4148 are used (domestic KD 522 is also suitable). The transistor in the remote control circuit is replaced with KT 3102.

After this, you can move on to the most important part of the project - the transformer. This element is wound on a pair of glued 3000 NM rings. Moreover, the size of each of them is 45x28x8. For a tighter fixation, the rings can be wrapped with tape.

Then the rings are wrapped on top with fiberglass (the cost in the store is no more than $1). It is quite acceptable to replace this material with fabric electrical tape.

Fiberglass is cut into small strips about 2 cm wide and no more than 50 cm long. The material for work has high heat resistance, and thanks to the thin base, the insulation looks neat.

For the primary winding you need 2x5 turns of wire, that is, 10 turns with a tap from the middle. The work is carried out with a wire with a diameter of 0.7-0.8 mm, and 12 wires are used for each arm. The process is presented more clearly in the following photographs.

The tourniquet is stretched, and 5 turns are evenly wound on both arms, stretching them across the entire ring. The windings must be the same.

The resulting elements have four outputs. The beginning of the first winding must be soldered to the end of the second. The solder location will be a tap for a power voltage of 12 V.

At the next stage of work, the ring must be insulated with fiberglass and covered with a secondary winding.

The secondary winding increases the output voltage. Therefore, when carrying out work you need to be as careful as possible and follow all safety precautions. It is worth remembering that high voltage is dangerous. Installation of the device is carried out only with the power turned off.

The winding of the rings is carried out using a pair of parallel strands of 0.7-0.8 mm wire. The number of turns is about 80 pieces. The wire is distributed evenly throughout the ring. At the final stage, the product is additionally insulated with fiberglass.

When the inverter assembly is completed, you can begin testing it. The device is connected to a battery; for starters, a battery with a voltage of 12 V from an uninterruptible power supply will do. In this case, the “plus” of power will go to the circuit through a 100-watt halogen lamp. It is worth paying attention that this lamp should not be lit before or during work.

After this, you can proceed to checking the field keys for heat generation. With a correctly assembled circuit, it should be practically zero. If there is no input load, and the transistors overheat, then you need to look for a non-working component in the device.

If the testing is successful, you can install the transistors on one common heat sink. For this purpose, special insulating gaskets are used.

The circuit diagram in *.lay format is in the archive file and will be available after downloading.

It probably makes no sense to say that the use of a voltage converter from 12 to 220 volts is a requirement that is determined by some low-voltage networks used in modern everyday life. And it's not just lighting. Of course, the easiest option is to buy such a device. But many novice electricians are wondering, is it possible, and if so, how to make a converter from 12 to 200 volts with your own hands? Let's look into this issue and describe the device circuit based on a modern element base. True, the scheme will be the simplest with a minimum number of components and parts.

Let's start with the fact that there have long been schemes that are based on the use of conventional car batteries. Firstly, this is convenient when it comes to field conditions where you need to get a 12V charge. Secondly, the device of the converter itself is quite simple. It is based on a generator that controls high-power transistors. Those, in turn, as they say, “rock” the transformer installed at the output of the circuit.

But this device had one problem. To control powerful transistors, it was necessary to assemble a so-called cascade, which includes medium and low power transistors. That is, the device itself increased in size, and not only because of the cascade. To cool this entire structure, it was necessary to install a fairly impressive radiator.

How things are now

Modern element base makes it possible today to simplify the above-described design to a minimum.

• To do this, you will first have to replace the bulky generator with a special microcircuit of the KR1211EU1 brand. Please note that this microcircuit is domestically produced; you will not find foreign analogues.
• Instead of power switches, it is best to use IRL2505 transistors; they are powerful and are used in car electrical circuits. By the way, their resistance is 0.008 Ohm, which is not comparable to mechanical contacts.

Connection diagram

Here is a diagram for assembling a voltage converter 12 220 with your own hands:

In principle, the circuit is quite simple, so it will not be difficult to assemble it. But I would like to draw attention to some nuances.

The KR1211EU1 circuit has two outputs: direct (in the figure it is indicated by position “4”) and inverse (position “6”). The signal at these two outputs is sufficient to control the power switches. At the same time, the keys themselves open only under the influence of a high-level impulse. When the converter operates, a low level is formed between the microcircuit and the power switches, or, as experts call it, a “pause.” It is short-term, but it is enough to keep both transistors in the closed position. Why is this necessary? There is only one goal - to exclude the appearance of the so-called through current, which appears if both keys are open at the same time.

Now there are several positions on the scheme itself.

• Chain R1-C1 – sets the frequency of the generator itself. The R2-C2 chain is the starting element.
• Transformer “T1” and two IRL2505 transistors (in the diagram they are designated as VT1 and VT2) create a push-pull output stage. Since the resistance of the transistors is negligible, there is practically no power dissipation when the switches are open, even if the current in the network is high. Therefore, radiators can not be installed in a converter of this type, whose power does not exceed the 200 watt parameter.
• In this case, transistors can pass through themselves a constant current of up to 104 A, and a pulse current of up to 360 A. In turn, this allows the use of a transformer with a power of 1000 watts in the converter. That is, with a network voltage of 220 volts, you can remove a load of 400 W.

In fact, it turns out that any transformer that has two 12 volt coils can be installed in a 12-220 converter of this type. But in this case, you will have to take into account the ratio of the power of the device itself to the power of the consuming network; this ratio should be 2.5. That is, the converter must have a power 2.5 times higher than that of consumers in total.

Detailed analysis

The circuit contains a stabilizer that powers the A1 chip. It consists of a chain: R3-VD1-C3, while any similar device with a stabilization indicator of 8-10 volts can be used as a zener diode (VD1).

Please note that capacitors C4 and C5 are installed in parallel. If you do not find them with the same capacity as shown in the diagram, then you can replace them with similar ones (preferably imported) with a capacity of 4700 uF.

Capacitor C6 is an element that suppresses high-frequency pulses at the output. It is best to use the K 73-17 brand of domestic production or a similar foreign one for this purpose.

And one last recommendation or nuance. Since a 12-volt network with a consumption of 400 W will generate a current of 40 A, it will be necessary to calculate the cross-section of the wires used. This is especially true for the cable connecting the battery and the converter. Please note that the wire length should be kept to a minimum.

As you can see, making a converter from 12 volts to 220V with your own hands is not very difficult. The circuit is simple, it minimizes the number of parts, which reduces the cost of the device as a whole. Plus its work is more efficient.

A 12/220 converter is necessary, for example, when traveling to the country. This is especially true for cases where there is no electrical wiring. You have to use an inverter that converts a direct voltage of 12 volts into an alternating voltage of 220. Of course, the battery capacity is unlikely to last long. But if you have a device that allows you to replenish the battery charge, the resource will increase several times. Very often, inverters are used with wind generators, as well as in conjunction with solar panels.

Buy or make it yourself?

Of course, purchasing a ready-made inverter is not a problem. In any electrical goods store the selection is simply huge. And they differ in power, cost, and design options. But the price of an inverter with a power of about 0.5 kW will be at least three thousand rubles - and this is an impressive amount. Moreover, it is unlikely that you will be able to connect a lot of equipment to it.

Therefore, some car owners who have a spare battery are thinking about how to make a voltage converter themselves. The article will discuss various designs of converters that have become widespread among electrical engineers.

The simplest pulse type converter

The entire element base is taken from an old computer power supply. There should be no difficulties in repeating the design. The only drawback of this device is that an alternating voltage of 220 V is removed from the transformer, but with a frequency much higher than in the alternating current network (50 Hz). And the shape is far from sinusoidal, rather stepped. For these reasons, electric motors or sensitive electronics cannot be connected to the inverter. But several improvements can be made that will allow connecting equipment with switching power supplies. To do this, you need to connect a rectifier and smoothing capacitors to the output of the transformer.

Only in this case can you safely power a laptop or personal computer, TV or other equipment. But a laptop power supply, for example, will only work if the output voltage matches that flowing in the adapter. Therefore, you need to immediately outline the position of the plug relative to the socket in which the inverter can operate.

Description of the simplest pulse converter circuit

If you need to connect an incandescent lamp or a soldering iron, you can do this directly to the secondary winding of the transformer. The circuit is built on a TL494 type PWM controller, which is common in devices of this type. Using capacitor C2 and resistor R1, the frequency at which the converter operates is set. Please note that the values ​​may differ slightly from those shown in the diagram. Please note that the inverter allows you to increase the voltage from 12 to 220. It is also a current converter - it turns a constant into an alternating one (almost an ideal sine wave).

To increase the efficiency of the design, the circuit includes two arms assembled with field-effect transistors, they are designated Q1 and Q2. They must be installed on separate aluminum radiators. In the event that one common radiator is used, it is necessary to install transistors with insulating gaskets. The diagram shows transistors of the IRFZ44 type, but they can be replaced with IRFZ46 or even IRFZ48, since they all have parameters that are quite similar in value.

Transformer and diodes

The transformer installed at the output must be wound on a ferrite ring. This ring can be removed in the same power supply from a personal computer. For the primary winding, a varnish insulated wire with a cross section of 0.6 mm is used. 10 turns are wound, and a branch is made from the middle. The secondary winding needs to be wound on top; it should contain 80 turns. Instead, you can use a ready-made transformer, which is installed in serial uninterruptible power supplies.

The high-frequency diodes used in the design can be replaced with similar ones marked FR107 or FR207. If installed correctly, the circuit will work immediately after switching on; no configuration is required. The output current can be no more than 2.5 A, but it is better that the design operates at a current of no more than 1.5 A (connecting a load with a power of approximately 300 W). We can say that you have assembled a device from scrap metal, the Chinese equivalent of which costs about 3-4 thousand rubles.

AC output converter

This is one of the simple 12/220 V converters, the circuit of which is recommended for repetition by beginning radio amateurs. This design is assembled entirely on domestic components, which are relatively outdated. But still, its efficiency is quite high - the output produces a voltage with an almost ideal sine wave, and the frequency is clearly 50 Hz. Therefore, such a circuit is suitable for powering any household equipment, and not just a soldering iron and lamps.

The generator is assembled on a K561TM2 chip - this is a dual-type D-trigger. There is a foreign analogue labeled CD4013 - these microcircuits are interchangeable, and circuit modification is not required.

Bipolar transistors have two arms. The circuit uses KT827A transistors, which have a significant disadvantage in comparison with more modern field devices. They have very high resistance when the junction opens. That is why they heat up more during operation.

Features of the design and operation of the converter

Due to the fact that the converter operates at low frequencies, the transformer must have a steel core. It is recommended to use a power transformer that was used in domestic color TVs (with lamps). These are TS-180 and similar ones. Like most other inverters built on simple PWM modulators, this design is capable of producing a sine wave, but not of very high quality - noticeable steps can be seen in the operation graphs.

To smooth out these pulsations, a capacitor is installed; it is designated C7 in the diagram. The high inductance of the transformer windings also makes it possible to significantly smooth out the pulsations, but humming will inevitably appear. It is worth noting that the hum from the transformer is the norm and not a sign of a breakdown.

Circuit of a simple inverter using field-effect transistors

An inverter built according to this scheme works on the same principles as the previous two. A multivibrator assembled according to a classical circuit using field-effect transistors provides high efficiency.

The advantage of this scheme over others is that it is operational even when the battery is severely discharged. The input voltage can fluctuate over a wide range - from 3.5 to 18 V. But there is also a drawback - there is no stabilization of the output voltage. Therefore, when the battery discharges, the output voltage will also decrease. The design uses a low-frequency type transformer, as in the inverter on the K561TM2 microcircuit.

How to increase device power

But sometimes the power is not enough, you need to increase it two or more times. What changes need to be made to the diagram? Let us recall that all the designs discussed in the article work on the same principles: through an electronic switch on a transistor, the primary winding of the transformer is connected to the input to which power is supplied. Moreover, this chain is switched for a time, which is set by the duty cycle and frequency of the generator (multivibrator). You can make a 12/220 voltage converter with your own hands using the diagram below.

Magnetic field pulses are generated. They excite common-mode pulses in the secondary winding. In this case, the output voltage is equal to the product of the transformation ratio and the voltage on the primary winding.

From this we can conclude that the current that flows through the transistor installed at the output is equal to the product of a similar load characteristic and the transformation ratio. The power of the converter from 12 to 220 volts determines the maximum current that the output transistor can pass. And now, knowing the whole theory, you can begin to increase the power of the device in practice. Two methods can be used:

1. Replace with more powerful transistors.
2. Connect similar transistors in one of the arms parallel to those installed.

The second method is much easier to implement in practice, since powerful transistors (especially field-effect ones) are very expensive. And it will be cheaper to buy a ready-made inverter. The 12/220 converter circuit is simple and can be upgraded. In addition, several advantages will immediately appear. For example, if one transistor fails, the entire circuit will remain operational. The reliability of the design will increase, this is especially true for simple homemade products that do not have built-in overload protection. The maximum heating temperature of transistors will also significantly decrease.

Low Voltage Shutdown

If you use a battery in your design that operates in parallel in a car, then it is recommended to ensure that the converter from 12 to 220 is automatically turned off when the charge is low. It is not difficult to assemble a simple shutdown circuit with your own hands. If the battery is completely discharged, you will not be able to start the engine even from a tow. Therefore, introduce a simple element into the circuit - an electromagnetic relay. These are used in cars, so finding one will not be difficult.

The relay has a lower voltage threshold at which the contacts close. To adjust the torque more accurately, it is necessary to select the resistance of resistor R1. It should be equal to the resistance of the relay winding multiplied by a factor of 0.1. You can implement such a modification without much difficulty in a converter from 12 to 220. Even a novice electrician can connect the relay and resistor with his own hands.

But such a scheme is primitive, and its efficiency is extremely low; it is better to use a modernized one; it maintains more precisely the threshold for disconnecting the battery from the inverter.

Troubleshooting and troubleshooting

The most common failures are low output voltage or its absence. Such a malfunction may occur in 12/220 V voltage converters for the following reasons:

1. Failure of the PWM modulator or complete failure of both arms of the inverter. A second failure is extremely rare. To check, you can use a simple LED probe. If the PWM modulator is working properly, the LED will flash frequently. It is advisable to check the integrity of all connections and windings of the transformer.
2. Too low output voltage is a sign that one arm has failed. A sign of a transistor failure is the low temperature of the radiator on which it is installed.

All faults that arise in the circuits given in the article are eliminated fairly quickly. And the cost of repairing such 12/220 V voltage converters is low - all spare parts can be found literally in a landfill.