What can be reused. Unusual and useful things for the home that will decorate your life! Clips and clothespins

Individual protection means(PPE) is an item or group of items designed to protect (ensure safety) one person from radioactive, hazardous chemical and biological substances, as well as light radiation from a nuclear explosion.

According to their purpose, they are divided into personal respiratory protective equipment (RPP) and skin protective equipment (SPP). Based on the principle of protective action, PPE is divided into filtering and insulating.

In filtering PPE, the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body is cleaned of harmful impurities when passing through the PPE. Isolating type PPE completely isolates a person from the environment.

RPE is divided into gas masks (filtering and insulating), respirators and simple means.

The simplest means of respiratory protection - anti-dust fabric masks (PTM-1) and cotton-gauze bandages (VMP) can be used to protect the human respiratory system from radioactive substances and when working in a secondary cloud of biological agents (Fig. 1, 2).

To protect the respiratory organs of the adult population, filtering gas masks are used: a general-arms gas mask and a civilian gas mask GP-7.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 (Fig. 3) is today the most advanced and most reliable means of protection.

Rice. 1. Anti-dust fabric

Rice. 2. Cotton-gauze bandage mask PTM-1

The civilian gas mask GP-7 (and its modification GP-7V) is designed to protect the respiratory system, eyesight and facial skin. Gas mask provides reliable protection from poisoners, many

emergency chemically hazardous and radioactive substances. It protects for at least 6 hours from nerve agent vapors (such as sarin, zoran) and general toxic agents (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride), radioactive substances (iodine radionuclides and its organic compounds such as methyl iodide), and also for at least 2 hours from drops Agent of vesicant action. To protect children and adolescents, children's protective chambers and filtering gas masks are used:

1. DP-6 (for older children from 12 to 17 years old);

2. PDF-7 - children's filtering gas mask (intended for children aged 1.5 to 17 years);

3. PDF-Sh - children's school filtering gas mask (intended for children aged 7 to 1 7 years).

Rice. 3. Civil filtering gas mask GP-7:

1 - front part; 2 - filter-face box; 3 - knitted cover; 4 - inhalation valve assembly; 5 - intercom (membrane);

6 - exhalation valve assembly; 7 - shutter; 8 - headplate (occipital plate); 9 - frontal strap; 10 - temple straps; 11 - cheek straps;

2 - buckles; 13 - bag

Rice. 4. Overalls of protective filter clothing (PFC):

1 - hood; 2 - chest valve;

3 - throat valve; 4 - arm straps; 5 - delays

The front parts of children's gas masks are additionally differentiated by height, depending on the age of the child and the size of his head.

Skin protection equipment (SPE) consists of special protective clothing, which includes a general-arms protective kit, a light protective suit L-2, protective overalls (Fig. 4), and protective filter clothing.

Protective clothing is used only by personnel of civil defense units, and the population must be able to adapt everyday clothing and shoes to use them as improvised means to protect the skin.

Industrial protective clothing can be used as the simplest means of protecting human skin: jackets and trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, made of tarpaulin, fire-retardant fabric, rubberized fabric or coarse cloth. Such clothing can not only protect against contact of radioactive substances and bacterial agents with human skin, but also protect for some time from droplet-liquid agents.

Among the items of household clothing, the most suitable for protecting the skin are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film. Such clothing protects against contact with the skin of radioactive substances and biological agents; it protects against droplet-liquid agents in the summer for about 10 minutes. Winter clothes can also provide protection - a coat made of rough cloth or drape. After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear (suits, jackets, trousers, etc.) can also provide skin protection.

To protect the head and neck, clothing must be fastened with all buttons, hooks and snaps, and the collar and hood must be raised. The neck can be tied with a scarf.

The sleeves should be tied over the wrists with ribbons, the trousers should be pulled over the boots and tied at the bottom with ribbon. The bottom of your jacket, jacket or shirt should be tucked into your trousers.

To protect your feet, you can use industrial and household rubber boots, rubber boots and galoshes. Rubber products are capable of preventing droplet-liquid agents from passing through for up to 3-6 hours.

To protect your hands, you must use rubber or leather gloves and mittens.

When leaving the contaminated area, you should quickly remove clothing, taking precautions.

Regular medical personal protective equipment (MPI) includes an individual first aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) and an individual dressing package.

The individual first aid kit (AI-2) is designed to provide self- and mutual assistance in order to prevent severe consequences of exposure to damaging factors from the use of means of destruction or accidents at nuclear power plants, as well as to prevent and mitigate infectious diseases (Fig. 5). It contains various preventative and first aid products (see section “Additional materials”).

The individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) is intended for the disinfection of droplet-liquid chemical agents that have come into contact with exposed skin and clothing.

Rice. 5 Individual first aid kit (AI-2)

Questions for self-control

1. What is personal protective equipment intended for?

2. Which of your things can be used as the simplest means of protecting the skin from radiation hazards?

3. What personal protective equipment can you try to use at home in case of radioactive contamination of the area?

4. What is the individual first aid kit (AI-2) intended for?

Well, you probably have a lot of things in your house that, as they say, have already served their purpose, but it’s a shame to throw them away. If, every time you go through your closet, you doubt what to do with the old “trash” - throw it away or leave it for later - don’t doubt it anymore. No need to throw anything away! We bring to your attention ideas on how to give used items a second life.

1. From cardboard base roll toilet paper you can make a “box” for cables and ropes.

2. Turn old credit cards into guitar picks.

3. Create a window curtain from old slides.

4. You can make unusual candles from old light bulbs.

5. Turn an old CD case into a food container.

6. Fill the box with toothpicks and it will become a knife block.

7. Turn old picture frames into trays.

8. Use ketchup bottles to make pancakes.

9. Use paper clips to organize your cables.

10. Turn old keys into hooks.

11. Make a first aid kit out of an old suitcase.

12. Use an old computer case as a mailbox.

13. Seal the holes in the fence with marble pebbles.

14. Make a package box out of an old tissue box.

15. Turn an old door into a coffee table.

16. Make a jewelry organizer out of an old bulletin board.

17. Ordinary stickers can be used to collect dust and sawdust when you drill something.

18. Do not rush to throw away the card catalog - it can be used as a bar.

19. Use old Lego blocks as a key holder.

20. An unusual idea is to turn a shopping basket into a wheelchair.

21. You can make bedside tables from old suitcases.

22. And lamps are made from old cups, bottles and bowls.

23. But these lollipops can be used as holders for candles on cakes.

24. A paper clip can be used to hold both keys and money.

25. Pipe with taps in the form of a hanger.

26. You can make shelves from old books.

27. Old video cassettes can be used to make gift boxes.

28. Old CD cases can be used to conveniently store cables and wires.

29. An old bicycle may well find a second life as a stand in the bathroom.

30. This mini-fridge can be turned into a small TV stand in which you can store all sorts of accessories.

31. Old cutlery can easily become hooks.

32. A wine box can turn into a shoe box.

33. Shower curtain hooks can be used as bag hangers in your closet.

34. Turn old suitcases into folders.

35. Is your tennis or badminton racket broken? No problem! You can make a mirror out of it.

36. Use old frame corners as tiles.

37. Make a mirror frame out of an old door.

38. Make a ribbon holder out of a paper towel holder.

39. From an outdated bathtub you can make a sofa for two!

40. Use frisbees to reinforce plastic plates.

41. Barrels instead of a drum kit - how do you like that?

42. Cupcake papers can be used to prevent ice cream from dripping onto your hands.

43. You can make a case for sweets from a shoe container.

44. Finally, make a chair out of old water skis...

45. ...a table made of old books.

46. ​​A beer box can be turned into a holder for salt, pepper, sauces and napkins.

47. Original shelf... from an old chair.

48. Are your decorations always scattered? It doesn’t matter, you can put them in old baking dishes.

49. You can store salads in jars.

50. And from an old piano you can make a fountain for the garden.

First of all, industrial clothing can be used in their quality: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, sewn in most cases from tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, coarse cloth. They are capable of not only protecting against contact with the skin of radioactive substances during accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities, but also against droplets, vapors and aerosols of many hazardous chemicals. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against droplet-liquid chemical agents and hazardous chemicals for up to 1 hour in winter, and up to 30 minutes in summer.

Among items of household clothing, the most suitable for this purpose are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film.

Winter items can also provide protection for up to 2 hours: coats made of rough cloth or drape, quilted jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. It all depends on specific weather and other conditions, the concentration and aggregate state of hazardous substances.

After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear can provide protection: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather ones, denim, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

To protect your feet, it is best to use industrial or household rubber boots, rubber boots, and galoshes. You can also use shoes made of leather and leatherette, but preferably with rubber galoshes. Rubber products are capable of keeping out droplets of chemical agents and hazardous chemicals for up to 3-6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, or canvas mittens.

Women are advised to ditch skirts and wear trousers. In order for ordinary clothing to better protect against vapors and aerosols of hazardous substances and chemical agents, it must be soaked in a special solution, as is done when preparing protective filter clothing (PFC). Only clothing made from fabric materials can be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories (chest flap, hood, gloves, socks), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents (OP-7, OP-10, “Novost”, “Astra”, etc.) used for washing clothes. Another option is to use mineral and vegetable oils.

With the simplest means of skin protection, you can overcome contaminated areas and leave areas where there has been a spill or release of hazardous substances. For a certain period of time, these means protect the human body from direct contact with drops, aerosols and vapors of harmful and toxic substances, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of injury.

3. MEDICAL PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT. CONTENTS, PURPOSE AND ORDER OF APPLICATION

Designed to prevent or reduce the impact of damaging factors.

These items include: an individual dressing package, an individual first aid kit, an individual anti-chemical package.

The individual dressing package is used for applying primary dressings to wounds. It consists of a bandage (width 10 cm and length 7 m) and two cotton-gauze pads. One of the pads is sewn near the end of the bandage, and the other can be moved along the bandage.

When using the bag, take it in your left hand, grab the cut edge of the outer cover with your right hand, jerk off the glue and take out the bag in wax paper with a pin. A pin is taken from the fold of the paper shell and temporarily pinned in a visible place to the clothing. Carefully unroll the paper shell, take the end of the bandage to which the cotton-gauze pad is sewn in your left hand, and take the rolled-up bandage in your right hand and unroll it. This releases the second pad, which can move along the bandage. The bandage is stretched by spreading the arms, as a result of which the pads straighten.

One side of the pad is stitched with red thread. If necessary, the person providing assistance can touch only this side with their hands. The pads are placed on the wound with the other, unstitched side. For small wounds, the pads are placed one on top of the other, and for extensive wounds or burns - side by side. In the case of penetrating wounds, one pad closes the entrance hole, and the second one closes the exit hole, for which the pads are moved apart to the required distance. Then they are bandaged with circular moves of the bandage, the end of which is secured with a pin.

The outer cover of the bag, the inner surface of which is sterile, is used to apply sealed dressings. For example, when a lung is shot.

The individual first aid kit (AI-2) contains medical protective equipment and is intended for providing self-help and mutual assistance in case of wounds and burns (to relieve pain), preventing or mitigating damage from radioactive, poisonous or chemicals, as well as to prevent infectious diseases.

The first aid kit contains a set of medical supplies, distributed into nests in a plastic box. Box size - 90 x 100 x 20 mm, weight - 130 g. The following medications are placed in the first aid kit slots.

Socket No. 1 - an analgesic agent (promedol) is located in a syringe tube. It is used for bone fractures, extensive wounds and burns by injection into the soft tissue of the thigh or arm. In emergency cases, the injection can also be given through clothing.

Socket No. 2 - a means for preventing poisoning by organophosphorus toxic substances (OA) - antidote (Taren), 6 tablets of 0.3 g each. It is located in a red round pencil case with four semi-oval protrusions on the body. If there is a threat of poisoning, take an antidote and then put on a gas mask. If signs of poisoning appear and increase (deterioration of vision, sudden shortness of breath), you should take another tablet. Repeated use is recommended no earlier than after 5-6 hours.

Socket No. 3 - antibacterial agent No. 2 (sulfadimethoxine), 15 tablets of 0.2 g. It is located in a large round pencil case without coloring. The drug should be used for gastrointestinal distress that occurs after radiation injury. On the first day, take 7 tablets (in one dose), and in the next two days - 4 tablets. This drug is a means of preventing infectious diseases that may arise due to the weakening of the protective properties of the irradiated organism.

Socket No. 4 - radioprotective agent No. 1 (cystamine), 12 tablets of 0.2 g each. It is located in two pink octagonal pencil cases. Take it for personal prophylaxis when there is a threat of radiation damage, 6 tablets at once and preferably 30-60 minutes before. before irradiation.

Re-taking 6 tablets is allowed after 4-5 hours if you are in an area contaminated with radioactive substances.

Socket No. 5 - antibacterial agent No. 1 - broad-spectrum antibiotic (chlortetracycline hydrochloride), 10 tablets. Located in two tetrahedral pencil cases without painting. Taken as a means of emergency prophylaxis in case of threat of infection with bacterial agents or in case of infection by them, as well as for wounds and burns (to prevent infection). First, take the contents of one pencil case - 5 tablets at once, and then after 6 hours take the contents of another pencil case - also 5 tablets.

Socket No. 6 - radioprotective agent No. 2 (potassium iodide), 10 tablets. It is located in a white tetrahedral pencil case with longitudinal semi-oval cutouts in the walls of the edges. The drug should be taken one tablet daily for 10 days after a nuclear power plant accident and if a person consumes fresh milk from cows grazing in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. The drug prevents deposits in the thyroid gland radioactive iodine which enters the body with milk.

Socket No. 7 - antiemetic (etaperazine), 5 tablets of 0.004 g. Located in a blue round pencil case with six longitudinal protruding stripes. Take 1 tablet for head bruises, concussions and concussions, as well as immediately after radiation exposure to prevent vomiting. If nausea continues, take one tablet every 3-4 hours.

For children, doses are reduced. For example, children under 8 years of age are given 1/4 of an adult dose per dose, children from 8 to 15 years of age are given 1/2 of an adult dose. This applies to any of the listed medications, except for radioprotective agent No. 2 and analgesic agent, which is given in full dose.

Individual anti-chemical packages (IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10) are intended for the disinfection of droplet-liquid chemical agents and some hazardous chemicals that have come into contact with the human body and clothing, personal protective equipment and tools.

IPP-8 consists of a flat glass bottle with a capacity of 125-135 ml, filled with a degassing solution, and four cotton-gauze swabs. The entire package is in a plastic bag. When using, you need to open the package shell, remove the bottle and tampons, unscrew the cap of the bottle and moisten the tampon generously with its contents. Using a moistened swab, thoroughly wipe open areas of skin and the helmet-mask (mask) of the gas mask that are suspected of being infected. Moisten the swab again and wipe the edges of the collar and cuff adjacent to the skin with it. When treated with liquid, a burning sensation of the skin may occur, which quickly passes and does not affect well-being and performance. It must be remembered that the liquid in the package is poisonous and dangerous to the eyes. Therefore, the skin around the eyes should be wiped with a dry swab and rinsed with clean water or a 2% soda solution.

IPP-9 is a cylindrical metal vessel with a screw cap. When using the bag, the lid is placed on the bottom of the bag. To moisten the sponge (it is here instead of cotton-gauze swabs), you need to press the punch that opens the vessel all the way and, turning the bag over, shake it 2-3 times. Use a moistened sponge to wipe the skin of the face, hands, and contaminated areas of clothing. After this, pull the punch out of the vessel back until it stops and screw on the lid. The package can be used for re-processing.

IPP-10 is a cylindrical metal vessel with a lid-nozzle with stops, which is attached to a strap. There is a punch inside the lid. When using the bag, turn the lid off the stops and, hitting it, open the container (under the lid). Remove the lid and pour 10-15 ml of liquid into your palm through the hole formed, treat the front of your face and neck. Then pour another 10-15 ml of liquid and treat the hands and back of the neck. Close the bag with a lid and store for re-processing.

If there are no anti-chemical bags, drops (smears) of the chemical agent can be removed with paper swabs, rags or a handkerchief. It is enough to treat areas of the body or clothing with plain water and soap, provided that no more than 10-15 minutes have passed since the drops hit the body or clothing.

Forms (controls)

Forms can be used for different purposes:

1.forms for entering, viewing and adjusting data,

2.button forms for opening other forms, tables, queries, macros, reports.

The connection between a form and its data source is created using graphical objects called controls. Controls are objects used to display data, perform actions, or as decoration. For example, you can use a field to display data, a button to open another form, or a line or rectangle to separate and group controls to make their purpose clearer.

Microsoft Access uses the following types of controls, which are accessible through the Toolbox in Form Design mode: field, text box, radio button, check box, list, button, picture, line, rectangle, and additional elements(see picture).

Creating various controls on the FRAME form

Adding various controls is done in design mode

1.Create a label (free control)

Procedure:

1.increase the form title area and the size of the form itself by moving their borders with the mouse pointer,

2. click the mouse and release the Caption button on the Elements Panel,

3.move the mouse pointer (the mouse pointer changes to +A) to the form title area where the caption should be located, press and release the left mouse button and enter the title text,

4. Having selected the title text, you can format it, that is, change the size, color, font style, background color, and so on.

2.Creating a field for calculation

Procedure:

click the mouse and release the Field button on the Panel, elements

move the mouse pointer (the mouse pointer changes to +ab) to the area of ​​the form where the field should be located, press and release the left mouse button,

deselect the field and write the expression (remember that the expression must be preceded by an equal sign, and table fields are written in square brackets).

4.then create, edit and format the Caption field, writing the name of the result into it calculations.

EXERCISE 1

Open databasePRED;

select objectForms;

double click the iconCreation using the wizard;

in the Form Wizard window, select the FRAME table;

move all fields from the Available fields window to the Selected fields window;

in the Form Creation window setaligned;

choose a style;

click Finish;

select Design Mode;

change the Headings and Notes area;

create a Header and format it;

in Notes create 4 calculated fields:Experience, Age, Start time, Current date(functionsFormat(Date()) AndFormat(Time()));

insert picture (collection of drawings in folder PZ_10).

Page 18 of 19

The simplest skin protection products

As the simplest means of protecting human skin, industrial clothing can be used, first of all: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, sewn in most cases from tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, coarse cloth. They are capable of not only protecting against contact with the skin of radioactive substances during accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities, but also against droplets, vapors and aerosols of many toxic substances. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against droplet-liquid agents and airborne chemicals for up to 1 hour in winter, and up to 30 minutes in summer.

Among items of household clothing, the most suitable for this purpose are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film.

Winter items can also provide protection: coats made of rough cloth or drape, padded jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. These items can protect for up to 2 hours. It all depends on specific weather and other conditions, the concentration and state of aggregation of potent toxic or toxic substances.

After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear can provide protection: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather ones, denim, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

To protect your feet, it is best to use industrial or household rubber boots, rubber boots, and galoshes. You can also use shoes made of leather and leatherette, but preferably with rubber galoshes. Rubber products are capable of preventing the passage of droplet-liquid agents and SDYAVs for up to 3–6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, or canvas mittens.

Women are advised to ditch skirts and wear trousers. In order for ordinary clothing to better protect against vapors and aerosols of chemical exposure agents and chemical agents, it must be soaked in a special solution, as is done when preparing protective filter clothing (PFC). Only clothing made from fabric materials can be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories (chest flap, hood, gloves, socks), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents (OP-7, OP-10, “Novost”, “Don”, “Astra”, etc.) used for washing clothes. Another option is to use mineral and vegetable oils.

With the simplest means of skin protection, you can overcome contaminated areas and leave areas where there has been a spill or release of toxic substances. For a certain period of time, these products protect the human body from direct contact with drops, smears, aerosols and vapors of harmful and toxic substances, which significantly reduces the likelihood of injury.