What does not belong to the assets of the organization. Intangible assets

Enterprise assets

From a business perspective, assets are assets that can generate income. In an enterprise, these are: buildings, equipment, raw materials in warehouses, money in accounts, vehicles and much more. IN balance sheet companies, their value is indicated in the asset. The liability contains the sources of formation of this property: bank loans, authorized capital, borrowings, and the like.

The assets of an enterprise are divided into groups based on valuation methods.

Tangible, intangible and financial assets

By form, assets are divided into tangible, intangible and financial. Tangible assets are physical property: equipment, fuel, furniture, buildings, tools, and so on.

Intangible assets intangible, but have value and economic value. This is for example:

• patents, trademarks, intellectual property rights;
• the right to use subsoil;
• licenses and permits;
• formulas, software products, technology and other similar inventory items.

Financial assets are money and cash equivalents, such as deposits in accounts with financial institutions, loans issued, shares and bonds of other organizations.

The company uses all types of property. At the same time, the role of the intangible component has increased due to the influence of information technology and information in general on business success. The more intangible assets a company uses, the more high-tech product it produces.

Current and non-current assets

Depending on the turnover and the nature of participation in business processes, assets are divided into current and non-current.

The first include those types of property that are fully used during one production or commercial cycle. A striking example of current assets is raw materials for production, which, after processing, turn into finished and by-products. Current assets also include money in the company’s account that is used to pay wages employees, purchase of raw materials, payments for financial obligations, and so on.

Non-current assets do not change shape and are not consumables. They operate over several production cycles, gradually transferring costs to finished products. One type of non-current assets is fixed assets. This is property that for a long time ensures the production process:

• buildings and structures;
• cars and other mobile equipment;
• production equipment;
• expensive and long-term used tools, equipment, etc.

Non-current assets also include most intangible assets, long-term loans (issued), leased equipment, securities, deposits and other financial instruments.

Production and non-production assets

If we are talking about an industrial enterprise, then part of the property is directly involved in the production process. This is, for example, a workshop building, a production line, equipment used in production, fuel, raw materials, tools and other similar assets. At the same time, such a company has an administrative building and service units.

Anything that does not physically participate in the production process is called non-productive assets. These include office equipment and furniture, cars, industrial canteen or laundry property.

This division of assets is used to calculate direct and indirect costs. The cost of production assets is easy to transfer to finished products, since they are consumed directly in the manufacturing process. To take into account the cost of non-productive assets, formulas are used to calculate indirect costs, and then they are transferred to the cost of finished products.

Own and attracted assets

In the process of work, the company can use both purchased and leased property. Assets purchased with the company's money are called proprietary assets. The assets involved are leased property and cash loans, including leasing.

Attracted assets are inextricably linked with liabilities. The company needs to pay off loans, pay rent and service debt securities. If we talk about rent with subsequent purchase, then after the company pays off its obligations to the lessor, the property moves from the category of attracted assets to its own.

Other types of assets

When assessing assets, they are also divided depending on liquidity:

• absolutely liquid (money);
• highly liquid (short-term receivables and deposits with a short repayment period);
• medium-liquid (finished products, goods, accounts receivable);
• weakly liquid (financial instruments with a long maturity, some types of intangible and non-current assets);
• illiquid (bad receivables, defects, loss).

Based on the sources of formation, the concepts of “gross assets” and “net assets” are used. Gross property includes all types of property, regardless of the means with which they were purchased.

Net assets were acquired using personal funds not raised by the company. To calculate the net asset value, the amount of liabilities is subtracted from the total amount of the company's assets. This indicator characterizes the financial independence of the company and is calculated according to the balance sheet. It displays the actual amount of the organization's own funds.

Understanding the classification of assets and their characteristics allows for a detailed and thorough assessment of the activities of a commercial organization in specific economic indicators. Based on the data from such analysis, management decisions are made, including regarding further business development.

In this article we will talk about such an economic term as assets. Let's find out what assets are and what they are. Let's start, as usual, with a definition.

Definition of assets

Assets are those funds that a company has received under its management due to successful business activities. In other words, this is the totality of the property assets of any economic entity. If we adhere to Western terminology, which is becoming increasingly popular in Russia, then assets are understood as resources that are controlled by the company and from which certain economic benefits are expected in the future.

These resources can be converted into cash, or their equivalents (for example, shares). The economic resources that make up the assets should ideally generate future income and profit, be the result of previously completed transactions or completed projects, and also be at the complete disposal of the company, which could either sell them or use them for other purposes. Earned assets can be invested in new projects, used to improve working conditions, modernize and/or expand production.

What applies to assets

Assets, no matter how surprising it may be for anyone to learn, include not only property, but also rights. Property may include various items, which have a certain economic value due to their properties. These are money, materials, goods, machines, buildings, equipment, etc. That is, assets include both movable and real estate. These also include shares and shares placed by the company in other organizations (this is called long-term financial investment), as well as working capital (this is called current assets) or working capital.

If we talk about rights, then assets include material rights and intangible rights. The first type is associated with the ownership of any securities that give the right to acquire any values. That is, these are shares, checks, bills, bonds, etc. Intangible rights are debt claims to other organizations (the so-called receivables), as well as exclusive rights (rights to trademark and trade names, copyrights, licenses, patents, etc.) and rights that arise from pending transactions and projects. Proper use of assets of this kind allows you to significantly increase the company's profit.

What are net assets

Strictly speaking, net assets can be called the difference that is obtained between the company's assets and its liabilities. That is, this is the real value of the company’s assets minus the company’s debts. In the case of a negative net asset value, when the value of the property is less than the company's debts, the so-called insufficiency of property occurs. Calculate net assets based on balance sheet data. In accounting terms, net assets are a company's assets minus its liabilities.

What are enterprise assets

The assets of an enterprise are the property of an enterprise, consisting of tangible, financial and intangible assets. As you might guess, financial assets mean monetary assets, receivables, financial investments, securities, cash, etc. Material assets are understood as industrial, residential and administrative buildings, production equipment, land and fuel reserves, raw materials and supplies. Intangible assets are the rights to use various intellectual property (patents, copyrights, trademarks, etc.) and the human resource of the enterprise.

Organizational assets are economic assets available to enterprises in any form. They are under the control of the company and are derived from previous events in its economic life. An organization's assets are those funds that the company will use to make a profit. Let us consider them in detail below.

Signs

Upcoming economic benefits are the potential for the funds at a firm's disposal to indirectly or directly provide an influx of cash. There are a number of signs by which resources act as assets of organizations. These are the properties that provide the capabilities:

1. Use separately or in combination with other means in the process of creating products for sale, providing services, performing work.
2. Exchange for other resources.
3. Used to pay off debts.
4. Distributions between participants of a business company.

Classification

There are two categories into which the assets of organizations are divided. These are fixed and working capital. The first represent the property assets of the company, which are repeatedly involved in production activities. The value of the organization's assets is transferred in parts to the original price of the product. In accounting, such assets include property whose useful life is more than 12 months. Moreover, their price is more than 10 thousand rubles. organizations are:

Characteristics

OS includes labor tools that are used in the production process, provision of services or performance of work for a period exceeding 1 year. These assets have been involved in the organization's operations for a long time. At the same time, they retain their natural shape. The cost of assets is transferred to products as they are worn out (in parts).

Intangible assets are also objects of long-term use. At the same time, they do not have a physical basis, but have a valuation and generate income.

Intangible assets include intellectual property, organizational costs, and business reputation. Profitable investments are part of the property, premises, structures, equipment and other valuables that have a material expression. They are provided by the enterprise for temporary use for a fee. Capital investments are the company's costs for construction and installation work, the purchase of equipment, inventory, tools, and so on. organizations represent a company's investments in securities issued by the government (bonds, for example) or other economic entities. These funds also include loans provided to other companies. Investments can be made for a period of more than a year. In this case, they act as long-term assets. The company can also invest for a short period of time. In such a situation, these funds are considered as short-term assets. All of these categories are reflected in the balance sheet in the first section.

Working capital

They are called property that participates in economic activity and changes its original material form. They are consumed during the 1st production cycle. Their cost is also transferred to the original price of the product. However, working capital transfers it at a time.

Compound

The working capital of the enterprise includes:

MPZ includes basic and auxiliary materials and raw materials, purchased semi-finished products, containers, spare parts, waste, fuel, household supplies, equipment, fattening and growing animals. Cash forms the organization's own capital. They accumulate in cash at the cash desk, as well as in current and other bank accounts. An organization's own capital can be spent on various needs. The composition of settlement funds includes various amounts. It consists of unpaid amounts from buyers, etc., reflected in the balance sheet in the second section.

Efficiency of use of funds

Information about the allocation of resources is reflected in the balance sheet asset. A separate article is maintained for each category of funds. Based on the reflected information, it is possible to determine the changes that the company’s equity capital has undergone, what share of funds falls on real estate or working resources, and so on. Analysis of indicators for an enterprise is of key importance. First of all, it is necessary to determine the efficiency of using assets and their degree of influence on the value of the entire business. At the same time, the head of the company must have information about the real price of each product. Their combined value will allow us to assess the potential of the company and its property complex.

Analysis methods

When studying the structure of assets, horizontal and vertical valuation methods are used. The latter makes it possible to identify trends in changes in those items that have a positive effect on strengthening the enterprise’s position in the market or, conversely, have a negative impact. consists of creating tables. In them, absolute balance indicators are supplemented by relative values ​​- rates of decline/growth. Typically, the basis values ​​for adjacent periods are taken into account. This allows you not only to analyze the dynamics of indicators, but also to predict them. Vertical analysis, in turn, is necessary, since relative values, to a certain extent, smooth out the negative impact of information processes that can significantly distort absolute values. Both of these methods complement each other. In this regard, in practice, tables are often built that characterize not only the structure, but also the dynamics of individual indicators.

Conclusion

An organization uses the assets at its disposal to achieve various goals and implement many tasks. In particular, resources are used in the production of products, production of work, and provision of services aimed at meeting the needs of consumers who are willing to pay for the benefits received. Accordingly, this contributes to the flow of funds to the enterprise and increases its solvency. At the same time, assets contribute to the expansion of production and improvement of product quality. Funds are used to purchase equipment or modernize it, introduce new technologies or test the release of a new product. For any company, assets constitute one of the key elements of its activities. In this regard, the enterprise needs to create effective system on managing them.

The company's assets are

Good day, dear readers! Today we spent a lot of working time on one client.

The financial director of a legal entity came and wanted to apply for a loan for the organization. When we started talking about the need to prepare a balance sheet, he looked surprised.

Enterprise assets

Enterprise assets - totality property rights belonging to the enterprise, in the form of fixed assets, inventories, financial deposits, monetary claims to other individuals and legal entities. In other words: assets are investments and claims. The term "assets" is also used to refer to any property of an organization.

Tangible and intangible

Assets are usually divided into tangible and intangible. Intangible assets include non-monetary assets that do not have physical form and satisfy the following conditions:

1. Possibility of identification from other property.
2. Use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, or for the management needs of the organization.
3. The ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization.
4. Availability of documents confirming the existence of an asset and the exclusive right of the enterprise to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of protection, agreement of assignment (acquisition) of a patent, trademark, etc.).

Intangible assets may include the organization's business reputation (goodwill) and intellectual property.

In turn, objects of intellectual property (exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity) include:

• The exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model.
• Exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases.
• Property right of the author or other copyright holder.
• The exclusive right of the owner to a trademark and service mark, the name of the place of origin of goods.
• The exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements.

Liquidity and asset structure

Assets are grouped according to the degree of their liquidity (ability to be sold at a price close to the market): highly liquid, medium liquid, low liquid and illiquid assets. The most highly liquid asset is money in cash and in current accounts.

Warning!

The ratio of an organization's assets and liabilities determines its financial condition, and in particular, its solvency.

There is a method for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise using financial ratios, the most important of which are calculated based on the size of assets and the degree of their liquidity.

Reflection of enterprise assets in accounting

Assets in accounting are reflected in the asset (on the left side) of the balance sheet. Operating in Russian Federation The form of the balance sheet includes two sections of assets: current and non-current assets:

1. Current assets (current assets) are used in the process of daily business activities. For example: inventories, accounts receivable, cash.
2. Non-current assets - assets withdrawn from economic circulation, but reflected in accounting. For example: fixed assets, intangible assets, long-term investments.

source: https://finances-analysis.ru/financial-coefficient/aktivy.htm

What are “Enterprise Assets” - Definition

The assets of an enterprise are the property of the enterprise consisting of financial, tangible and intangible assets.

Tangible assets of an enterprise have a material form. These are enterprise-owned structures for production and non-production purposes, residential and administrative buildings, land, production equipment and machinery, stocks of materials, raw materials and fuel, and so on.

Financial assets of an enterprise are financial instruments owned by the enterprise: financial investments, receivables, monetary assets in various currencies, cash on hand, securities, insurance policies and so on.

Intangible assets of an enterprise are the right to use some intellectual property, including a trademark, logo, patents for inventions, and so on.

In accordance with the nature of the participation of assets in the production cycle, current and non-current assets are distinguished.

Attention!

Current assets are completely consumed during one production cycle, ensuring the company's operating activities. Non-current assets of an enterprise are involved in several production cycles until their entire value is transferred to manufactured products.

Various sources of asset formation make it possible to distinguish between net and gross assets. Gross assets are formed at the expense of both own and borrowed capital, Net assets - only at the expense of own capital.

The assets of an enterprise are divided into various groups according to some other criteria: by ownership (own and leased) and degree of liquidity (absolutely liquid; highly liquid; weakly liquid and illiquid).

source: http://site/btimes.ru/dictionary/aktivy-predpriyatiya

Enterprise assets: formation, analysis, optimization

Any property that is owned by an organization can be combined into one concept - the assets of the enterprise. Such property can be tangible (material) and immaterial. The funds of an enterprise constitute its financial assets.

Enterprise assets are economic assets that are at the disposal of the organization. They are the result of its economic activities and are used for further profit generation and development of the company.

They have the potential to provide cash flow in one way or another. However, not all resources can act in this capacity. To do this, they must meet the following requirements:

• Used for the production of goods, performance of work or provision of services.
• Exchange for other resources.
• Used as a means of repaying debts.
• Distributed among all participants of the business company.

Composition and structure

Classification and understanding of the distinctive features of each type makes it possible to evaluate the company’s activities according to specific economic parameters. The data obtained as a result of such analysis helps to make informed management decisions and develop a development strategy.

Advice!

Tangible, intangible and financial assets. Tangible assets include the physical property of the company: production equipment, transport, buildings, production lines, computers, office equipment, furniture.

The intangible assets of an enterprise are no less valuable for the successful operation of the organization. These include:

1. patents, trademarks, intellectual property rights;
2. the right to use subsoil;
3. licenses, permits;
4. formulas, software products, technologies, other inventory items.

Financial assets of an enterprise include all the money at the company's disposal, its equivalents, deposits in bank accounts, loans provided to third parties, as well as shares and bonds.

In the course of its activities, the enterprise uses all types of economic means. However, in last years The role of intangible property is growing. This is due to the fact that information technology and information in general are extremely important for modern business. Using a large number of intangible components, the company produces high-tech products.

Current and non-current assets. Depending on the nature of their use in business processes and their turnover ability, assets can be current or non-current.

The first group includes property that is processed entirely during the production or commercial cycle. An example of current assets is raw materials, since upon completion of processing processes they become a finished product.

Cash also belongs to current assets, since it is fully used to pay employees, purchased raw materials, loan payments, etc.

Non-current assets are not subject to change and are not consumed during the production process. They are used for a long time, gradually their cost is transferred to the finished product. Non-current assets include fixed assets. This is the property through which the production of goods or provision of services is carried out:

• buildings and structures;
• cars and other special vehicles;
• technological lines;
• expensive and constantly used tools, equipment, etc.

Almost all intangible assets are also considered non-current. These are long-term loans and securities issued, other financial instruments, as well as equipment leased to third parties.

Warning!

Production and non-production assets. In a company dealing industrial production, part of the property is involved in the process of manufacturing products. These are workshop premises, technological lines installed in them, necessary equipment and tools, raw materials, fuel. However, no manufacturing company can do without administrative offices or support units.

Anything that is not directly related to the production process is considered non-productive assets. These are cars, canteen equipment, furniture, computer equipment.

Dividing property into groups is necessary to calculate direct and indirect costs. Manufacturing assets are easily transferred to the finished product because they are consumed during its manufacture. To take into account non-productive assets in the cost price, special formulas are needed to determine indirect costs, which are then included in the cost of manufactured products.

Own and attracted assets. To carry out its activities, the enterprise uses property purchased with its own funds or leased. Those items that are purchased with the company’s money, as well as its own finances, form the enterprise’s own assets. Leased production facilities, including leasing, as well as bank loans are considered attracted.

Attracted assets imply the company's fulfillment of certain obligations. This is the need to make payments under loan agreements and lease agreements, as well as take care of servicing debt securities. When equipment or vehicles are used by a company under leasing terms, after payment of its cost to the leasing company, the property becomes the property of the enterprise.

Division is also possible according to the degree of liquidity:

1. absolutely liquid (money);
2. highly liquid (short-term receivables and deposits with a short repayment period);
3. medium-liquid (finished products, goods, accounts receivable);
4. weakly liquid (financial instruments with a long maturity, some types of intangible and non-current assets);
5. illiquid (bad receivables, defects, loss).

Based on the sources of formation, assets are divided into gross and net. Gross consists of all types of property, regardless of the funds spent on their acquisition.

Attention!

Those purchased with the personal funds of the enterprise without the use of borrowed funds are considered clean.

Net asset value is the difference between the total value of assets and the amount of liabilities. This indicator is important for determining the degree of financial independence of the company, since it allows you to understand what the real size of its own funds is.

Financing

Sources of enterprise assets are divided into the following groups:

• Own - funds that belong to the enterprise by right of ownership and are used to form part of the assets. These include:
  1. Authorized (share, share) capital. This is the amount of contributions of the company's founders, which is necessary for its functioning. The purpose of their contribution is the formation of fixed and working capital at the stage of opening the enterprise. The size of the authorized capital is fixed in the constituent documents and does not change throughout the existence of the business entity. It can be increased or decreased only in a legally regulated manner.
  2. The profit that an enterprise received from the sale of goods, works, services, from the sale of its property and property rights, as well as from other income.
  3. Depreciation charges accumulated as a result of transferring the cost of fixed assets to the cost of production.
• Funds equivalent to your own. The company does not own them, but constantly uses them.
• Borrowed funds are funds that an enterprise attracts on a repayable basis: loans received from banking institutions on the terms of repayment and payment; borrowed funds from other companies; subsidies from the budget.
• Attracted are the funds of other physical and legal entities that are in the turnover of the enterprise temporarily, including accounts payable.
• Mobilized in the financial market are funds that the company received from the sale of its own securities (shares and bonds).
• Non-traditional sources of financing – leasing and factoring.

Enterprise asset management

Property management is a system of principles and methods of development and implementation management decisions, which are associated with the formation, effective use in the operational activities of the enterprise and the organization of its turnover.

The goal of operating asset management, as well as financial management in general, is to increase the market value of the enterprise.

In achieving this goal, the following tasks must be solved:

Formation of assets in sufficient volume and required composition allowing to ensure the specified pace of development of operating activities. To solve this problem you need:

1. determine the need for property and funds that will be required in the operating process of the enterprise;
2. optimize the ratio of individual types of property and finance and attract the most effective ones, based on the level of productivity and the likely profitability of the upcoming use.

Ensuring the highest level of profitability(profitability) of used assets at the planned level of commercial risk.

Maximum profitability can be achieved through the use of property in the most effective areas of operating activities and commercial operations of the enterprise. When solving this problem, it is necessary to understand that high profitability directly depends on the growth of commercial risks.

Advice!

Ensuring business risk is minimized use of enterprise assets at the envisaged level of their profitability (profitability).

With a pre-planned or predetermined level of profitability, it is necessary to strive to reduce commercial risks in the types of activities through which profitability is achieved. The following methods are used for this:

• diversification of operations and areas of activity of the enterprise that are associated with the use of its property;
• avoidance of certain types of commercial risks;
• effective forms of their internal and external insurance.

Ensuring the constant solvency of the enterprise by maintaining a high level of asset liquidity. Effective management of cash balances and cash equivalents will help solve this problem. It should be noted that excess funds, although they help maintain a high level of solvency, tend to lose value under the influence of inflation.

It follows from this that in solving this problem it is necessary to take into account the various economic interests of the enterprise. A sufficient level of solvency of the enterprise is achieved by high liquidity of finished products, accounts receivable, short-term financial investments, as well as other types of operating assets.

Optimization of asset turnover. To solve this problem you need:

1. effectively manage monetary and material types of property during the implementation of individual cycles of their turnover in the enterprise;
2. ensure the synchronicity of the formation of certain types of enterprise assets related to operating activities;
3. minimize the total costs of organizing the circulation of property in all its forms.

Accounting

An asset is considered such when the following conditions are met:

• the owner of the property is the company, and the resources controlled by it are used on a legal basis;
• its use will ultimately lead to an increase in the economic profit of the enterprise;
• it can be expressed using specific quantities.

The potential economic benefit of assets lies in their direct or indirect inclusion in the company's financial flow. Potential can be productive, in other words, be part of the operating activities of the enterprise.

Warning!

It can be converted into cash or cash equivalents, and can also be used to reduce financial outflows (for example, organizing an alternative production process to reduce costs).

The economic resources included in the property must meet several requirements:

1. ensure receipt of benefits (income, profit, money) in the future;
2. be subject to the disposal of an enterprise, which can use them at its own discretion or sell them;
3. appear as a result of previously completed transactions (to be ready for use at the moment, and not to be at the stage of production or delivery under the relevant agreement, contract).

The amount of assets of an enterprise includes its property and non-property rights.

Property includes items that have economic value due to their physical properties(money, goods, raw materials, buildings, machinery, equipment). Property can be movable and immovable, in the form of shares and shares of other companies (long-term financial investments), in the form of working capital (current assets of the enterprise) or biological assets.

Rights are divided into material and immaterial. Materialized means ownership of a security that confirms the possibility of receiving valuables (bill, check, bond, share).

The latter include debt obligations (accounts receivable), exclusive rights (patent, license, copyright, right to a company name and trademark) and other rights resulting from unfinished business transactions (planned expenses incurred or income not yet received).

All types of property discussed above are subject to reflection in the balance sheet of the enterprise after their quantitative assessment and measurement. The classification is aimed at ensuring that, on the one hand, it is possible to have an idea of ​​the composition of the enterprise’s assets and the essence of its legal relations with counterparties, and on the other hand, to determine the degree of their participation in the general turnover of the company’s funds.

During the annual inventory of property or constant maintenance of accounting data, the following tasks are solved:

• the enterprise's own capital or the amount of net assets is determined (represents the difference between the amount expressed by the value of all property assets and the amount of liabilities);
• a set of benefits is identified that can be used to ensure the rights of creditors.

Valuables of which the enterprise is not the owner, but which are in its temporary possession, are identified separately in accounting. These include securities transferred for storage or goods transferred for sale.

How to analyze enterprise assets

Asset analysis is understood as a procedure for studying the results of their creation and use by a company, allowing one to identify opportunities for a future increase in their efficiency.

Attention!

Financial analysis systems can be different. Based on the methods underlying its implementation, they distinguish horizontal, vertical, comparative, integral financial analyzes and financial ratio analysis.

Horizontal financial analysis. The basis of this type of analysis is the study of changes that individual financial indicators undergo over time. During the analysis, the growth rates of various financial reporting parameters for individual periods are calculated, and the directions of their changes are identified.

In relation to an asset management system, several methods are most often used:

1. Studying the dynamics of data over reporting period in comparison with data for the previous period.
2. Studying the dynamics of data for the reporting period in comparison with data for the same period last year.
3. Studying the dynamics of data for a number of previous periods. This method of analysis makes it possible to determine the direction of change in individual parameters that characterize the results of using the enterprise’s assets in its activities.

Vertical (structural) financial analysis. The analysis of the structure of an enterprise's assets is based on the vertical decomposition of individual parameters of the company's financial statements. Its purpose is to calculate specific gravity individual parts included in economic indicators.

The most common methods used during vertical analysis:

• Structural analysis that determines the volume of property used by type of economic activity. It is the basis for the subsequent calculation of asset efficiency parameters based on individual types of activities and for the business entity as a whole.
• Structural analysis of the volume and composition of assets by internal divisions of the enterprise. It is the basis for a subsequent more in-depth comparative and invoice analysis, which allows us to determine how effectively the company's main assets are used by its internal divisions.
• Structural analysis of the operating non-current and current assets of the enterprise. It is necessary to study the turnover of funds and property in terms of individual production and commercial cycles, as well as to determine performance indicators for the use of certain types of enterprise assets.

Comparative financial analysis. The basis for this type of analysis is a comparison of groups of similar indicators with each other. During the analysis, the values ​​of absolute and relative deviations of comparable parameters are calculated. Most often used the following types comparative analysis:

1. Comparative analysis of parameters for the use of enterprise property and industry average data. At the same time, it is determined to what extent the results of the creation and use of assets of a particular enterprise deviate from the industry average, so that in the future it is possible to assess the competitiveness of the enterprise and identify reserves for further increasing the efficiency of their use.
2. Comparative analysis of indicators of the use of property and financial resources of a particular enterprise and competing companies. The goal is to identify weaknesses functioning of the organization in terms of the use of assets and further identification of measures to improve its competitive position.
3. Comparative analysis of the use of property in terms of the activities of the internal structural divisions of the enterprise in question. It is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment and identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of creation and use of assets by the internal structures of the organization.
4. Comparative analysis of reporting and planned indicators for the use of property. It serves as the basis for monitoring and makes it possible to determine the degree of deviation of the final indicators from the planned ones. Next, it is necessary to establish the reasons for the discrepancies in the data and develop measures aimed at adjusting those areas of activity in which a lag from planned parameters has been identified.

Analysis of financial ratios. The essence of this type of analysis is to calculate the ratio of absolute indicators of the economic activity of an enterprise. During the analysis of financial ratios, relative indicators are determined that characterize the results of the use of property and finances of the enterprise, and their impact on the state of the company as a whole.

Factors for assessing the profitability of enterprise assets. This group of coefficients serves to assess the ability of property and finance to ensure the profitability of the enterprise in the course of business activities and determine the effectiveness of their use both in general and in individual areas.

Indicators used for analysis:

• The profitability ratio of the entire mass of assets used (economic profitability ratio). Shows the level of net profit obtained from all assets of the enterprise on its balance sheet. Calculation of this indicator using the formula: Ra = net profit / average value of the enterprise's assets.
• Return on sales ratio. Shows the level of profit that the company has from each ruble of products sold. This indicator is calculated using the formula: Ppr = profit from sales / revenue.
• Profitability ratio of core activities. Demonstrates the level of profitability of core activities. Calculated using the formula: Type = profit from sales / cost.
• Return on equity ratio of the enterprise. Allows you to see the efficiency of using funds owned by the enterprise. The formula used for calculation is: Rsk = net profit / equity capital.
• The profitability ratio of the operating non-current assets of the enterprise. Allows one to judge the effectiveness of using total fixed assets and intangible assets in the company's operating activities. The calculation is carried out according to the formula: Row = net profit / average cost of operating non-current assets.
• The profitability ratio of an enterprise's current assets. Shows the level of profitability of the organization's total current assets and is calculated using the formula: Roa = net profit / average value of the enterprise's current assets.

Ratios for assessing asset liquidity. This group of ratios reflects the company’s ability to ensure timely payments on current financial obligations at the expense of liquid current assets. To assess their liquidity, and therefore the level of solvency of the company, the following indicators are needed:

1. absolute liquidity ratio, which allows you to determine the solvency of the enterprise as of the balance sheet date. It clearly demonstrates the amount of short-term debt that the company can pay in the near future;
2. quick liquidity ratio. In its purpose it is similar to the current liquidity ratio, but differs from it in that a narrow range of current assets is taken to calculate it. In the course of studying the dynamics of this coefficient, the factors that influenced its dynamics are also analyzed. For example, an increase in this indicator caused by an increase in accounts receivable negatively characterizes the economic position of the company;
3. current ratio. Shows how much the company is provided with working capital to timely repay short-term financial obligations;
4. liquidity ratio when raising funds. Demonstrates the degree of dependence of the company's solvency on material reserves in terms of mobilizing funds to make payments on the company's short-term obligations;
5. own solvency ratio. Shows whether the company is able to repay its short-term debt obligations using only net working capital;
6. the solvency recovery ratio allows you to understand the company’s ability to restore full solvency within six months;
7. the solvency loss ratio warns of the possibility of an enterprise losing its solvency within the next three months.

Turnover estimation coefficients. This group of coefficients determines the turnover rate of formed assets in the process of the company’s economic activities. To some extent, they serve as an indicator of its business (production and commercial) activity.

How to optimize the composition of enterprise assets

Optimization of the composition of assets is understood as a process during which the optimal ratio of their different types is determined to ensure better conditions economic activity and maximum level of liquidity. The optimization process includes the following procedures.

Advice!

Taking into account the prospects for the development of the company’s production and commercial activities and its regional diversification. The creation of funds directly depends on the main goals of production activities; therefore, optimization of their volume and composition is closely related to the economic strategy of the organization and the immediate goals of its activities.

Ensuring that the composition of the enterprise's assets corresponds to the structure of production and sales of products. Based on the fact that many types of property are created taking into account the characteristics of the products being manufactured, during the formation of the property fund it is necessary to take into account possible changes in the nomenclature.

Selection of the most progressive types of assets in terms of their ability to provide profit and increase market value companies. Today, the market for means of production and the financial market offer companies new tools for the formation of property and non-property funds of the enterprise.

When choosing specific forms, you need to pay attention to their prospects, increased functionality, resistance to obsolescence and many other factors that influence the company’s ability to make a profit and have a positive impact on its market value.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets based on their total turnover. The amount of profit on invested capital directly depends on the turnover rate of the assets in which it is invested. Since the rate of circulation (turnover period) different types are different, when optimizing their composition, it is necessary to select those that are characterized by the highest turnover.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of their liquidity. Based on the fact that liquidity is necessary to maintain the solvency of the company and to minimize the risk of its bankruptcy, when optimizing the composition, one should strive to have a sufficient part of the property with high level liquidity.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of minimizing the risk of loss during use. When different types of property are involved, they are exposed to varying degrees of risk of loss.

For example, cash is subject to negative impact inflation, inventory items become cheaper as a result of natural loss and damage, active species fixed production assets and intangible property – in the process of obsolescence and depreciation. This means that optimizing the composition involves minimizing the overall risk of losses.

Warning!

The goal of optimizing the assets of an enterprise is to create conditions for the subsequent most efficient use of all types of property, as well as for increasing the profitability of the company. In the optimization process, an enterprise goes through three stages.

On initial stage it is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between the active and passive parts of non-current assets that are involved in operating activities.

The second stage involves creating a balance between the active and passive parts of the enterprise’s non-current assets. The active part includes mechanisms and production equipment, without which implementation is impossible. technological processes. Passive includes buildings and structures, as well as those machines that play an auxiliary role.

The third stage involves creating an optimal ratio of three main types of current assets:

• amounts of inventories of inventory items;
• amounts of accounts receivable;
• amounts of monetary assets.

When optimizing, it is necessary to take into account the industry-specific features of economic activity, the average duration of the operating cycle, as well as an assessment of the positive and negative characteristics of the use of various types of property.

Even a person who is not involved in business and does not know the basics of economics has heard the term “asset” more than once. This word is most often used when it is necessary to estimate the value of a business and is often considered a factor influencing the final price. In addition, people who own shares in joint stock companies. Everyone knows this too. In this article we will try to understand in more detail what a net asset is, what other types it comes in, and so on.

Definition of the concept

An asset is property that belongs to an organization engaged in economic activity or to an individual. The totality of assets can include those materials and resources that are needed to organize production (or any other business activity). The difference between assets and other resources is that they are acquired for the purpose of further profit. Thus, each asset potentially contains income that can be received in the future, after carrying out certain operations. It turns out that an asset is a tool that can bring profit.

To make it clearer, let's give an example. A business entity makes envelopes from paper and ribbons. In this situation, paper and tapes as materials will be assets that will transfer their value to the price of finished products (envelopes) and thus bring profit.

Types of assets

IN economic theory There are several types of assets. The classification is carried out taking into account various criteria: nature, degree of participation in turnover, period of existence and return.

For example, depending on the nature of the asset, it is a bank deposit, real estate (for commercial use), securities, shares in a company, property that is involved in business activities, etc.

If we distinguish between assets by their repayment period, we can distinguish between short-term and long-term assets.

Speaking about participation in turnover, we can distinguish between current and non-current assets. The last classification, by the way, is one of the most popular, so we will focus on it.

Current and non-current assets

So, any asset can be classified according to this criterion. It's quite simple if you know what the essence of entrepreneurial activity is. In the example described above, where the business produces envelopes, the paper and tape are current assets because they are cut and included in the turnover of goods in the form of envelopes. Non-negotiable funds can be called those funds that do not become a commodity, that is, do not go into circulation. For example, this is a machine that wraps paper.

The characteristics of asset turnover make it possible to determine how they will be used in the future: they will be immediately converted into finished products or used in such a way that these resources will not be changed, so their resale will be possible in the future. This primarily determines the risk that business owners will be exposed to.

Who can hold assets?

Who can own a business asset? This question is quite simple - the enterprise itself. After all, its balance sheet includes such property as furniture, equipment, buildings and other objects.

If we talk about other types of assets, such as deposits or securities, then anyone can own them. For example, are you like individual You have the opportunity at any time to purchase shares of a particular enterprise in order to later participate in its management and receive dividends. The same applies to other types: deposits, property, and so on.

Why are assets needed?

The main purpose of the assets is to participate in the organization of the production process. Since every asset of an enterprise is some kind of equipment, office space or even licenses and certificates, their function is to work on the process in general, embodied in goods and services produced by the enterprise. The secondary function of an asset, which determines its importance, is generating income. With proper management and business planning, assets will begin to turn into products that should cost more than their original cost.

Intangible assets

In addition to the types of assets discussed above, there is one more category that should be mentioned. We are talking about such a concept as an intangible asset. This is a slightly different resource with an individual character. Thus, it is noteworthy that it does not have the structure of material things, exists together with some formalized documentation and, therefore, cannot be transferred (or simply is not re-issued due to inexpediency) to other entities.

In the current conditions, we can safely say that every organization or private entrepreneur, like any company, has such a resource as an intangible asset. This is because this category includes a whole list abstract values: reputation, licenses, documentation with permits to conduct activities, databases, intellectual property.

Such assets cannot be felt with your hands, seen with your own eyes, and sometimes even fully appreciated. This is a kind of abstraction, which can be quite valuable. The clearest example is the reputation of a business entity in the business market. It is impossible to determine its value, but every entrepreneur will agree that a lot depends on its quality, including future profits.