Transportation of gasoline. Gasoline transportation and storage methods

Dangerous cargo in road transport is, first of all, flammable, poisonous or even radioactive baggage in a car, transported for a specific purpose and in certain quantities. The carriage of dangerous goods is regulated by law. The main of these laws is called " European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road" (ADR). Drivers are most often interested in the rules for the carriage of such dangerous goods when it is required to transport gasoline or diesel fuel (diesel fuel) in the trunk.

So, ADR regulate the rules for the carriage of dangerous goods, and also have an exhaustive list of substances that can be classified as dangerous. This list includes, inter alia, gasoline, kerosene and almost all other flammable substances.

At the same time, ADR permits the transport of these dangerous substances to individuals for personal needs and for resale, but with a limited amount and only in a certain container.

The provisions of ADR do not apply:

• for the carriage of dangerous goods by private persons when these goods are packaged for retail sale and intended for their personal consumption, domestic use, leisure or sports, provided that measures are taken to prevent any leakage of the contents under normal conditions of carriage. When such goods are flammable liquids carried in refillable containers filled by a private person or for a private person, the total amount shall not exceed 60 liters per vessel and 240 liters per transport unit.

That is, dangerous goods in the form of the same gasoline or diesel fuel, for example, we can transport in a volume of no more than 240 liters in total (this is a little more than one barrel) and poured into containers of no more than 60 liters each.

There are also requirements for vessels - they should not allow liquid to leak out, therefore plastic cans are not suitable here. Gas stations, however, sell cans made of special plastic that does not corrode with fuel.

What is the penalty for transporting dangerous goods?

For violation of the rules for the carriage of dangerous goods, we will face a fine under article 12.21.2 of the Administrative Code in the amount of 2 to 2.5 thousand rubles or deprivation of rights for a period of 4 months to six months, if we are private persons, and even more if officials or legal entities ...

12.21.2 Administrative Code:

1. Transportation of dangerous goods by a driver who does not have a certificate of training for drivers of vehicles transporting dangerous goods, a certificate of admission of a vehicle to the carriage of dangerous goods, a special permit or an emergency card of the hazard information system provided for by the rules for the carriage of dangerous goods, as well as the carriage of dangerous goods. cargo on a vehicle, the design of which does not comply with the requirements of the regulations for the carriage of dangerous goods or on which there are no elements of the hazard information system or equipment or means used to eliminate the consequences of an accident in the transport of dangerous goods, or non-observance of the conditions for the carriage of dangerous goods provided for by the specified rules, entails the imposition of an administrative a fine for a driver in the amount of two thousand to two thousand five hundred rubles or deprivation of the right to drive vehicles for a period of four to six months; on officials responsible for transportation - from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand rubles; on the legal entities- from four hundred thousand to five hundred thousand rubles.

What substances are classified as dangerous goods?

Let's list the most common ones, which most often need to be transported! All substances have their own specific hazard class. First, we give a list of such classes, and then the common substances and the hazard class assigned to them.

• Class 1 - Explosive substances and articles
• Class 2 - Gases
• Class 3 - Flammable substances
• Class 4.1 - Flammable solids, self-reactive and solid explosives
• Class 4.2 - Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
• Class 4.3 - Substances which emit flammable gases when exposed to water
• Class 5.1 - Oxidizing substances
• Class 5.2 - Organic peroxides
• Class 6.1 - Toxic substances
• Class 6.2 - Infectious substances
• Class 7 - Radioactive substances
• Class 8 - Corrosive substances
• Class 9 - Other dangerous substances and articles

Hazardous substances

You can look at the full list of dangerous substances for transportation at

And for other oil products, only specialized transport should be used, namely, tanks for oil products and fuel trucks.

Gas transportation

Natural gas that gas producers receive from wells must be prepared for transportation so that it can be received by the end user (chemical plant, boiler house, city gas networks, etc.). The need for special preparation is also due to the fact that the gas contains different components that are target for different groups of users, as well as impurities that can significantly complicate the transportation process.

Currently, the main method of gas transportation remains the pipeline. Pressurized gas is pumped through the pipe. During transportation, the gas loses its kinetic energy due to constant friction with the pipeline walls and other layers of gas. Therefore, at certain intervals, it becomes necessary to build special compensation stations that pressurize the gas up to 75 atm and effectively cool it. The construction and maintenance of a pipeline is very expensive, but nevertheless it is one of the cheapest methods of transporting gas.

In addition to pipelines, tankers (or gas carriers) are very often used. These are specially designed vehicles, on which gas is transported in a liquefied state and at a temperature of -160. Very often, gas is transported using railway tank cars - although this method is more risky than the two previous ones, therefore it is used for transportation over short distances.

Liquefied natural gas is transported on specialized sea vessels called a gas carrier, which are equipped with cryo-tanks, and on land - with special vehicles. Regasified liquefied gas is transported to end users via conventional pipelines.

Oil transportation

The replacement of outdated technologies and ways of organizing the transport process with innovative methods based on supply chain management could not but reflect on such an important aspect of transportation as oil transportation.

In the oil refining industry, problems constantly arise related to ensuring territorial efficiency and justification of management.

Since most of the refineries are located quite far from oil production sites, the issue of competent transportation has always been a key issue in this area. The cheapest and most economically justified (in terms of the cost of 1 km of track) is the oil pipeline. In pipes, oil moves at a speed of 3 m / s, which is provided by pumping stations. Oil pipelines can be both above ground and underground - both types have their advantages and disadvantages. Part of the oil volume is transported by specially equipped tankers. The cargo compartments of tankers are divided into three to four compartments (tanks), which contain oil.

The third most popular way of transporting oil is by rail. However, in order to deliver "black gold" by rail, you need to make 10 times more effort than when transporting by pipeline. Therefore, even in countries with a developed rail network, this method remains secondary.

Fuel transportation

Fuel transportation has its own characteristics. No pipelines are used to transport fuel, so the railway remains the main method and automobile transport... Since fuel is a highly flammable material, a number of rules and requirements should be observed that govern the process of transporting highly hazardous substances.

For the transportation of fuel, specially equipped tanks are used, which must be:

- white or very light in order to repel the sun's rays as efficiently as possible;

- clean (dirt, foreign particles and remnants of old fuel accelerate the oxidation process);

- not copper, not lead and not aluminum - all these metals accelerate the process of fuel oxidation;

- full, which allows to limit the area of ​​contact of fuel with air.

Transportation of petroleum products

In total, there are four ways to transport petroleum products:

- water;

- automobile;

- railway;

- air.

The choice of the mode of transport depends on the type of cargo that needs to be delivered, since there is a huge amount of oil products that are similar in their characteristics, but differ in physical and chemical properties.

The most convenient is water transport - in theory, it costs 30% less than rail, although the harsh reality is often mixed here - the ships are old, leaks and accidents often occur.

Automobile transport remains very profitable - when transported over a distance of up to 300 kilometers, it is the most efficient and rational.

Transportation of gasoline

Gasoline is the most widely transported petroleum product in the world. It needs to be delivered to the most remote corners of our planet, therefore, all existing modes of transport are used for its transportation - rail, road, water and air. The most effective is the railway one - but there are not many tracks in all places, therefore, the road is most often used.

A number of requirements and recommendations are put forward for the transportation of gasoline, which each carrier must fulfill, otherwise the transported product will lose its original quality indicators.

The requirements relate to both the transportation technique and the conditions, but they help to avoid emergencies that, if they occur, can cause a man-made disaster, as a result of which hundreds of people will die.

Bitumen transportation

For the transportation of bitumen, specially designed vehicles are used - called bitumen trucks. According to many requirements, this is the only permitted and possible variant for the transportation of these mixtures. In its essence, a bitumen tanker is a semi-trailer or a tank - a thermos. It is specially equipped with double outer walls containing thermal insulation materials.

Such a protected tank is designed for the safe transportation of bitumen in its liquid state. For this, such a tank has all the necessary capabilities to keep the bitumen temperature rather high throughout the entire transportation. When this mixture is poured into the tank, it has a temperature of more than 180 degrees C. Thanks to this design, the tank almost does not allow the bitumen to cool down at all and all of its mass is delivered to the work site only in a liquid consistency, and this state is necessary in order to extract bitumen from this tank.

Pumping and pumping out of bitumen into transportation tanks is carried out, without the help of vacuum and injection pumps, simply by gravity. A special tank of such a bitumen carrier can maintain the required temperature regime for a long time.

Gasoline transportation and storage methods

Gasoline from the oil depot is transported to trucking companies by truck tanks, containers and barrels. The most widely used method of transporting gasoline is in tank trucks. At present, centralized transportation of oil products is carried out, in which specialized rolling stock is most effectively used.

Tank trucks are distinguished by vehicle make, capacity, shape and equipment. The capacity of the tank is determined by the brand of the car or trailer on the chassis of which it is installed. The shape of the tank can be cylindrical, oval and "suitcase" type (side walls are straight, and the top and bottom are rounded).

To reduce hydraulic shocks of the fuel when changing the speed of movement and at stops, as well as to give the walls of the tank more rigidity, partitions with cutouts (breakwaters) are installed inside the tank. Tank tanks large capacity can be divided into separate hermetically insulated compartments, each of which is equipped with a filler neck and a fuel drain device.

Typical equipment of the tank consists of a vertical cylindrical neck, air outlet and drainage device, devices for fuel discharge, flexible hoses and pumps. The neck of the tank is equipped with a filling pipe and a filling level indicator. An inspection window, a filling tank equipped with a filter with anti-explosive nets and a mechanical breathing valve are installed on the filler cap.

To prevent the formation of air pockets during filling, the tank is equipped with an air vent. This device consists of vertical pipes installed in the upper part of the tank along its edges, or horizontal pipes laid along the upper line of the tank, which end near the bottom and are brought out into the neck above the filling level.

Depending on the conditions of use, the tanks are equipped with a hand-operated pump that drives a car engine or an electric motor. The tank truck is equipped with receiving and unloading hoses, which are stored in special boxes, fire-fighting equipment and a grounding device. The grounding device consists of a metal cable, welded at one end to the tank body, and a metal tip, which is immersed in the ground when the fuel is drained. The tank truck also has a metal ground strap that drags along the ground as the vehicle moves. The grounding device and the chain are designed to discharge static electricity generated during the movement of fuel in pipelines and when moving it in the tank. Since the tank is installed on tires that prevent the flow of current into the ground, in the absence of grounding devices when draining gasoline sparks may form due to the discharge of static electricity. Specifications transport and refueling tanks are established by GOST 6030-63.

Tank containers are used for the transportation and storage of petroleum products. They make it possible to reduce the downtime of vehicles for loading and unloading oil products, as well as to more fully use the carrying capacity of the vehicle (in comparison with the use of barrels). When using containers, it is necessary to have special cranes for loading containers and unloading their vehicles at oil depots and warehouses of motor vehicles.

Transportation of oil products in barrels is allowed only in the absence of tanks and tank containers. When transporting oil products in barrels, there are significant fuel losses (about 3-5%), as well as an extremely low degree of use of the vehicle's carrying capacity and working time,

During transportation, the filled barrels are placed in one row with the plug holes upwards. To prevent the barrels from rolling or hitting, they must be laid on wooden lining in the form of wedges or on special frames and tied. For transportation and storage of gasoline, barrels with a standard capacity of 100, 200 and 275 liters are used. Trucks carrying leaded gasoline must be cleaned and rendered harmless after each transport.

Vehicles regularly used to transport fuel in drums and containers must have mufflers extended forward, a grounding chain and at least two thickened fire extinguishers.

Gasoline storage. When storing gasoline, fire safety and its safety must be ensured. Moreover,

during storage, the quality of gasoline should not deteriorate, which is especially important when using cracked gasolines.

It should be borne in mind that gasolines A-66 and A-70 consist mainly of a cracking component, which contains a significant amount of chemically unstable hydrocarbons (alkenes). During storage of gasoline, they are easily oxidized under the influence of atmospheric oxygen. As a result, resinous substances and organic acids are formed (especially with improper storage of gasoline).

The nature of the growth of resins in gasoline during its storage has a certain pattern. The period during which there is a gradual accumulation of primary active oxidation products is called the induction period. Then comes a period of intense gum formation due to the oxidation of hydrocarbons and the build-up of actual resins and other oxidation products. Thus, the expedient shelf life of gasoline is determined by the duration of the induction period. The longer the induction period, the longer you can store gasoline without deteriorating its properties.

The duration of the induction period depends not only on the chemical composition of the fuel, but also on the temperature, the size of the surface in contact with the air, the catalytic action of the metal, the ambient temperature, as well as on the possibility of water and some metals getting into gasoline.

Rice. 1. Curve of formation of tar in gasoline during storage

Gasoline is stored in tanks and containers (cans, barrels, containers). In both cases, the location of the tanks can be above ground or underground.

Therefore, it is most rational to store gasoline in underground tanks, storage facilities or in above-ground tanks. The capacity of the tanks is chosen depending on the daily consumption of gasoline and the number of days of the reserve established by the standard. When the tanks are located on the ground, it is advisable, instead of one large-capacity tank, to install several tanks with a capacity of one or two days.

To reduce gasoline losses and slow down its oxidation processes, ground tanks should be painted in light colors.

The following are used to cover tanks:
1) aluminum paint, consisting of 0.5 kg of aluminum powder and 4.5 kg of drying oil or 5 kg of aluminum powder, 16.9 kg of varnish No. 177 and 3.1 kg of white spirit or varnish kerosene;
2) paint, consisting of 56% dry zinc white, 33.3% drying oil, 0.1% desiccant and 10.6% linseed oil;
3) red lead iron with the addition of aluminum nitrate: thick-grated paint contains 19-20% drying oil, 76-81% pigment.

Before painting, the outer surface of the tank is thoroughly cleaned of grease stains, rust and scale.

To protect tanks from fires and explosions, the following are used:
1) fire safety devices;
2) inert gases;
3) water.

Protection of reservoirs with fire safety devices has become the most widespread in practice. In this method, the cavity of the reservoir communicates with the atmosphere through a breathing valve and a fire safety device. The communication of the tank cavity with the atmosphere is necessary when filling it with gasoline and also as gasoline is consumed and formed in it times. rezheniya. Periodic opening of the breathing valve at a certain excess pressure of gasoline vapors in the tank (to release them into the atmosphere) or under vacuum in the tank (to get air inside) protects gasoline from the loss of volatile fractions.

Rice. 1. Fire fuses: a - plate; 1 - case; 2 - flange; 3 - box with aluminum plates; 4 - housing cover; 5 - the handle of the box with the plates; b - gravel; 1 - adapter sleeve; 2 - flange; 3 - nipple; 4 - lattice; 5 - gas tube; 6 - gravel; 7 - thrust ring

The fire safety device (Fig. 1) is a cast iron body, one flange of which is attached to the reservoir lid, and the other is connected to the breathing valve. A steel box with 0.2 mm thick aluminum plates with a corrugated surface with a large number of vertical slots through which air and gasoline vapors can freely pass is inserted into the middle part of the body.

When using inert gases and CO2, N2 to protect tanks from fires and explosion, the free space of the tank is filled with an inert gas under a certain excess pressure. Gasoline is supplied to the dispensing hose by increasing the gas pressure. The use of shielding gases has not become widespread due to the complexity and high cost of the installation.

When using water to protect tanks from fires, the space freed up with gasoline is filled with water (the layer of remaining gasoline is on the surface of the water). When filling the tank with gasoline, the water is drained. With this method, moisture can get into gasoline, as well as freezing of water.

TO Category: - Technical maintenance of cars

The term "Petroleum products" includes the widest list of materials that differ significantly in physical and chemical properties, purpose, scope, marketability, which determines certain features of the methods and conditions of their transportation. The vast majority of oil products are classified as "dangerous goods", which makes it necessary to comply with certain rules for them.

Types of petroleum products

Depending on the state of aggregation at natural temperature and pressure, oil products are divided into:

• gaseous;
• liquid;
• solid.

Only the last two types are transported by land transport.
In general, several groups of petroleum products can be distinguished that have similar characteristics:

• motor fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, aviation kerosene, etc.);
• petroleum oils (motor, transmission, industrial, insulating, transformer, hydraulic, many other types);
• plastic and technological lubricants, conservation materials;
• solids (paraffin, cerebrin, cold bitumen);
• hot bitumen;
• special substances.

Rolling stock for transportation of petroleum products

Most of the listed types are transported in bulk using specialized rolling stock (SPS). These include:

• fuel trucks (tank trucks designed for the transportation of motor fuel, liquid petroleum oils, solvents and other goods with similar physical properties);
• fuel tankers (fuel trucks equipped with pumps for forced loading of fuel and its dosage);
• bitumen trucks (heated tank trucks for transporting hot bitumen) and asphalt distributors;
• gas carriers (special tankers designed for high pressure for the transportation of liquefied hydrocarbon gases (LPG), equipped with pumps for pumping them into long-term storage tanks);
• gas carriers (for transportation of domestic LPG cylinders);
• some other types of ATP.

For the transportation of some other types of oil products, general-purpose rolling stock is suitable, retrofitted in accordance with the requirements, and in rare cases, ordinary trucks... In this case, for the placement of petroleum products, a special container is required that meets the requirements of GOST 1510-84.
It should be borne in mind that petroleum products can be transported on ordinary rolling stock, if their quantity does not exceed the norms established by the Rules.
Example: for gasoline this amount is 333 liters, for diesel fuel 1000 liters.
In case of joint carriage of both types, the allowable quantity is calculated,
as the amount of gasoline multiplied by 3, plus the actual amount of diesel fuel.
The total amount should not exceed 1000.

Container for transportation of petroleum products

For the transportation of liquid (fuel, solvents, special liquids) and viscous (oils, special lubricants) oil products, cans and flasks with a capacity of 5 to 50 liters, metal or polymer barrels with a capacity of 48 to 250 liters are used. If the amount of the transported substance exceeds that established by the Rules (for gasoline and diesel fuel, for example, 60 liters), the container must be marked accordingly. The amount of substance in each barrel or canister should not exceed 95% of its geometric capacity.
Petroleum products of a commercial nature are transported in factory packaging, placed in standard packages (boxes, boxes) or on pallets covered with thermal film.
Some types of solid petroleum products (paraffin, cold bitumen, some others) can be transported in non-specialized containers - cardboard or paper drums, boxes, boxes, etc.
For the transportation of liquid petroleum products in large quantities on a rolling stock of general purpose, flexitanks are widely used - elastic removable containers for standard containers. Their volume ranges from 10 to 24 thousand liters.

Requirements for rolling stock and transportation conditions

Cars, as well as trailers and semi-trailers, but which carry most types of oil products, must meet certain requirements, regulated by the "Rules for the carriage of dangerous goods ...".
General requirements are:

• ensuring maximum fire safety measures (front location of the exhaust pipe of the muffler with an installed flame arrester, the presence of a redundant power switch ("ground switch") and its remote drive, grounding circuit and pin, mechanical protection of tanks and pipelines in case of impact or overturning, rear underrun bumper, some others)
• availability of a hazard information system (information plates of the established form, the inscription "Flammable");
• availability of special painting of tanks;
• completing with additional fire extinguishing means (at least 2 fire extinguishers, sand, shovel, felt felt);
• complete set of personal protective equipment for the driver and accompanying persons;
• the presence of signaling means (two autonomous flashing orange lights).

On the vehicle that meets the necessary conditions, an ADR certificate is issued in accordance with the established procedure for its admission to the carriage of a specific type (s) of oil products.
Transportation of petroleum products must be carried out in strict observance of traffic rules, according to routes previously agreed with the consignor and the traffic police, during daylight hours.

Requirements for drivers

Drivers transporting petroleum products must undergo special training in the prescribed manner and have an appropriate certificate of admission to the carriage of dangerous goods. In addition, in addition to general briefings, they are required to undergo additional briefings regarding specific types of transportation.
Drivers must thoroughly know the rules for the transportation of oil products and strictly follow them, know the procedure for their actions in the event of an emergency situation, and have in their hands all the documents necessary for the transportation of oil products.

Documents required for the transportation of petroleum products

In addition to the general ones, the driver must have the following with him:

• a copy of the contract with the shipper;
• waybill of the established form with appropriate marking;
• TTN for cargo transportation;
• ADR certificate for a vehicle;
• certificate of admission to the carriage of dangerous goods;
• instructions for transportation and order of actions in an emergency situation;
• route coordination;
• information sheet (a list of phone numbers of responsible persons, and those by which notification of the occurrence of an emergency is carried out.

It should be remembered that the transportation of petroleum products is a complex and responsible event that requires maximum discipline from all participants and strict adherence to the established rules.