What does gross collection mean? Calculation of the gross harvest of grain (seeds) and the required throughput capacity

GROSS YIELD OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS – the volume of collected products varies. agricultural crops from both main and intermediate crops. crops. Calculated for individual crops (potatoes, sugar beets, etc.) or individual groups of crops (cereals and legumes, vegetables, melons, etc.). Statistical bodies take into account the size of the V. s. With. in general for all categories of farms and separately for agricultural ones. organizations, households, peasants. (farmer) to farms on the scale of republics, territories, regions and Russia. Fed. in general, and in agricultural enterprises - also for each administration. district. Actual The harvest (gross harvest, or granary harvest) is determined directly. weighing, measuring and counting products during the harvesting period and after its completion. There are three actual indicators. collection: 1. Initially capitalized. weight, received. during the grain harvesting process, i.e. with an admixture of weeds, earth, with increased. humidity. Previously, this weight was called bunker weight. This is really put together. harvest at the first stage of its production. Until 1990, in statistics it was the main indicator of harvest. 2. In weight after modification, i.e. excluding waste and shrinkage. Since the 1990s this is the main indicator of the harvest, and it is 9–12% lower than initially capitalized. weight. 3. Weight converted to standard. quality indicators (hay established moisture content) or in the test weight accepted by the procurer. organizations (grain). The expected yield is also determined, i.e. until the cleaning is complete. The harvest from areas not yet harvested is determined by multiplying them by the expected yield. They also use the net harvest indicator, which is part of the actual data. harvest after processing, minus the seeds, the entire plant is seeded. square.

For 2004 actual data in grain production on agricultural. Chuvash enterprises. Rep. were as follows: grain was initially capitalized. weight - 309.6 thousand.T ; grain in physical mass after processing (cleaning and drying) – 281.1 thousand.T , which was less than the first indicator by 28.5 thousand.T , or by 10.1%; The net grain harvest amounted to 208.6 thousand.T (grain in physical mass after processing - 281.1 thousand.T minus grain consumption for seeds – 72.5 thousand.T ). In potato production: the gross production amounted to 119.4 thousand.T ; net harvest - 84.8 thousand.T , gross potato harvest 119.4 thousand.T minus potato consumption for seeds – 34.6 thousand.T ), which was less than the gross harvest by 29.0%. In hop growing, the gross harvest amounted to 239.5 thousand.T . In 2013 actual data on grain production in farms of all categories in Chuvash. Rep. were as follows: grain in weight after processing (cleaning and drying) - 396.2 thousand. T, the gross harvest of products in potato production amounted to 633.0 thousand. T, in hop growing – 321.4 thousand. T.

P Note. Green mass yield: silage - 75%, haylage - 55%.

Quantity specific types feed is calculated in two stages. First, the number of feed units of feed is determined taking into account the specific gravity of this type of feed in the total volume of demand. For example, if the total need for all types of feed for the volume of milk production established in the project is 56,500 centners of feed, units, and specific gravity hay in the diet structure is 12%, then this will amount to 6780 quintals of feed. units (56500 x 12:100). Then the total number of feed units of each specific feed is determined for all groups of animals (line 9 of Table 15), which is converted into physical terms by dividing it by the nutritional value of the feed. If the total requirement attributable to hay is 8800 quintals of feed, units, and the nutritional value of 1 quintal is 0.46 quintals of feed, units, then the amount of this feed in physical terms will be equal to 19330 quintals (8800 quintals of feed, units: 0.46 c feed unit).

When determining the need for bedding, we proceed from the following consumption rates per 1 head of animals (c): stud bulls - 5, cows - 5, young cattle - 4, stud boars - 4, sows - 5, young pigs - 2 .

The size of the feed insurance fund is created depending on the type of feed and the operating conditions of the enterprise. The insurance fund for concentrates is set at 8.3 annual requirements (monthly requirement).

Enterprises that consume significant quantities of purchased compound feed do not create a fund of concentrates. When creating an insurance fund, hay and silage are limited to 10-15% of the total requirement.

The amount of feed for livestock in personal use is not standardized and is established based on the enterprise’s capabilities. This data can be determined from the reporting or planning materials of the enterprise.

The total feed requirement, calculated according to line 14 of the table. 15, is reflected in table 16 (column 5). In this case, first, the “total” lines for feed groups are filled in, then those sources whose areas cannot be changed (hayfields, pastures) in the amount of gross feed yields minus losses and, finally, the missing volumes of feed are recorded, which are attributed to sowing grasses ( perennial, annual), the areas of which can be adjusted in cases of shortage or excess of feed. For example, if a total of 155,810 quintals of green feed is required, and natural and cultivated pastures, minus losses, yield 2,679 and 72,191 quintals, respectively, then the remaining part (80,940 quintals) is recorded in the line annual grasses, according to which the sown area should be adjusted in order to achieve a balance of this type stern. Similarly, this issue is resolved with regard to roughage, in particular, hay.

The amount of consumption of products through other channels (issuance and sale to employees of the enterprise in the form of wages, expenses for public catering, other needs) is determined by each enterprise independently. IN course work these data are established on the basis of reporting Last year, or planned materials for the coming year.

Product losses during storage can be normalized. Their sizes are determined by a pre-established ratio of losses and gross harvest, expressed as a percentage: fodder root crops - 15, potatoes - 10, hay - 15, haylage and silage - 10, green fodder - 5, fodder and bedding straw - 5, perennial grass seeds - 3.

Table 15

Feed requirement calculation

1 For groups of animals that produce products (groups 2, 3 and 6), the quantity of products is indicated in centners; for groups of animals that do not produce products, the number of livestock is indicated. Both products and livestock are justified for the future by the student.

2 Feed consumption rates for productive animals are established in centners of feed. units per 1 quintal of products, for unproductive animals - per quintal of feed. units for 1 head.

3 With an annual milk yield per cow equal to 3800 kg.

Having identified all channels of product consumption, its total demand is compared with the gross harvest, and surpluses and deficiencies of individual types of products are identified in Table 16.

By dividing it by the design yield, excess and insufficient quantities of production are translated into excess and insufficient areas, respectively (Table 17), as a result of which the following situations may arise, respectively solvable.

1. The sum of the areas of crops whose products are insufficient is equal to the sum of the areas of crops whose products are in excess. In this case, a simple arithmetic clarification of the areas is carried out, i.e., their corresponding increase or decrease.

2. The sum of the areas of crops whose products are insufficient is less than the sum of the areas of crops whose products are in excess. In this situation, a reserve of sown area is formed. The decision on what additional products should be produced on this area and in what size is determined by the specialization of the enterprise, other factors and conditions. For enterprises that purchase or receive concentrated feed as an exchange, it is advisable to use this area for additional grain production; increasing the planting of industrial crops is advisable in areas where they are cultivated; in livestock farms, it is possible to envisage the expansion of crops for fodder crops in order to increase the level of feeding of animals, increase their livestock and the volume of livestock production.

3. The sum of the areas of crops whose products are insufficient is greater than the sum of the areas of crops whose products are in excess. In this situation, a general shortage of sown area is formed; it is necessary to provide solutions that allow increasing the gross output. It is possible to expand the sown areas by introducing repeated or stubble crops into crop rotations, involving additional areas of non-agricultural land (shrubs, etc.) in agricultural turnover, having previously reviewed the transformation of land and outlined the necessary additional measures for the development of new lands; increase productivity by providing additional agrotechnical measures; change the structure of crops in order to increase the crops of the most productive interchangeable crops. If these measures prove to be insufficient, a certain reduction in the need for products should be envisaged.

Table 16 Comparison of the gross harvest of crop products and the need for it, c

Table 17

Calculation of sown areas for products in excess and deficiency

Notes,

a) the amount of production and crop yield for silage and haylage should be taken into account in the green mass;

b) the yield of crops whose products are also used for seeds (cereals, potatoes, etc.) is taken minus the seeding rates and the insurance seed fund.

The final data characterizing the sown areas and their structure are presented in Table 18.

Table 18

Size and structure of crop area

The quality requirements for seeds of the main crops cultivated in the Vologda region are given in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4.

Sowing qualities of seeds

3.2.Calculation and selection of machines and equipment

3.2.1.Calculation of the gross harvest of grain (seeds) and the required throughput capacity of the ZOSP

The gross grain harvest is determined by the formula:

where Gв – gross grain harvest, t;

F – maximum possible area for grain sowing, hectares;

Y – maximum possible planned grain yield, t/ha;

Gв=1000*25=2500 t

To calculate the amount of grain heap to be processed at the point, it is necessary to take into account the initial (initial) moisture content of the grain and its relative content in the heap coming from combines.

When calculated using the average initial moisture content and the average relative grain content in a heap of all crops, the total mass of the grain heap to be processed at the point will be:

Gsv=(100-Wк)* ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1.2)

(100-Wnsr)*lsr

where Gsv is the total mass of the grain heap to be processed

at point,t;

Wк – standard humidity, %; Wк=14%;

Gв – planned gross harvest of grain of standard humidity

during the cleaning period, t;

Wnsr – average initial moisture content of the grain heap for the period

cleaning, %; Wnsr=26%;

l av – average relative grain content in the heap

during the cleaning period; l=0.9.

Gsv=86*37.5=3225 t

The experience of operating the ZOSP in the farms of the Vologda region shows that the calculation of the required productivity of the point, the number of machines and equipment should be carried out for the maximum possible daily supply of grain heap.

The maximum possible daily supply of grain heap or the required daily productivity of the point is determined by the formula: Gsv * Ksut

Gday max= ¾¾¾¾¾ (1.3)

where Gday max is the required daily productivity of the point, t/day;

Ksut – coefficient of daily unevenness of grain intake

heap; Ksut=1.5...2.0; take Ksut=1.5;

T – duration of the harvesting period, days.

According to the technological design standards for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia T = 20...25 days.

Gday max=4837.5/25=193.5 t/day

Maximum possible hourly supply of grain heap:

Gday max * Kch

Gch max= ¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1.4)

where Gч max is the maximum possible hourly grain supply

heap, t/h;

Kch – coefficient of hourly unevenness of grain supply

heap, Kch=1.2…2.0; we accept Kch = 1.2;

tк – duration of combine harvester operation per day, calculated

the value of tk for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia is 10 hours.

Gch max=193.5*1.2/10=23.22 t/h

3.2.2.Calculation of required machine performance

and equipment

The main unit that determines the throughput of the ZOSP, and which to a certain extent influences the choice of other machines and equipment, is the dryer.

To ensure continuous reception of the entire mass of grain heap arriving at the DFSP during the day, it is necessary that the total capacity of receiving bins with air chutes and active ventilation bins for temporary storage of seeds before drying is not less than the maximum daily receipt of the grain heap at the DFSP (Gday max).

The capacity of receiving bins with air chutes must be at least 0.5 Gday max (t or m3).

The capacity of the bunkers is determined by the formula:

V=0.5 ¾¾¾¾¾ (1.5)

where V is the capacity of the bunkers, m3;

r - estimated density of the grain heap, t/m3; for a heap

wheat, rye, barley r=0.7...0.8 t/m3; for oats r=0.45...0.5 t/m3.

V=0.5*193.5/0.6 =161.25 m3;

In the absence of receiving bins with air chutes, the capacity of active ventilation bins for temporary storage of seeds before drying must be at least Gday max. In such cases, the capacity of the receiving hopper (dam pit) must be no less than the maximum hourly intake of grain heap (Gch max).

The total capacity of the receiving bins and bins for active aeration of grain before drying can be taken equal to half of its daily intake at the ZZSP (0.5 Gday max).

In such cases, if there is a forced temporary stop of machinery and equipment of the ZOSP (breakdown, power outage, etc.), it will be necessary to stop the operation of combines in the field.

We assume that the total required capacity of bins with air chutes and active ventilation bins before drying is equal to the maximum possible daily intake of grain heap Gday max,

those. Vsum=322.5 m3.

The required productivity of machines for preliminary grain cleaning (heap cleaners) in the presence of receiving bins with air chutes can be calculated using the formula:

Qpr.o= ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1.6)

t*t*ke*kp

where Qpr.o is the required productivity of the dust clearers, t/h;

t – duration of operation of heap cleaners per day, h;

when working in two shifts – t=20 hours;

t - weighted average worker utilization factor

machine time; t=0.95;

ke – equivalence coefficient taking into account the change

performance of the grain cleaning machine during cleaning

grains of various crops; ke=0.8;

kp – coefficient taking into account the decrease in productivity

machines compared to the nameplate depending on humidity

and contamination of grain entering the preliminary

Topic: Crop production statistics.

Training material No. 2.1.

Determination of the yield of agricultural crops.

The purpose of agricultural statistics is studying the state and development of production and the economy of this industry.

Agricultural statistics organizes systematic accounting of the land fund, sown areas, crop yields, etc.

Along with this, agricultural statistics reveal how fully and rationally farms use existing reserves to increase production, study and show the results of work, and reveal shortcomings in work.

There are two types of indicators – productivity and harvest.

Under the harvest or gross harvest of agricultural crops means the total amount of production obtained from the entire area in a given year in a farm, district, region.

Under the yield also refers to the average yield of products per unit area (ha). Hence, harvest or gross receipts is the total volume of production of a particular agricultural crop, and productivity– productivity of area of ​​agricultural crops. In practice, it is customary to calculate crop yields per 1 hectare of spring productive area, and not per 1 hectare of harvested area.

The use of a hectare of land in the second farm was more efficient than in the first - the yield was 20 and 25 c. with hectares In fact, from the same area, collective farm A received more gross harvest than collective farm B, which means it worked better, used the land better. This means there is no need to exclude areas that died in the summer from the sown area.

Productivity of 1 hectare of spring-productive and harvesting area.

In addition to data on sown areas and gross yields for individual grain crops, data on harvesting for grain crops in general is also provided.

To get the average fee from 1 hectare for the group of grain crops, sum up

sown area, as well as gross harvest for all grain crops and the latter is divided by the cultivated area.

Determination of sown area. To determine the sown area, it is necessary to know the gross harvest of agricultural crops and the yield per 1 hectare of area. Knowing this, we must gross harvest divided by yield, as a result we obtain the sown area on which agricultural crops were sown according to the following formula:

Task sheet 2.1.1.

Updating basic knowledge.

1. List what tasks do statistical workers face?

2. Select and underline one correct answer.

a) publicity; c) reliability;

b) completeness; d) reporting.

3. Circle what is the main means of production in agriculture?

A – earth;

B – M.T.A

4. What 2 groups are all lands divided into?

Task sheet 2.1.2.

Preliminary determination of the level of knowledge.

1. What tasks does the state set for agricultural workers?

2. Monitor the dynamics of sown areas over a certain period of time and draw a conclusion.

3. Determine the growth of sowing and draw a conclusion.

4. What types of indicators are distinguished in crop production statistics?

5. What is the purpose of analyzing statistical data?

6. What is the final point in processing the results of certain indicators?

Sample answers to the worksheet with task 2.1.1.

1) 1. Data collection; 4. Their analysis;

2. Data summary; 5. Conclusion.

3. Data grouping;

2) B-credibility.

3) A - earth.

4) 1. Agricultural land.

2. Other lands.

Fastening material.

Task sheet 2.1.3

Exercise 1.

What are the main requirements for time series?

Task 2.

When can the development of statistical data be considered complete?

Task 3.

Taking advantage educational material, determine the yield of grain crops and draw a conclusion.

Task 4.

Determine the gross harvest of agricultural crops?

Determine the gross harvest of leguminous crops.

Draw a conclusion.

Task 5.

How is the sown area of ​​agricultural crops calculated?

Using the educational material, you need to determine the sown area of ​​agricultural crops.

Draw a conclusion.

Task sheet 2.1.4.

Checking the degree of mastery of the material.

1. There are 2 types of indicators. Continue the sentence.

A. By agricultural crop yield we mean....................................

B. By productivity we mean....................................................

2. What indicator in agricultural statistics is determined by the following formula:

Lesson diary.

Subject: Crop statistics.

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Lesson diary.

Subject: Crop statistics.

To record how successfully the lesson went, I suggest you write down every detail of your work during the lesson.

If you are happy, satisfied or disappointed with how the lesson went and have nothing to add, please tick the appropriate box.

Module: Statistics Agriculture.

The gross harvest of agricultural crops is the total volume of agricultural products collected, which can be calculated for one specific crop or for a specific group of crops. The term has been used since 1954. The measure of measurement is natural units. Synonym this concept- gross agricultural output.

The gross harvest of grain crops is one of the types of gross harvest of agricultural crops. It directly depends on the harvest, being, in fact, its equivalent.

What are grain crops?

Cereals are one of the most important types of agricultural crops for humans. They play a major role in providing humanity with food, and the areas they occupy are maximum compared to those of other groups of agricultural crops. In addition to food products, grains produce alcohol and other organic substances, including those used for the production of biofuels. The third purpose of grains is the production of pet food.

All grain crops are divided into grains and legumes. The former belong to the cereal family and include species such as wheat, rice, oats, corn, rye, millet and other crops less known in our country. The exception is buckwheat, which belongs to the buckwheat family.

Pulses belong to the botanical family Legumes. In some cases, cereals refer only to cereals. The main crops are wheat, rice, barley, oats, corn and buckwheat.

The main ones are the USA, Russia, Argentina, the European Union, Canada, Australia. They account for over 85% of total world grain exports. The main grain consuming countries are China, Türkiye, Japan and Saudi Arabia. Considering China's agricultural capabilities, it could be an important exporter of various agricultural products, but due to the high population, it is forced, on the contrary, to purchase them.

Corn, wheat and rice together provide 43 percent of the world's total calories consumed.

Gross grain harvest and harvest

The grain harvest is the total volume (or mass) of grain ripened in the fields. If we do not count losses during field harvesting, the gross grain harvest is equal to the harvest. Under unfavorable weather conditions, due to large losses, it may be significantly less than the harvest. However, the calculation of the size of the harvest is carried out precisely according to the gross harvest. Since it is quite difficult to calculate lost grain. When they say that such and such a crop was harvested, they mean the gross harvest.

What is yield?

The yield of grain crops is understood as the mass (or volume) of ripened grain per unit area (usually 1 ha). There are several types of yield:

• Planned yield is the average volume of grain production that can be obtained from 1 hectare under current conditions.
• Potential yield is the maximum amount of grain that can be obtained from one hectare under favorable conditions.
• Expected yield is an approximate estimate of the future harvest (gross yield) collected from 1 hectare of sown area.
• The actual yield is the average weight (volume) of grain obtained from 1 hectare of sown area.
• Standing yield is the entire mass of grain grown on one hectare of sown area. Determined by collecting all the grain from a certain area before harvesting or by other methods. Allows you to estimate the amount of losses that occur during harvesting.

Harvesting refers to a set of agricultural activities involving the removal of ripened grain from agricultural fields. It is considered the final stage of growing a crop. Over time, the degree of mechanization during harvesting increases.

Dynamics of grain harvest and yield over the past 100 years

Productivity and the total gross harvest of crops in Russia do not change in exactly the same way. Let's look at the dynamics in more detail. Before World War II, the yield and gross yield remained unchanged, experiencing only local fluctuations. Then a rapid rise in both indicators began. Beginning in 1970, the gross yield stopped increasing, while yields continued to increase, although at a slower pace. This indicates the beginning of a reduction in agricultural areas.

In the 90s, the gross harvest dropped sharply. Productivity fell to a lesser extent. In the 2000s, the gross harvest increased slightly, never reaching the level of the 70s and 80s, but the yield increased sharply. This picture suggests that in the 90s, the reduction in area was combined with a decrease in yields, which indicates a total decline in agriculture. In the 2000s, the reduction in cultivated areas continued, but a sharp increase in yields more than compensated for this effect.

What wheat harvest is expected in 2018?

According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the gross wheat harvest in 2018 will be 64.4 million tons, and the total grain harvest will be 100 million tons. At the same time, due to weather conditions, the total loss of grain mass will be at the level of 30 million tons. This data was reported by a ministry representative to the TASS agency.

Reasons for the decline in harvest in 2018

Adverse weather conditions (especially drought) are the main reason for lower forecasts for gross grain harvests in 2018. The subjects of the Russian Federation most affected by the drought were the Republic of Crimea, the Volgograd region, as well as Altai and Kalmykia. Also, a state of emergency due to a shortage of soil moisture can be introduced in the Rostov and Astrakhan regions, to a lesser extent in the Saratov and Samara regions, as well as in places in the Stavropol, Krasnodar territories and the Republic of Adygea.

In other areas, soil waterlogging poses a risk to crops. Such regions are: Arkhangelsk region, Yakutia, Altai region, Novosibirsk Omsk and Kemerovo regions, as well as Transbaikal region.

A difficult situation with harvesting due to heavy rainfall is observed in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Tyumen regions. Here, a shift in the timing of crop sowing is expected by approximately 2.5 weeks. According to the ministry, all this can also lead to a decrease in yield.

At the same time, the total gross grain harvest in 2017 hit a record level and amounted to 135.4 million tons, of which wheat accounted for 85.9 million tons. Annual grain exports reached 52.4 million tons.