Who needs testing for STDs? Sexually transmitted diseases Sexual infections clinic treatment.

Sexually transmitted diseases are infectious, that is, arising due to the introduction of various pathogens. They are broadcast from person to person only contact and mainly during sex.

The generally accepted definition does not raise questions among doctors, but for patients it is better to decipher it point by point:

• Pathogens can be bacteria, protozoa, fungi, rickettsiae or viruses. Mixed infection is possible - infection by several types of microorganisms at once.
• A sexually transmitted disease is a local and general manifestation of the impact of infection on a person.
• For infection, you need a source of infection (the patient or a carrier) and the route through which the pathogens are transmitted. Infection with a sexually transmitted disease is possible if there is:
  1. Sexual transmission during any sexual activity (traditional, oral or anal intercourse). Pathogens are transmitted from the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals, anus (anus), lips and oral cavity.
  2. Transmission - infection through blood - through transfusion of whole blood, red blood cells; infection from needles or instruments on which the blood of a patient or a carrier of infection remains.
  3. Contact and household route: through linen or objects that are contaminated with infectious secretions.

The word “venereal” is associated with the name of Venus, the Roman goddess of love: it emphasizes that diseases are more often transmitted through sexual contact.

What diseases are considered sexually transmitted, their classification

Modern sources provide a list of sexually transmitted infections. The list includes only two dozen diseases. Among them are 5 original venereal diseases:

And a number of STDs, which today are conventionally called “venereal”, based on the sexual route of infection:

• , And , , .
• Some sources also classify intestinal giardiasis and amebiasis as STDs, although sexual transmission (mainly anal) is not the main route for them.

Sexually transmitted diseases are classified in very different ways:

According to etiological principle(based on the reasons for the development of diseases), ailments are divided into viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.

According to the effect on the body distinguish between genital types of sexually transmitted diseases (for example, gonorrhea, vaginal trichomoniasis), skin ones (pediculosis pubis, scabies, condylomas) and those affecting other organs and systems human body(viral hepatitis B and C, amoebiasis, AIDS, giardiasis).

In accordance with the age of the description of the signs distinguish between classic, known even before our era, venereal diseases - syphilis, gonorrhea, donovanosis, chancroid and lymphogranuloma venereum (all of them are oral infections), and the so-called new venereal diseases - the rest of the list.

The names of some classic STDs have historical roots: the godfather of gonorrhea was an ancient Roman doctor Galen, who observed the "flow of seed" and used Greek words to describe this feature. The word “syphilis” is associated with a myth according to which the gods, offended by disrespect, punished a shepherd named Syphilus with a genital disease. There was even a poem dedicated to this plot, where the main symptoms were described in detail. A later name is lues ( lues) – translated from Latin means “contagious disease”, and it appeared after the syphilis epidemic in Europe, which lasted about 50 years (late 15th – mid 16th centuries). The names of new STDs are derived from the names of pathogens (trichomoniasis, chlamydia, etc.) and virus serovars (viral hepatitis B and C), main manifestations (scabies, condylomas) or symptom complexes (AIDS).

Prevalence and risk groups

Top lines of the world rankings, including the most common sexually transmitted diseases , Trichomoniasis and chlamydia are firmly occupied: up to 250 million cases are identified annually, and the proportion of those infected is about 15% of the total population of the Earth.

They are followed by gonorrhea (100 million “fresh” cases of the disease per year) and syphilis (up to 50 million). The graphical representation of the incidence resembles a wave, the peaks of which occur during times of social change for the worse and the post-war years.

1. Reasons causing an increase in the incidence of STDs: Demographic – population growth, increasing proportion of young and sexually active people
2. , traditions of early onset of sexual activity.
3. Progress in the socio-economic sphere - labor migration, tourism development, more free time and money, youth attraction to cities and availability of sexual contacts.
4. Medical reasons - frequent cases of self-medication and the transition of diseases into a latent form; women and men feel safe using condoms and instant STD prevention.
5. Prevalence of drug addiction and alcoholism.

Traditional risk groups include prostitutes, homeless people, illegal migrants, alcoholics and drug addicts leading a “non-prestigious” lifestyle. However, they are confidently being overtaken by the growing incidence rate among quite successful people: personnel of companies operating abroad; those employed in the tourism business and tourists; sailors, pilots and flight attendants are also included in the list of unreliable STDs.

Incubation period

The appearance of visible changes at the site of infection is the result of the reproduction and vital activity of STD pathogens. A small number of infectious agents can be rebuffed by the immune system and die, and for the development of signs of the disease, the law of the transition of quantity into quality needs to work. Therefore, any infectious diseases have an incubation period - a period of time necessary for the number of pathogens to increase and the first visible symptoms of infection to appear (for STDs - rash, discharge).

Typically, the incubation period figures are given in days, for viral infections - in hours. Incubation time may vary, which is associated with the duration of contact, the amount of a single dose of pathogens, the route of transmission and the state of the immune system of the recipient person. The incubation period (IP) is shortened in elderly and weakened patients, with transmission of pathogens and in patients with immunodeficiency syndrome.

IP for some common sexually transmitted infections (per day):

• Chlamydia: 7-21 days;
• Trichomoniasis: 7-28 days;
• Gonorrhea: 2-10 days;
• Urea and mycoplasmosis: 21-35 days;
• Syphilis: 21-28 days;
• Genital herpes: from 1 to 26, usually 2-10 days;
• (pointed): 30-90 days.

The main manifestations of classical venereal diseases

Symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases are divided into primary signs that appear on the skin or mucous membranes at the site of entry of pathogens, and are common associated with their toxic effects on the body. For example, - these are local manifestations of sexually transmitted infections, and fever is a general symptom.

Syphilis

The causative agent of syphilis ( Treponevapallidum, spiral-shaped bacterium or spirochete) is predominantly transmitted through sexual contact. The risk of infection during unprotected sex reaches 30%. In the external environment, spirochetes are unstable; to maintain activity they require certain temperatures and humidity. The mucous membrane of the genital organs, mouth or rectum serves as such an “incubator”. The infection can also be transmitted in utero - to the child from the mother, or through a transfusion of contaminated blood.

Primary a sign of syphilis infection: it appears at the site of direct introduction of treponemes and does not initially cause concern. A compaction appears, then in its place a round ulcer with a hard bottom and raised edges appears. There is no pain, but the chancre can be small in size - from 1 cm in diameter. After a couple of weeks, the lymph nodes, which are located closer to the chancre, enlarge, but they are also painless and do not bother the patient. The chancre heals on its own in 1-1.5 months. after appearance, however, the infection remains in the body and syphilis goes into the secondary period.

Start secondary syphilis is a symmetrical venereal rash ( roseola), which often appears even on the feet and palms. When the rash occurs, the temperature rises and the lymph nodes enlarge throughout the body. Characteristic is the alternation of deterioration and improvement of the general condition - periods of exacerbations and remissions. Among skin manifestations, warts (condylomas lata), which are localized in the perineum and anus, can attract the patient’s attention; Hair loss on the scalp is also noticeable.

syphilitic roseola

Tertiary the period of syphilis is associated with severe internal diseases that develop within several years after infection. If left untreated, about 1/4 of patients die.

Gonorrhea

The causative agent is paired cocci, under a microscope they look like coffee beans, with their concave side facing each other. The name is sonorous - Neisseriagonorrhoeae, given to microbes in honor of their discoverer, venereologist A.L. Neisser. Gonococci are introduced exclusively through the mucous membranes, more often - the genitals, rectum and orally, less often - the eyes (gonoblepharrea of ​​newborns when a child is infected from the mother). The household route of transmission of infection is impossible, because gonococci are very sensitive to temperature and humidity conditions.

in the photo: gonorrheal discharge in men and women

Basicsigns infections - purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes. When transmitted sexually, both partners almost always develop (inflammation of the urethra). Gonorrhea is distinguished by (urination), ; even at rest they can. The discharge during the acute period is profuse and purulent, the color ranges from white to yellow. When transitioning to the chronic form, there is little discharge, they become whitish and thick.

Important: in contrast, with gonorrhea they are often minor, they can be mistaken for a symptom of nonspecific urethritis, cystitis or. Be sure to make an appointment with a doctor if the discharge occurs for more than one cycle and has a putrid odor; if there is bleeding between menstruation; if you “don’t have the strength” and your lower back is constantly aching.

Complications are associated with ascending urogenital infection. In women, gonococci affect the uterus, tubes and ovaries, in men - the testicles, epididymis (), and prostate. The standard result of chronic gonorrhea is adhesions internal organs. If adequate treatment is not received or the immune system has failed, gonococcal infection is possible. sepsis(blood poisoning) with a fatal outcome or the infection spreading to internal organs (liver, heart, brain) and an unclear prognosis for future life. The sad, although not fatal, result of chronic gonorrhea is 100% male and female infertility.

Soft chancre (shacroid)

The causative agent is a bacillus Haemophilusducreyi. The disease is mainly “associated” with countries where there is a warm and humid climate (Africa, Asia, South America), V European countries is rare. Infection occurs through sexual contact, through anal and oral sex. The chances of getting an infection during one time of unprotected sex are 50 to 50.

differences between soft chancre and hard chancre (syphilitic)

Signsinfection: the primary manifestation is a red spot, indicating the locus of infection. Then a purulent blister appears and turns into an irregularly shaped ulcer, soft and painful. The diameter of the ulcer varies from 3-5 mm to 3-10 cm or more. Then the lymph vessels become inflamed ( lymphangitis), forming painful subcutaneous cords. In men they are palpated on the back of the penis, in women - on the skin of the labia majora and on the pubis. After 7-21 days, inflammation spreads to the lymph nodes ( lymphadenitis); dense buboes appear, which later turn into soft ulcers and open. Complications– swelling of the foreskin, pinching of the glans penis, gangrene of the genitals.

With chancre, skin manifestations are numerous and are at different stages of development: spots, ulcers and scars are visible at the same time.

Lymphogranuloma venereum (inguinal lymphogranulomatosis)

The causative agent of lymphogranuloma venereum - some serotypes Chlamydiatrachomatis. The disease is quite rare in Europe; mainly “imported” infections and cases associated with port cities are recorded. The possibility of becoming infected through everyday life exists, but transmission of the infection mainly occurs through sexual contact.

in the photo: signs of lymphogranulomatosis venereum - inflamed inguinal lymph nodes in women and men

Basicmanifestations: 1-3 weeks after infection, a vesicle appears at the site of chlamydia penetration, which disappears without treatment and may go unnoticed. Then the regional lymph nodes enlarge, merging with each other; the skin over the source of inflammation is purple-violet, palpation causes pain. Next, suppuration occurs, the formations are opened with the flow of yellowish pus.

Complications inguinal lymphogranulomatosis – fistulas anal, scrotum, urethra, recto-vaginal, between the rectum and bladder. Later development is possible elephantiasis genitals due to local lymphostasis, strictures(narrowing) of the rectum and urethra.

in the photo: manifestations of donovanosis on the genitals

Donovanosis (venereal (inguinal) granuloma)

Donovanosis is an exotic disease native to the tropics. The causative agents are callimatobacteria or corpusclesDonovan, they become infected through sexual and household contact. Symptoms develop slowly. It begins with the formation of a red nodule on the skin or mucous membrane of the genitals, mouth, or anus. Then the nodule turns into an ulcer with a velvety bottom and raised edges, the size of the defect increases over time. Strictures urethra, vagina and anus, elephantiasis– main complications of donovanosis.

Signs of infection with new STDs

photo: typical discharge from chlamydia

Chlamydia

Primary signs of infection atmen– urethritis with characteristic morning discharge in the form of a transparent drop. Uwomen– urethritis, inflammation of the cervix with scanty and cloudy secretions, associated pain and acyclic bleeding. Transmission of the infection is possible only through sexual contact; oral transmission is unlikely. Impossible become infected through contact and household contact (through pool water, toilet seats, bathhouses or bed linen.). Newborns can get chlamydial conjunctivitis or pneumonia from their mother during childbirth.

Trichomoniasis

The infection is transmitted sexually or by everyday means(the only one of the sexually transmitted diseases! although such cases are extremely rare), oral and anal infections are uncommon. In men, symptoms of urethritis and colpitis prevail, in women – colpitis. Trichomoniasis is characterized by yellowish, profuse, foamy discharge with an unpleasant odor, itching in the perineal area, pain during sexual intercourse and when urinating.

Mycoplasmosis

“sexual” types of mycoplasmas

Mycoplasmas occupy an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses and can live in the body of humans, animals and even plants. Capable of multiplying on the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx, and organs of the genitourinary tract. Often detected in healthy people, up to 50% of women are carriers of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmahominis And M. genitalium are the cause of the development of urethritis in men, and bacterial vaginosis in women ( gardnerellosis), inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Mycoplasma pyelonephritis may also develop. Infection occurs through sexual contact; transmission of the infection is unlikely through household contact.

Ureaplasmosis

Pathogens – Ureaplasmaparvum And U. urealyticum, causing urethritis in men and inflammation of the uterus and ovaries in women. How does the complication develop? urolithiasis disease, during pregnancy, spontaneous abortion or early birth is possible. Many completely healthy people become carriers of the infection; more often these are women.

Genital herpes

The causative agent is the herpes simplex virus ( Herpessimplex); Sexual transmission occurs through oral, anal and genital contact. Household spread of this virus is unlikely. The first sign of the disease is a painful spotty-bubble rash at the site of virus introduction; the patient feels sharp pain and burning, local swelling increases. At the same time, the general condition worsens, the temperature rises and a headache begins. The bubbles transform into erosions, from which a yellowish liquid is released. After 5-7 days, the erosions heal, leaving pigmentation. Relapse of the disease or reinfection is always possible.

HPV (human papillomavirus)

HPV causes a spectrum of different skin lesions, including pointedcondylomas. The cause is sexually transmitted infection, including oral infection, with HPV serotypes 6 and 11. Epithelial outgrowths resembling cockscombs form on the genitals. Formations can merge and increase in size. In women, genital warts are most often found in the vulva and vagina, in men - on the penis and inner leaf. preputium(foreskin). Warty growths are possible in the corners of the lips and on the tongue.

skin manifestations of papillomavirus infection - papillomas

Candidiasis (thrush)

Candidiasis is the result of rapid proliferation of fungi (genus Candida), which are normally always present in healthy people on the mucous membranes of the mouth, urogenital and intestinal tracts. It is classified as a sexually transmitted disease due to the possible sexual transmission and skin manifestations that are often observed in the genital area. Candidiasis can develop after treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), with diabetes, AIDS, after prolonged stress, in the third trimester of pregnancy. Symptomsgenital candidiasis in women - curdled, sour-smelling vaginal discharge, pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse. In men, a whitish coating is visible on the head of the penis, pain is present during miction and after sexual intercourse.

Laboratory diagnostics

Laboratory examination using various techniques is the basis for diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases. Previously, preference was given visualidentification of pathogens, performing (cervix, vagina, urethra, rectum, pharynx) followed by microscopy. The technique is quite accurate, but the result takes at least a week, and the loss of time is a serious problem for the attending physician and the patient.

It is done quickly, the method is inexpensive and simple. The discharge is taken with a sterile swab: in men - from the urethra, in women - from three standard points (urethra, vestibule of the vagina, cervix). The material is then applied to a glass slide, stained, and examined under a microscope. You can determine the degree of inflammation by the number of leukocytes and evaluate the qualitative composition of the microflora. Viruses cannot be seen with light microscopy.

Modern diagnostic options in venereology - PIF analyzes ( straightimmunofluorescence), (immunoenzyme). The material is secretions; the doctor receives the examination results within a few hours. The methods are cheap and widely available, but the accuracy is disappointing - only up to 70%. Therefore, these tests are used for preliminary diagnosis.

The final diagnosis is made based on the results, which means “ polymerasechain reaction"or a DNA test for the pathogen. The material is excretions and urine, the time to obtain the analysis result is up to 2 days, the accuracy is up to 95%. Preferably PCR is used to determine. In case of acute purulent inflammation, it is recommended to do PIF, ELISA, and culture.

(material – venous blood) indicates that there is an immune response to the presence of this pathogen, i.e. infection is determined by indirect signs and is not detected directly. Mainly used to determine viral diseases (genital herpes, HIV, viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus) and syphilis. Antibodiesto bacteria remain in the blood for a long time; they are present even after complete recovery, which is why this method is never used to test for bacterial venereological diseases, chlamydia and ureaplasmosis.

Treatment

Treatment for bacterial STDs is carried out antibiotics, additionally including local procedures (urethral instillations), immunotherapy and physiotherapy. For combined infections (gonorrhea and chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhea), drugs are used that act simultaneously on several pathogens. Viral infections (HIV, hepatitis B or C virus, herpes simplex virus) are treated with special agents, and antibiotics are prescribed only for accompanying complications caused by bacteria. It should be remembered that antibiotics do not work on viruses!

• Treatment acuteuncomplicated gonorrhea: tablets cefixime, ofloxacin (0.4 g once) or ciprofloxacin (0.5 g once).
• Chlamydia: doxycycline tablets 0.1 g x 1, or azithromycin 0.1 x 2, course 1 week.
• Soft chancre: once - azithromycin tablet. 1.0 g, or ciprofloxacin tab. 0.5 g x 2 courses for 3 days, or erythromycin tab. 0.5 g x 4 – course 1 week.
• Venereallymphogranulomatosis: tab. doxycycline (0.1 g x 2, course 3 weeks) or erythromycin (tablet 0.5 g x 4, course 1 week).
• Donovanosis: trimethoprim (0.16 g x 2) or doxycycline (0.1 g x 2), course up to 3 months.
• Ureaplasmosis: azithromycin tab. 1.0 g once, or doxycycline (tablet 0.1 g x 2, course 1 week).
• Candidiasis: for skin lesions - clotrimazole cream, twice a day, course 5-7 days. Orally – fluconazole tablets, 50-100 mg per day, course 5-7 days. For women - vaginal suppositories (clotrimazole, isoconazole). Suppositories betadine, polzhinax, terzhinan are considered ineffective against candidiasis, and can also cause vaginal dysbiosis and, as a result, the development of gardnerellosis.
• Herpetic rashes in the genital area: antiviral agents (acyclovir, Valtrex, pharmaciclovir). Oral and intravenous administration of the solution is more effective than local use in the form of ointments or creams. It is impossible to completely get rid of the herpes simplex virus; symptoms reappear when there are problems with the immune system (stress, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, AIDS).
• Condylomas acuminata removed (laser, cryotherapy, electrocoagulation), interferon injections are prescribed at the base of each wart. Antivirus pharma. the remedies are ineffective. Approximately a third of patients recover without treatment within 1-3 months; 25% experience a relapse after therapy or removal of genital warts.

Prevention of STDs

Spermicidal drugs (contraceptin, pharmatex) have not undergone clinical trials regarding protection against STDs, therefore their use as a means of prevention is not recommended.

The only and guaranteed way not to get sexually transmitted infections is a traditional monogamous relationship, a happy life with one partner.

Video: sexually transmitted diseases – “Health Expert”

Almost every person in the world knows what sexually transmitted diseases are. modern society. However, many still underestimate the degree of their influence on human health in general and on the reproductive system in particular. This is evidenced by many studies regarding sexual literacy and awareness, as well as an increase in the incidence rate among the population.

In the article we will analyze how these infections affect conception and pregnancy, why it is so important to undergo regular examinations, follow the rules of prevention, and if detected, promptly contact specialists for qualified help.

So, STDs are a group of diseases whose causative agents are transmitted mainly through sexual intercourse (including oral and anal sex), as well as during pregnancy and childbirth, and less commonly through blood transfusions, its components and tissue transplants.

Classification of STDs

Depending on the type of pathogen, the disease is divided into:

1) bacterial – chlamydia, syphilis, etc.;

2) caused by fungi – candidiasis;

3) caused by protozoan microorganisms – mycoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, etc.;

3) viral – human papillomavirus infection, herpes, hepatitis B and C, HIV.

Gonorrhea

Also commonly known as the clap. Characterized by damage to the mucous membranes genitourinary organs. In addition, the oral cavity and rectum may suffer as a result of orogenital or homosexual intercourse. Extrasexual infection (through linen, sponges, towels, on which undried gonorrheal pus remains) is a rare occurrence, but possible.

In women, gonorrhea usually occurs without severe symptoms. There may be yellowish or bloody discharge and pain in the lower abdomen.

In men, the symptoms are more pronounced: pain when urinating, discharge from the urethra of yellowish mucus with an unpleasant odor, and the opening of the urethra itself becomes swollen and hyperemic.

In the absence of therapy, the disease becomes chronic, affecting many organs, joints, and eyes. A common complication is infertility (in both men and women).

Trichomoniasis

This is one of the most common STDs. The causative agent is Trichomonas vaginalis.

Among the main symptoms are: itching and burning in the area of ​​the external genitalia and perineum, painful urination, discomfort during sexual intercourse, and characteristic purulent discharge.

Urogenital chlamydia

The danger of the disease lies in its asymptomatic course in the first 2-3 weeks from the moment of infection, and in some cases, noticeable signs may not appear.

In women, chlamydia may be accompanied by mucous discharge with an unpleasant odor; in men, by glassy discharge from the urethra, sometimes bloody (during urination or ejaculation). TO common features include weakness, pain and burning during urination, itching of the genital area, and sometimes a slight increase in temperature. After some time, all the indicated symptoms disappear on their own, and the disease becomes chronic.

Chlamydia primarily affects the fallopian tubes– in women, prostate gland – in men. Another common complication is infertility.

During pregnancy, the expectant mother can transmit the infection to the child. Although chlamydia usually does not cause birth defects, it can still damage the internal organs of the fetus.

Ureaplasmosis

Ureaplasmas are opportunistic bacteria, that is, their presence in the body in a certain quantity is possible without the development of an infectious process.

Quite often during pregnancy due to decreased immunity and changes in female body there is an excess of the norm of ureaplasma. In some cases, this can cause miscarriages and premature births.

Herpes simplex virus

Today, HSV is detected in more than 90% of the world's inhabitants, which is a serious social and medical problem of modern society.

The virus affects the mucous membranes and skin (mainly on the genitals and face), and is one of the causes of cervical cancer. In addition, it can pathologically affect the course of pregnancy (fetal deformities, miscarriages) and delivery, and can also cause a generalized infection in the newborn.

A characteristic symptom of infection with the herpes virus is the appearance of vesicles on the skin or mucous membrane, accompanied by swelling and hyperemia of the surrounding tissue, as well as toothache, pain and burning. In some cases, there is an increase in regional lymph nodes and a slight increase in temperature. Next, the vesicles open, forming ulcers covered with plaque. When a secondary infection occurs, the ulcers may contain pus.

Cytomegalovirus infection

Cytomegaloviruses are part of the herpetic virus family.

The main clinical signs of CMV infection are central nervous system damage, thrombocytopenia, hepatolienal syndrome, hepatitis, and frequently recurring pneumonia.

Infection of a pregnant woman with cytomegalovirus is dangerous, first of all, for the child - after birth, mental retardation, deafness, epilepsy, cerebral palsy and other serious abnormalities may occur.

Human papillomavirus infection

Human papillomavirus infection (PVI) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Currently, there are more than 60 types of pathogens. PVI causes cancer of the genital organs.

In some cases, the disease may occur without obvious signs. But, as a rule, the appearance of characteristic condylomas - flat or pointed - is recorded on the surface of the skin (mainly in the genital area) and mucous membranes.

Why is it important to get checked regularly?

Among the many sexually transmitted infections, there are also those that are mild or asymptomatic, which is why they are called “hidden”. Here lies the main danger - patients seek help from a specialist when, as a rule, significant complications have already developed.

When an STD is detected in a pregnant woman, treatment is hampered by the limited number of medications approved for use. In addition, it is necessary to understand that any drug, one way or another, affects the development of the fetus in the womb. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to be screened for STIs at the planning stage of pregnancy.

Impact of STDs on pregnancy

The harm of certain infections on bearing a child is indicated above, so let’s summarize some points:

Sexual infections that are not eliminated before conception are one of the most common reasons miscarriages on early stages and premature birth.

In addition, conception may not occur at all, since infertility is a common consequence of many STDs.

Some infections, despite the placental barrier, can affect the condition and development of the fetus in the womb: hypoxia, malnutrition, malformations and disorders of development, brain diseases, loss of vision, hearing, etc. - this is only part of the list of complications that can result cause untreated infections.

STD treatment

Modern medicine makes it possible to completely get rid of some sexually transmitted infections. Viral diseases cannot be completely cured, but many drugs have now been developed to mitigate the course of the disease, live a full life and “delay” the development of complications.

It is worth noting that in last years resistance of many pathogens to certain antibiotics is recorded, which complicates the recovery process. In this regard, prevention is extremely important.

In a relationship viral infections(herpes, HIV, VPI) antiretroviral drugs are used in combination with medications to maintain immunity.

Due to similar symptoms, resistance of microorganisms to certain active substances and a number of other factors, self-medication is strictly not recommended! Only a qualified doctor, based on the examinations performed, can correctly select an effective course of therapy, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body.

Prevention

With STIs the situation was completely different. As part of the research work, a (often anonymous) examination of patients who visited a urologist, gynecologist, or dermatovenerologist for any diseases of the genitourinary system was carried out. Statistical information was being accumulated. It turned out that STDs are extremely widespread among the “decent” population, that there is no shame in getting sick, but it is necessary and possible to be treated, just consult a doctor in time if you have problems.

A feature of intimate life today is the spread of the practice of oral and anal sex. People who prefer oral sex, as a rule, neglect condoms and do not realize that most sexually transmitted infections are transmitted through any form of sexual relations. And in this way you can become infected with gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, herpes, and other infections. And during anal sex without a condom, inflammation of the genitourinary tract often occurs, for example, urethritis caused by E. coli, which is difficult to treat.

With STDs, self-healing does not occur, and the disappearance of some symptoms is explained by the transition of the disease to a latent form. Therefore, the sooner the diagnosis is made and treatment is started, the greater the chance of recovery and not getting complications, such as infertility in both men and women, acute conditions requiring surgical intervention, the possibility of intrauterine infection of the fetus in the womb, pregnancy disorders and childbirth, the birth of a non-viable or sick child, or even the death of an infected person (for example, from AIDS or hepatitis).

About the clinical manifestations of STDs

So, what are the signs by which we can judge that something is wrong in the body and this is connected with nothing more than sexual contact?

The first signs of an STD may be discharge from the genital tract, ulcers, redness, blisters, microcracks in the skin or mucous membrane of the genital organs, itching or burning during urination or sexual intercourse.

All these manifestations of trouble with different infections can appear at different times after infection. Some infections can manifest themselves literally a day after contact, while others may take several months to appear. The most unpleasant thing is that many, especially relatively recently discovered infections, may not manifest themselves at all, that is, they may proceed hidden. Such situations are especially insidious, since in this case the carrier of the infection remains in the dark and can, without any malicious intent, infect his other partners.

If an STD occurs in the vagina (trichomoniasis, candidiasis, disturbance of the vaginal flora: dysbiosis, gardnerellosis), then women experience heavy discharge. In cases where the inflammatory process occurs predominantly in the cervical canal, urethra (herpes, chlamydia, etc.), the patient may not pay attention to small discharge or there may be none at all.

Often several infections coexist in a person, which changes the nature of complaints and clinical manifestations.

Only a special laboratory examination can reveal the presence of one or another infection, or various combinations thereof. Laboratory diagnosis is the cornerstone in prescribing adequate treatment. Even if there are clinical signs of the disease (let’s say, for example, a person has discovered purulent discharge from the genital tract), without special research methods it is impossible to distinguish, say, a gonococcal process from a chlamydial one.

Diagnostics

1. A laboratory examination for genital infections should be carried out when any rashes appear or the first signs of discomfort in the genitals. And it is better to be examined immediately for all infections diagnosed today, since given the current epidemiological situation, the probability that it will be a mono(single) infection does not exceed 25-30%.

Do not take any medications before the test. Even one antibiotic tablet can completely change the clinical manifestations of an STD, reduce the likelihood of identifying the pathogen and, therefore, complicate the diagnosis and prescription of adequate treatment.

For example: quickly curable in the acute stage of the disease (gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia) when adequate doses of properly selected antibiotics and other groups are prescribed medicines, when self-medicated, they often acquire a chronic course with damage to the internal genitourinary system and the development of complications.

In these cases, diagnosis becomes significantly more complicated; the causative agent of the infection must be looked for in those cases where a single negative laboratory test result does not guarantee the absence of infection in the genitals.

Such patients need to undergo a provocation on the eve of the test, which contributes to the exacerbation of the chronic process, the release of the pathogen from old foci of infection and increases the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.

There are provocations:

• food: drinking alcohol (beer, vodka) with spicy food - usually used in men
• biological: menstruation is a provocation for many infections that are prone to chronicity. It is recommended to collect material for chlamydia, urea, and mycoplasmosis 4-5 days after the onset of bleeding
• medicinal: patients are given gonovaccine or a small dose of pyrogenal (a drug that increases body temperature) on the eve of collecting material for gonorrhea and trichomoniasis.


2. If complaints arise and an STD is detected in one sexual partner, it is necessary to involve all persons who have had sexual contact with him for examination and treatment.
3. To properly conduct a laboratory examination, it is necessary to maintain a number of conditions (timing of material collection, rules of storage, transportation, etc.). Only in this case can one count on the adequacy of the laboratory diagnosis.

Treatment

INITIAL CONSULTATION

from 2 200 rub

MAKE AN APPOINTMENT

It is clear that with such a huge variety of pathogens, it is impossible to recommend any precise regimens or treatments that give 100% results. But certain principles of therapy still exist. For example, when choosing drugs, emphasis is placed on its high efficiency, ease of use for the patient (as rarely as possible) and good tolerability, since when adverse reactions the drug will have to be discontinued, and this is a loss of time, hope and money. The choice of necessary drugs is, of course, a matter for the doctor, who must take into account all factors, such as: possible combinations of different infections in one patient, his individual sensitivity to drugs, the possible resistance of the pathogen to the chosen anti-infective agent, and finally, the financial capabilities of the patient.

Any competent specialist will draw the patient’s attention to the need to examine and treat the sexual partner: if this is forgotten, all measures taken to rid the patient of the infection may be in vain, since the patient will soon get everything back.

Prevention

This is, of course, the best tactic. DO NOT get sick at all. Then there is no need to treat anyone.

It is generally accepted that the best preventive measure for preventing sexually transmitted STDs is a condom. It should be put on and taken off correctly, and used for all types of sex, including oral sex, since it is no less dangerous in terms of infection than anal or vaginal. For example, syphilis in the mouth can be extremely contagious. Through the mouth you can get gonococci, chlamydia, herpes and many other infections.

If contact does occur (for example, a condom breaks), there are methods of personal prevention, when the genital tract is washed with antiseptic solutions. This must be done in the first 2-4 hours after contact, otherwise it will be too late.

Remember:

1. most sexually transmitted infections may not have obvious external manifestations;

   when changing sexual partners, it is necessary to use barrier contraceptives (condoms);

   after each new sexual intercourse without a condom, it is necessary to conduct a full examination to exclude all sexually transmitted infections;

   if any symptoms of damage to the urogenital tract or skin of the genital organs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor and under no circumstances self-medicate, as this will only complicate a correct and timely diagnosis;

   if during sexual intercourse, immediately or shortly after, discomfort occurs (for example, redness or swelling of the glans penis, cracks in the foreskin, pain or cutting in the urethra, pain in the scrotum, discharge of various types from the genital tract, soreness, itching, redness, burning of the vaginal mucosa, pain in the lower abdomen during sexual intercourse, dryness and cracks at the entrance to the vagina), this may be due to the presence of any disease. Therefore, it is better to immediately consult a doctor for examination .

STIs (sexually transmitted infections)- a group of diseases that are transmitted from person to person through sexual contact. They affect not only the genitals, but the entire body, and often lead to serious consequences.

STIs have been known to humanity since ancient times, but over time the number of cases of infection does not decrease, but rather increases. As “familiar” infections are overcome, new ones appear. Almost every person is at risk, regardless of gender and social status.

Modern medicine lists about 30 infections that can be classified as STIs. Most of them can be asymptomatic, and this makes them very dangerous for the health of various organs and systems.

Kinds

STIs are classified depending on the causative agent. In total, there are 4 types of sexually transmitted infections:

• bacterial;
• viral;
• fungal;
• protozoans.

Methods of transmission of STIs

STIs are spread through sexual contact—vaginal, oral, or anal. The gender of a person does not matter - they can go from a man to a woman, from a woman to a man, from a man to another man, or from a woman to another woman.

Many sexually transmitted infections can be spread through any contact between the genitals, mouth and anus, even if there is no penetration. For example, genital herpes is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact - microdamages on its surface are enough for infection.

Some STIs are transmitted in other ways. For example, HIV and hepatitis B are transmitted through sharing of injection needles and blood transfusions.

The use of barrier methods of contraception does not always guarantee safety. When using condoms for safe sex, it is important to follow the instructions on the package. Proper use of condoms makes them more effective. Must be observed the following measures precautions:

• check the expiration date and integrity of the packaging;
• wear a condom before sex, not during it;
• use lubricant during sexual intercourse with a condom;
• remove and dispose of condoms correctly;
• never remove a condom and try to put it on again;
• never reuse a condom.

Symptoms

There are seven main signs that indicate an STI. If they are detected, you must immediately consult a doctor: gynecologist or urologist. The doctor will conduct an initial examination and prescribe further tests and examinations.

The presence of an STI may be indicated by:

• rashes and redness in the intimate area;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

There are quite a few sexually transmitted infections, and each of them manifests itself differently. To describe them you will need a whole medical reference book. Here we will consider only the most common STIs, which can be contracted by every person on the planet, regardless of gender, age and social status.

Syphilis is an infectious disease that has been known to mankind since ancient times. The causative agent is a bacterium called spirochete pallidum. You can become infected with syphilis through any sexual contact. The first symptoms appear 10 days after infection - a hard chancre appears on the genitals or perineum (less often, other parts of the body). Over time, similar rashes appear in oral cavity and on the fingers. There is a significant increase in lymph nodes, especially in the inguinal and cervical ones.

There are three stages of syphilis in total. In the absence of timely treatment, the disease can develop into a more severe form. As a result, ulcers spread throughout the body, including the mucous membranes. The patient is worried about inflammatory processes, headaches, aching bones, and deterioration in general health. At the third stage, meningitis may occur - inflammation of the membranes of the brain. Complications of syphilis can lead to paralysis and even death.

Chlamydia- one of the most insidious sexually transmitted diseases. Most people in the early stages of the disease have virtually no symptoms. In women they are less noticeable than in men, and may not appear at all. However, chlamydia is one of the main causes that leads to ectopic pregnancy, inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs and female infertility.

In male patients, chlamydia manifests itself with a number of characteristic symptoms. They are bothered by cutting pain during ejaculation and urination. This is caused by inflammation of the epididymis and urethra, which is caused by bacteria.

Gonorrhea - Another fairly common STI, especially among people aged 15 to 24 years. Like chlamydia, it can be spread through oral, vaginal or anal contact. And just like with chlamydia, most infected women do not notice any symptoms in the first stages. However, in men, gonorrhea appears almost immediately. Patients are concerned about purulent discharge from the urethra, painful and frequent urination, and discomfort in the anal area.

In the absence of timely treatment for gonorrhea, complications arise. Women experience spotting after sex and cutting pain during it, body temperature rises and the general condition of the body worsens. Gonorrhea at any stage requires quick and effective treatment.

Trichomoniasis- a bacterial infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. At first, the disease does not show itself at all. The first symptoms appear approximately two weeks after infection. Men feel a burning sensation in the urethra, and discharge from the penis may appear.

In women, trichomoniasis manifests itself more clearly. Patients are worried painful sensations during sexual intercourse, which is caused by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. One of the characteristic symptoms is thick yellow-green vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor.

Genital herpes is a viral disease with extremely high susceptibility. It is transmitted not only through sexual intercourse, but also through skin-to-skin contact. The causative agent is herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). A day after infection, small blisters appear on the external genitalia. They are accompanied by itching and slight tingling. Over the next few days, the blisters turn into painful sores, fever and enlarged lymph nodes are observed.

Rashes are only the visible part of the disease. Even after they disappear, the herpes virus remains in the body for life. Lack of treatment in pregnant women can lead to serious complications, including fetal death.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)- sexually transmitted viruses. HPV types 16 and 18 are one of the main causes of cervical cancer in women. Regardless of gender, the disease manifests itself in the same way - in the form of small warts in the perineum and anus. In men, they can be hidden behind the foreskin and in the urethra. An asymptomatic course of the disease is also possible. In this case, the presence of infection can only be determined using special tests.

Ureaplasmosis- a disease that tends to be chronic. The causative agent is a single-celled microorganism called ureaplasma. Modern medicine classifies it as a conditionally pathogenic flora. This means that a small amount of ureaplasma is present in a healthy person. The disease begins when microbes become active and multiply rapidly, thereby displacing healthy microflora.

The first symptoms appear after 14-20 days. Patients experience inflammation of the genitourinary system, burning sensation when urinating, cloudy vaginal discharge. Women may be bothered by pain in the lower abdomen and cervicitis. Over time, the disease becomes chronic, which entails many complications:

• stricture (narrowing) of the urethra;
• cystitis, etc.

Untimely treatment of the infection often leads to infertility, missed abortion and premature birth.

Mycoplasmosis - like ureaplasmosis, it is caused by opportunistic microorganisms that can be in a “dormant” state in the body of a healthy person. However, sometimes mycoplasmas provoke a number of diseases of the genitourinary system. In women, they manifest themselves as nagging pain in the lower abdomen, burning during urination and pain during sexual intercourse.

HIV or human immunodeficiency virus - the most dangerous sexually transmitted disease. HIV does not make itself felt immediately - the incubation period of the disease lasts from 21 to 90 days. Symptoms appear only at the stage of manifestation of the infectious process.

Patients complain of inflammation of the lymph nodes, chronic weakness, headaches and loss of appetite. Characteristic sign HIV is an inflammation of the tonsils (tonsillitis) that does not go away for a long time. In patients, the body temperature rises to 37-37.5 degrees, but it is not possible to normalize it with the help of antipyretic drugs.

The lack of antiretroviral therapy has an extremely negative impact on the patient’s condition. The body is attacked by all kinds of viral and bacterial diseases: pneumonia, herpes, tuberculosis, candidiasis. As a result, AIDS develops.

Diagnostics

There are quite a lot of pathogens that are included in the group of STIs. Modern medicine offers many diagnostic methods that can be used to detect them and prescribe an effective treatment regimen. Conventionally, they can be divided into several groups:

• microscopic methods;
• cultural methods or cultures;
• DNA diagnostics.

After detecting symptoms that indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection, you should immediately consult a doctor. Women should make an appointment with a gynecologist, male patients with a urologist. If there are obvious signs of a sexually transmitted disease (chancres or other rashes on the genitals), you need to go to a venereologist.

Despite the extensive choice of diagnostic methods, an accurate laboratory method does not yet exist. If you suspect an STI, you cannot use just one method; most often they are used in combination for the most reliable result. Diagnosis often takes a lot of time on the part of the patient.

The first thing a person who is concerned about the symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection should do is take a smear for microflora. This is a standard procedure, which is also performed during a routine examination by a gynecologist or urologist. In men, a smear is taken from the urethra, in women - from the vagina and urethra.

The simplest methods also include bacterial culture. The doctor takes a certain amount of genital secretions for analysis. The taken material is placed in a nutrient medium, which promotes the rapid proliferation of bacteria: both “correct” and pathogenic.

In addition to microbiological analysis, if necessary, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is prescribed. With its help, you can identify antibodies with which the body fights STIs. For some diseases that affect the entire body (syphilis, HIV), a blood test is performed (HIV determination and Wasserman reaction).

The most accurate diagnostic method is PCR (polymerase chain reaction). It allows you to identify hidden diseases characterized by an asymptomatic course. The infection is detected using DNA testing. This method is effective in cases of suspected HPV and other diseases that can remain dormant in the body for a long time.

In addition to examination by highly specialized specialists, patients with STIs may sometimes need the help of other doctors. Some diseases affect not only genitourinary system, but also other organs. This applies to infections such as:

• syphilis;
• HPV, herpes, etc.

They can affect vision, joints, skin, circulatory system, anus. Depending on the type of complications, it is necessary to contact an immunologist, proctologist, dermatologist, infectious disease specialist and other specialists.

It is important to remember that in the case of an STI, only a doctor can make a diagnosis. Many diseases have almost identical symptoms, so self-medication can only aggravate the situation and lead to dangerous complications.

Treatment

Treatment of STIs involves an individual and comprehensive approach to each patient. Main treatments include the following types therapy:

• antibacterial;
• immunostimulating;
• antiviral;
• physiotherapy;
• vitamin therapy.

Effective treatment is impossible without a combination of several types. It should be aimed at correcting the condition of the whole organism, and not just the genital organs. Local treatment gives only short-term results and, as a rule, does not eliminate the infection 100%.

A lasting therapeutic effect can be achieved with the help of a comprehensive drug therapy. In this case, local antibacterial agents (suppositories, creams, gels or ointments) and oral medications for oral administration. Sometimes invasive treatments such as injections or IVs may be needed.

Before taking any medications, you must be tested for susceptibility to antibiotics. Modern pharmacology offers a huge selection of antibiotics against STIs different shapes release and price category. But not all of them are equally effective - it is necessary to select drugs based on individual factors. Therefore, it is strictly forbidden to self-medicate.

Correctly selected treatment with antibiotics and antiviral drugs lasts from 7 to 10 days. In cases where the disease becomes chronic, therapy is extended to 21 days. As a rule, the patient is advised to have sexual rest during treatment. Sometimes a second course of therapy may be prescribed, but the treatment regimen changes.

Treatment of both partners is imperative, otherwise re-infection cannot be avoided. You shouldn’t be ashamed of sexually transmitted diseases—it’s easy to get infected with them, and every person who is sexually active is at risk. The main method of prevention is confidential sexual relationships, refusal of promiscuous sex life and the use of barrier contraception. Even after complete recovery, it is necessary to take a control smear and undergo regular examinations.

How to identify and get rid of STI infections?

STI ( sexually transmitted infections) are diseases whose route of transmission is predominantly sexual. You can become infected with them through any form of contact: oral, anal, vaginal. Some diseases are transmitted at home (syphilis). STIs are often transmitted from mother to fetus during childbirth. Diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis enter the body through the blood.

Humanity has been familiar with STIs since ancient times. Previously, such diseases became the cause of death. Until the 90s of the last century, they were called venereal diseases. Currently, doctors have learned to successfully treat these ailments. Some infections can be transmitted in other ways: through blood or household contact. However, in 95% of cases, people become infected during unprotected sex.

What is the difference between the terms STI and STD?

The latter refers to sexually transmitted diseases. The main difference is in the condition of the patient. When a person has just become infected and does not have any symptoms, they speak of an STI. The use of the term STD is justified in the case of severe symptoms of the disease. In addition, some STIs are hidden and do not show any symptoms. A person learns that he is a carrier only by chance - during an examination.

Most pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases are not viable outside the human body. Therefore, the household route of infection is very rare and does not occur in all infections. The exceptions are syphilis, herpes, and scabies.

Infectious agents are able to attach to the mucous membranes of the genitals and oral cavity, penetrate them and multiply. This is how a focus of inflammation is formed. Then, with the lymph flow, viruses and bacteria spread throughout the body, affecting ever larger areas.

Many pathogens penetrate other organs, even the brain and spinal cord, causing irreparable harm to health. A person can become infected from a sick partner, regardless of whether he or she has pronounced symptoms of the disease.

STI symptoms

Sexually transmitted infections can cause obvious symptoms, but can also be hidden. Often the patient does not suspect that he is a carrier of an STI, thus serving as a source of infection.

Of course, for each disease there are specific signs, but most manifestations are similar.

Common signs of STIs:

• Burning, itching, swelling, redness of the external genitalia.
• Ulcers, erosions, spots, blisters in the groin and genitals.
• Discharge with an unpleasant odor, greenish color, cheesy or mucous consistency.
• Pain, burning sensation when urinating, frequent urge to go to the toilet.
• Discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse.
• Enlargement and tenderness of the inguinal lymph nodes.
• Temperature increase.

The following infections have a latent course:

• Ureaplasma.
• Mycoplasmosis.
• Human papillomavirus.
• Genital herpes.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Candidiasis (in men).
• Syphilis.

Other diseases that have become chronic due to incorrect treatment can also occur latently.

List of hidden STI symptoms:

• Slight increase in discharge volume.
• Minor itching in the genital area.
• Discomfort when urinating, which goes away quickly.

Major STIs

There are a lot of sexually transmitted diseases. Some of them are rare and not common in Russia.

The 12 most commonly diagnosed STIs are:

• Syphilis.
• Gonorrhea.
• Trichomoniasis.
• Chlamydia.
• Mycoplasmosis.
• Gardnerellosis.
• Human papillomavirus.
• Genital herpes.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Hepatitis.
• Candidiasis.

The list of infections, symptoms and pathogens of STIs is given in the table:

Complications

At first glance, STIs seem harmless, especially those that occur without obvious symptoms. However, these diseases have very serious consequences. They often cause infertility. Some are fatal without treatment (syphilis, HIV, hepatitis). Infectious agents penetrate other organs, disrupting their functioning.

The most common complications of diseases caused by STIs:

• Urethritis.
• Cystitis.
• Pyelonephritis.
• Prostatitis.
• Bartholinitis.
• Erectile dysfunction in men.
• Impotence.
• Menstrual cycle disorders in women.
• Vaginitis.
• Endometritis.
• Inflammation of the uterine appendages.
• Extensive erosion of the cervix.
• Scars, adhesions in the uterus, tubes.
• Infertility.
• Miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths.

Many diseases are transmitted to a newborn baby during passage through the birth canal. There is also a risk of intrauterine infection (with syphilis, hepatitis). In children, these diseases often lead to fatal complications.

Consequences of STIs for a child:

• Congenital syphilis.
• Neonatal herpes. Usually leads to death.
• Laryngeal papillomatosis (with HPV to the mother).
• Gonorrheal conjunctivitis, corneal damage, loss of vision.
• Chlamydial pneumonia.
• Neonatal death.

Diseases such as syphilis, HIV, hepatitis are deadly for humans. With tertiary syphilis, damage to the nervous system and bones occurs, which leads to death. HIV attacks the human immune system, so any cold or scratch causes the death of the patient.

The oncogenic type of human papillomavirus provokes the development of cervical cancer in women and penile cancer in men. The relationship between papillomavirus and breast cancer has also been proven.

At the fourth stage of hepatitis, the patient develops cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to death. The herpes virus cannot be cured, so a person remains a carrier of the infection for life.

Diagnostics

Testing for STIs includes the following diagnostic methods:

• Microscopic examination of a smear from the urethra and vagina. It can be simple and luminescent. The resulting sample is treated with special dyes or fluorochromes. Then the biomaterial is examined under a microscope.
• Cultural examination. The sample is placed in a special nutrient medium where viruses and bacteria actively multiply.
• Enzyme immunoassay blood test. Detects specific antigens to a specific pathogen. It is based on the fact that antibodies bind exclusively to their own antigens and not to any others. In this way, it is possible to determine the type of pathogen.
• Blood test for torch infections. Conducted in mandatory to all pregnant women. The abbreviation torch is made up of the first letters of the English names of the following infections: toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes. These diseases have a negative impact on the fetus, causing abnormal intrauterine development. The woman's blood is taken and tested for antibodies to torque infections. The number of antibodies shows whether the woman is currently sick or has ever had these diseases. In the latter case there is no danger to the child. If the expectant mother becomes infected during pregnancy, she is offered to terminate the pregnancy.

The gold standard in diagnosis is the study of STIs using the PCR method. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a highly accurate research method that aims to increase the DNA fragment of certain cells.

DNA copying occurs only if it is present in a given sample. PCR for STIs is used for infections that occur latently. The advantages of this method include: speed, accuracy, information content.

The following diseases are studied using the PCR method:

• Chlamydia.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Hepatitis.
• Ureaplasma.
• Gardnerellosis.

How are PCR results for STIs interpreted?

There can only be 2 options here: positive and negative. If the result is positive and there are no symptoms, then PCR is trusted, this means that the disease is latent or is at the preclinical stage. Also, specific tests are used to diagnose STIs, for example, the Wassermann reaction to diagnose syphilis. For hepatitis, liver tests are performed.

If there is a suspicion of a complication of an STD, then additional instrumental diagnostic methods are prescribed:

• Ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women, prostate gland in men.
• Blood test for tumor markers (in case of infection with human papillomavirus).
• Ultrasound of the liver to detect hepatitis.

Preparing for tests

In order to get the most reliable results, you need to prepare before taking a smear. Stop taking antibiotics, vaginal suppositories, and sprays within a week. Sexual contacts are excluded 3 days before the study. In women, a smear is taken after the end of menstruation. You should not urinate 3 hours before the test.

No specific preparation is required for analysis by PCR or ELISA.

Treatment

Treatment of STIs should be carried out by a venereologist and gynecologist. Self-medication is excluded, since a person only muffles acute manifestations, contributing to the transition of the disease to a chronic or latent form. In this case external symptoms will be absent, but the infection will begin to spread throughout the body and affect organs and systems.

The principles of treatment for all STIs are the same:

Sometimes, as an additional measure, doctors prescribe baths or douching with decoctions medicinal herbs. This will help relieve inflammation, swelling, eliminate itching, but will not have a toxic effect on the body, unlike medications.

It is necessary to treat not only the patient himself, but also his permanent partner, sometimes all family members, for example, with syphilis. In the case of syphilis and HIV, doctors try to find out all the patient’s contacts for Lately to examine possibly infected people or determine the source of infection.

Drugs

When choosing medications, the doctor uses an individual approach. He is guided by test data, the severity of symptoms, the patient’s health status, age, and the presence of concomitant diseases.

Antibacterial agents are used to treat STIs. For each pathogen, a different type of antibiotic is prescribed. For example, gonococci do not respond to penicillin antibiotics and are persistently resistant to them. Syphilis, on the contrary, is successfully treated with penicillin.

Medicines used in the treatment of STIs:

Treatment of HIV, hepatitis, herpes, and papilloma is particularly difficult. These diseases are incurable. With the help of special drugs, viruses are prevented from spreading and causing irreparable harm to health. But a person remains a carrier of this infection for the rest of his life and can infect his partner.

The spread of the virus can only be stopped with the help of very strong antiviral drugs systemic action. They are called antiretroviral drugs. So, for the treatment of HIV-infected people, drugs such as Zidovudine, Stavudine, Nevirapine, Ritonavir are used.

Hepatitis is treated with Enterferon Alfa, Telbivudine, Tenofovir. Patients with human papillomavirus are prescribed immunostimulating agents: Cycloferon, Ingaron, Lavomax, vitamin-mineral complexes.

Prevention

Prevention of STIs is a task not only for the patient himself, but also for the state and society. Intentional transmission of an STI is subject to criminal penalties.

At the state level, preventive measures are as follows:

• Conducting educational work with young people on the prevention of diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, papilloma.
• Promotion of protected sexual acts.
• Vaccination of girls against HPV.
• Regular medical examinations of catering workers, medical and pedagogical institutions.
• Screening of all pregnant women for STIs and torque infections.
• Creation of anonymous rooms for STI testing.

Also, the prevention of these diseases is the task of each person personally. Of course, no one is immune from infection, but using barrier contraception and avoiding casual sex significantly reduces the risk of infection.

The high prevalence of STIs is a huge problem. According to WHO data, the number of cases of syphilis and gonorrhea has recently decreased. However, the number of cases of chlamydia and ureaplasmosis is rapidly growing. The situation with HIV remains alarming. It is possible to protect yourself from STIs by being selective in sexual intercourse and using personal protective equipment.