Colloquialism in literature examples from works. About everything

Sukovykh Galina Vasilievna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature,

Municipal educational institution Dubynskaya average comprehensive school, Kazansky district, Tyumen region

What is vernacular?

What is vernacular? What place does it occupy in the language and where does it come from? What role does it play in our speech? I will try to answer these questions in this article.

In conversations and in everyday speech, people often use peculiar words and unusual phrases. As a result of observations and surveys of part of the rural population, I collected a solid collection of Russian vernaculars. You are surprised at how expressive our strong Russian words are sometimes! No, no, for aesthetic reasons we will ignore vulgarism and something even worse. Let's stick to the usual vernacular. In Ozhegov’s dictionary entries on lexical meaning there are notes: colloquial or colloquial, so it is not difficult to clarify what type of vocabulary a particular word belongs to. It is known that there is no sharp line between colloquial vocabulary and vernacular. And we will not draw this line.

As a result of analyzing the limited special scientific information, we determine the place of vernacular in the national language system. A common or national language includes four aspects: standard, vernacular, jargon, and dialects. Vernacular speech occupies an intermediate position between literary language and slang speech. Vernacular speech is the words and grammatical forms of mass colloquial speech that carry various emotional shades.

We illustrate this with the following table:

Here are examples of colloquial and colloquial words and their interpretation:

To act strangely (colloquially, meaning: to fool around, to behave strangely).

Straight (colloquial, straight).

Unwind (unfold, lie down, stretched out).

Not without reason (colloquially, with intent).

On (colloquial, take).

Maeta (simple, exhausting work).

To become shy (simple, to be embarrassed).

I've had enough! (simple, limit of patience)

Bore (simple, boring person).

Find fault (simple, defame, speak badly about someone).

The most interesting phenomenon is colloquial phraseological units. The phraseological composition of Russian vernacular is diverse.

People express their indifference like this:

Don't give a damn!

Everything down to the light.

Everything is purple to me.

Never mind.

I do not care.

And the most common and beloved desire among the people is send someone somewhere far awayimplemented this way:

Go to hell!

Get out of here! (run away).

Blow without your hind legs!

Get out of here! (leave.)

Here are examples of colloquial expressions on various topics:

Roll your lip; till I drop; will go downstairs; don't open your mouth,

What a madhouse! Fuck off, my cherry! They all went to hell.

Give me a kick in the ass; clean your ears; I need it; you hesitated me.

How do I know? Did you fall from the stove? Would you like a cookie with butter?

It’s a sin to complain about fate.

And some vernaculars are reminiscent of poetry (in which words are put together to rhyme):

I want to - and I’m silent!

He showed up and didn’t get dusty!

Well - wildebeests!

My husband ate too many pears.

Wash it out of your eyes - don’t spoil your vision!

Where? To sell tomatoes on the Kudykin Mountains.

Oh! That little me didn’t die.

Get rid of it, bad life, get attached to the good one.

Roll like a sausage along Malaya Spasskaya.

Where do vernaculars come from?

There is borrowing from other languages:

Everything is tip-top, (everything is good, that means), borrowed from the German language.

Naked wasser (empty) - from German.

Steal (steal) - from the gypsy language.

Business origins have also been revealed: defense industry, Khrushchev, social, communal, hit, documents, number.

3. Most of the vernacular came from criminal jargon (from the so-called Russian feni). Some jargons from this area, due to their expressiveness, have been so used in oral mass speech that they have become colloquial: radish, don’t appear, scumbag, puncture (failure), get out of here!

There are colloquialisms that come from youth slang: getting high, getting high, hanging out, dressing up.

Basically, the formation of vernaculars occurs as a result of free folk word creation.

The Russian language, as you know, is not only great and powerful, but also truthful. Just for fun Let's illustrate this with the following example. You often hear a popular phrase:« Don’t scare me - I’ve been scared since childhood.”

But this is true. Just remember the mostpopular lullaby:

Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word,

Don't lie on the edge -

The little gray top will come

And he’ll grab the barrel!

And all mothers’ favorite nursery rhyme:

The horned goat is coming,

There's a butted goat coming

For a small child.

Whoever roars will be gored!

After this we are not afraid of anything. So it turns out thatWe've been scared since childhood.Pay attention to the highlighted words:Just for fun, don't lie down, butt-headed, roaring. They are vernacular.

Now the role of vernaculars in our language becomes obvious. Colloquial words and expressions give speech expressiveness and different emotional shades: humorous, sometimes dismissive, ironic or rude. In addition, colloquial clichés are psychologically relaxing and amusing. The main thing is that an appropriately spoken colloquial word will not spoil, but will embellish the speech, make it, let’s say: more convincing. And who doesn’t like to listen to a cheerful folk saying! The vernacular is widely used in literary language as a stylistic device. The examples below from fiction are excellent confirmation of this.

...Evening, Do you remember, the blizzard was angry,

There was darkness in the cloudy sky...

(A. S. Pushkin, “Winter Evening”)

...I'm going to another collective farm and to a third -

The whole area is visible.

Somewhere I'm in the village council

I'll go to the party.

(A. T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”)

Read V. M. Shukshin, listen to the living language of his heroes, and get real pleasure.

Vernacular speech must be perceived as an objective reality, moreover, as a unique phenomenon in which the speech-creative principle of the people is manifested. And the statement that its bearer is a poorly educated urban population, is already morally outdated. Just as there is a literary norm, the mass linguistic tradition lives and will live.

Bibliography.

1 S.I. Ozhegov Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. State Publishing House of Foreign and national dictionaries, M., 1963.

2. V.I. Dahl. Large illustrated explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Modern writing, Astrel, M., 2004.

3.V.Bykov Russian Fenya. Dictionary of modern interjargon of asocial elements. Smolensk, TRUST - IMACOM, 1993.

4. V.V. Khilin. Modern Russian vernacular as dynamic system. St. Petersburg University, 2010.

Language is a gift to humanity. Its value cannot be overstated. Speech is not only an invaluable assistant for people, but also a mirror in which the life of society is reflected. This is especially clearly illustrated by examples of vernaculars that fill the Russian language.

How do vernaculars appear? What are they? Is their use acceptable? Let's figure it out together.

What is colloquial vocabulary?

Vernacular - words that have a “lowered” style, an element of rudeness and even vulgarity. They cannot be found in strict and canonical literary speech, especially in the scientific community, in books. But the conversational style of speech completely allows them. Moreover, colloquialisms can now be found in the media!

A person's speech is his “presentation”. The use of vernaculars indicates certain qualities, features of social life, and the format of the speaker’s conversation. Most often, this happens among those who do not have a particularly good command of a literate literary language and in informal companies, when communication takes a humorous turn or, conversely, in active disputes.

It is worth noting that although dialects and vernaculars are expressively colored, they are not prohibited in polite society. Rather, it is simply oral vocabulary, the everyday language of communication between people outside the framework of literary “training”.

Examples of vernacular in the Russian language can be either absolutely devoid of rudeness (hard worker, kolidor, sadyut, pokamest and others), or carry a rather negative connotation (kommunizdit, harya, yap, bighead). Moreover, some of the vernacular are swear words.

We suppose we can avoid specifying that they are unacceptable in the speech of a well-mannered person?

How did colloquial words appear?

Examples of vernacular in the Russian language can be found not only in our time. Even the very concept of “vernacular” already existed in the 16th-17th centuries. Just as the literary language was being formed, people’s everyday speech was filled with slang, jargon and vernacular.

It is worth noting that at the end of the 18th century, the common language was so “formed” and gained boundaries that it even found points of contact with literary speech, and did not find itself opposed to it. From this unusual symbiosis a literary vernacular was born, examples of which can now be seen even in printed publications.

This is a separate “layer” of colloquial words, their forms and turns, the use of which is permissible due to the relatively reduced level of their rudeness and vulgarity.

It is worth emphasizing the word “permissible”. Literary vernaculars are acceptable and have their place, but are used for a specific purpose - to indicate the personality characteristics of the speaker, to address certain categories of the population, to depict humorous or aggressive speech common man. In this case, only such vernaculars are used that are actually “in use” at the time the material was written (or at the time that is depicted).

Relevance is one of the features of vernacular language. Examples of vernacular languages ​​are constantly changing: new words appear, others remain only on the pages of newspapers and books. Just as society itself is changing, so is the composition spoken language plastic and changeable.

Why do they use vernacular?

It has already been noted above that the main purpose for which the colloquial style of speech is used is to give it an expressive flavor.

This characteristic can be divided into several categories:

• the desire to shock the reader or listener;
• the need to use established expressions (“you don’t belong here”);
• the real fact of the author's expression in relation to what he is talking about;
• conveying a character's character through simple speech.

Main types of vernaculars

All existing examples of vernaculars can be divided into several groups:

1. Created using incorrect accents (“percentage”).
2. Morphological forms (“want”).
3. Distortions in the field of phraseology (“lay down”).
4. Phonetic distortions (“here”).

However, the most extensive and characteristic group for the vernacular language are words with a deliberate expressive coloring. They, as a rule, have synonyms in literary speech. As an example, the word “sleep”, which has a more decent “brother” - the word “sleep”.

The main “users” of colloquial words

Of course, absolutely anyone can use colloquial words. And yet, we can distinguish two categories of people who do this especially often:

• Older age group(from 60 years old). Most of them are women.
• Younger age group (14-22 years). The main “consumers” of vernacular are men.

The first ones use words that have already gone out of use, and also distort familiar ones (click here). But it is almost impossible to find modern expressions and jargon with a rough expressive coloring in their speech. But young people and teenagers have plenty of such “wealth” (break off their horns, snark).

Elderly people use such words because they have not received proper education, and their speech has been influenced by some dialects. But young people may have a secondary (completed or not) education, but not gain knowledge of the basics of the literary language.

How do vernaculars get into the media?

When we talk about the use of colloquial words in newspapers, we do not mean nonsense or some kind of sensation. The language used in the media is often far from purely literary, and this has become quite normal. In addition to colloquialisms, journalists do not hesitate to use cliches, jargon, borrowed words and even make mistakes.

However, the message of the media and books still differs - this should not be forgotten. The language of periodicals is subject to special rules. The use of any deviations from the literary language (except for errors, of course) is a necessity.

It is important to speak a vernacular language (close to the people) in order to give the materials a special flavor, to find the same wavelength as the reader. The media wants to be on the same level as anyone, not talk down to them. It really works! Moreover, colloquialisms and jargons appear in people’s speech more and more often, and their use in newspapers and magazines attracts attention and arouses interest.

Should you worry about the Russian language?

The widespread use of colloquial words and jargon makes many begin to worry about the future of the Russian language. These people believe that borrowings, distortions, neologisms and vernaculars are destroying speech culture.

According to those who share this point of view, the Russian language is a historical relic that must be protected from barbaric attacks. They consider all current changes to be degradation.

But in fact, if we dive into history in search of that very “pure” and original faithful Russian, we will not find a specific example. It has come a long way to become the language we use today. What previously would have been called errors and neologisms have now become the norms of literary speech.

It is worth perceiving language as a kind of living organism that is constantly changing and developing. Even through the use of colloquial words and expressions. Nevertheless, it is better to exclude such moments from your speech. Still, colloquialisms and jargon are something that does not suit a well-mannered and educated person.

The article is devoted to identifying and describing the morphological features of Russian vernacular in comparison with the morphological features of the codified language. The object of this study is the speech of characters in works of art (fairy tales by L. S. Petrushevskaya). The subject of the study was some grammatical features of vernacular language found in the speech of characters in works of art. In common speech, there are the same morphological indicators as in the literary language, but they are used differently. Vernacular language is characterized by formations by analogy. They can be found, for example, in the declension of nouns and pronouns, and in the use of verb forms. Having identified some morphological features of vernacular, we can come to the conclusion that Russian vernacular has its own specifics in the field of morphology. Being a substandard subsystem of the Russian language, vernacular is opposed to the literary norm.

analogous alignment.

morphological variants

violation of the norm

vernacular

1. Belchikov Yu. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language. – M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2008. – 424 p.

2. Gorbachevich K. S. Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. – L.: Education, Leningrad branch, 1971. – 272 p.

3. Graudina L.K. Colloquial and vernacular forms in grammar // Literary norm and colloquial speech / Rep. ed. L. I. Skvortsov. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – P. 77-111.

4. Zemskaya E. A., Kitaygorodskaya E. V. // Urban vernacular. Problems of study / Answer. ed. E. A. Zemskaya and D. N. Shmelev. – M.: Nauka, 1984. – P. 66-102.

6. Petrushevskaya L. S. Real fairy tales. – M.: Vagrius, 2000. – 448 p.

7. Petrushevskaya L. S. Wild animal tales. – M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005. – 416 p.

The morphological structure of the Russian language is more stable than its lexical composition and less susceptible to the influence of social factors.

Morphological norms are characterized by relative stability and a reduction in the number of varying forms. This applies to generic doublets (method - method), and to variants of case forms (-а/-у), and to some verbal formations. The action of the internal law of analogy (as well as normalizing practice) led to the unification of individual morphological options (the surviving options were demarcated stylistically or otherwise).

Vernacular morphological variants are beyond the borders of the literary norm, despite the fact that they are understandable and quite common, especially in oral varieties of speech, and have a pronounced stylistic coloring (for example: she has; I’ll come to you).

Violations of the norms of grammatical form of words in common parlance are numerous and varied. Let us dwell in more detail on some morphological features.

1. Use of forms of nouns.

Nouns male in the prepositional case singular in the literary language there is a tendency to reduce the number of words ending in -у (-у). Such options are presented mainly in colloquial speech and have a vernacular connotation. For example, the form in the house is colloquial in nature:

But, on the other hand, there is bedlam in the house, and here the dwarf ants are bleating...

In accordance with the norms of literary language, in this sentence one should use the noun house in the prepositional case with inflection -e (in the house), or an adverb of place (at home).

In common speech, there is often a mixture of types of declension of nouns in the forms of individual cases, for example, an analogous alignment of stems in relation to stems with the so-called accretion. This applies to the declension of words like time, name, which in common parlance usually have word forms without the extension -en-:

The passing carp Uncle Seryozha, who swam in the free-husband style and asked the mosquito Tomka what time it was: just like that.

Some nouns in common parlance have non-normative variants of case forms (for example, using the genitive case instead of the dative case, and vice versa):

To the sisters, as Verka the beetle later testified...

From my sister, as the soldier beetle Verka later clarified

You can’t leave your sister, but you return to your sister, to Lida: relatives.

Words that have a singular form, but are predominantly used in the plural, are characterized by fluctuations in grammatical gender. Masculine nouns with stem accent are used as feminine nouns:

Then the mosquito Tomka spat again and rubbed it with a fur slipper.

In this sentence, the noun slipper has a feminine form and in the instrumental case receives the inflection -ой, instead of -ом, which is contrary to the norm.

The universalization of frequently used phrases that carry a single nominative function, appearing in common parlance as a single jointly inflected complex:

I mean, your full name?

She says:

No, not mine.

In literary language, the abbreviation Full Name has a plural form: your full name.

Colloquial variants of the number of nouns:

Incorrect use of plural forms:

Not to mention newspapers and the Internet!

But I didn’t expect anything, no profits...

In short, the soldier beetle Andreich went into ecstasy as a result, not only tore his vest on his chest, but also destroyed Verka’s trousers in half, and the ant’s mother’s veil.

In the above sentences, the following forms should have been used: Internet, profit, on the chest.

The use of a “single generalizing type”, i.e. use in speech as a generic concept of the nominative singular form of a noun:

Harry the Hedgehog sat down at the table, his needle standing on end.

The young hyena Dima looked terrible at that moment: he was already unsuccessful, apparently, he took after the Gulyash ancestors, some kind of cross between a poodle, but his hair grew straight, uneven and in tufts, like his grandmother Mehmetovna.

The examples above show singular forms of nouns with plural meanings.

Morphological variants of nouns often arise during the grammatical development of a borrowed word; such words in common parlance can change:

The coats are flogged without a collar, the peacoats are leathery.

In a literary language, changing the cases of indeclinable nouns is unacceptable.

Declension of indeclinable proper names:

But you have to come with Barbies. They won't let you in without Barbey. There in the newspaper it says about Barby...

2. Use of pronouns.

The morphology of pronouns in common speech, as well as the morphology of nouns, is characterized by the phenomena of analogical alignment. The following changes are noted in the declension of pronouns:

The 3rd person feminine pronoun takes the genitive or accusative form (she or her):

Her husband is dying. And she’s sitting there as if at a name day.

A passerby took her bag... And in the bag there was a bottle of vegetable oil and three kilos of potatoes...

In accordance with literary norms, in the given sentences the form of the pronoun she should have been used.

Phenomena of analogical alignment (in common parlance the inflected forms of possessive pronouns of the 3rd year function - eyny, ikhniy, while in the literary language the forms her, theirs are used):

But it didn’t work out; at the fifth transverse of their highway, grandfather Misha’s ant lost control and drove into the oncoming lane, where the soldier beetle Andreich was following, clutching the bumper with his wife Verka.

3. Use of verb forms.

In the field of verbal morphology, vernacular speech has many differences from the literary language, concerning both the formation of individual word forms and the functioning of certain members of the verb paradigm.

Options that go beyond the literary norm, as neutral stylistic units, are unacceptable in either written or oral styles of literary speech:

Their mandibles have grown like pliers; once a piece is taken, you can’t take it away: literally a new breed of Murbull Terrier!

In the above sentence, the colloquial form of the verb take away is used - you will take away, the corresponding form will be taken away.

They don't throw away dishes, they donate dishes! - The soldier beetle Aunt Lida couldn’t stand it.

In this example, the imperfect form with the suffix -a is used: do not throw away, in accordance with the literary forms with the suffix -yva (do not throw away).

In accordance with the literary suppletive forms of the form put - put, the verb to lay is widely used in common parlance (as a pair to put), for example:

Lie Barbey back!

In addition to the colloquial verb form lie instead of put, this sentence also uses the indeclinable proper name Barbie in the genitive plural form and the colloquial form of the adverb back - back.

Potential options allowed by the system, but not accepted by the norm, for example, first person forms of the future tense from the verbs to win, convince, please, nonsense, weird, merciful, mischievous:

I'll get to you soon! I will defeat you!

Using the infinitive call instead of the present tense form call in a question:

I don’t know what to call you, but it doesn’t matter,” said the wizard.

Common speech is characterized by the use of forms of participles of the passive voice in -ty:

Just yesterday they put one woman in prison, also hit her on the head, a passer-by took her bag...

In literary speech, one should use the participle struck instead of knocked.

Using colloquial forms of gerunds:

“And six multiplied by six plus twenty-six will be a million and kopecks, but killing you isn’t enough,” the janitor yelled, waving a shovel over the artist’s head, “drive a million!”

Functioning in common parlance of gerunds with suffixes - lice (- mshi:

As for Uncle Styopa's flea, he, according to rumors, got a job... in the hypertensive department, where the leech was valued, despite the fact that it always barely crawled after bracing itself (Petrushevskaya. Housing Question)

The spider Afanasy was brought to tears, he laughed so hard, but silently, he writhed, turned away, kicked his legs, pressing his lips tightly so as not to offend his comrade.

This article proposed a description of some morphological features of vernacular that distinguish it from the literary language.

In common speech, there are the same morphological indicators as in the literary language, but they are used differently. For example, inflection -e in the genitive case of the singular (at sister) and inflection -s in the dative case of the singular (to sisters, to Lida) in common parlance correspond to the inflections: -e in the dative case of the singular (to sister) and -s in genitive case singular (from sister, from Lida).

Vernacular language is characterized by formations by analogy. They can be found, for example, in the declension of nouns and pronouns, and in the use of verb forms.

Having identified some morphological features of vernacular, we can come to the conclusion that Russian vernacular has its own specifics in the field of morphology. Being a substandard subsystem of the Russian language, vernacular is opposed to the literary norm.

Reviewers:

Melikyan V. Yu., Doctor of Philology. Sc., professor, head. Department of Russian Language and Language Theory of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don.

Kitanina E. A., Doctor of Philology. PhD, Professor of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Communication, State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Russian State Economic University "RINH", Rostov-on-Don.

Bibliographic link

Writing a bright, memorable book is difficult. But some authors know how to win the attention of an impressive readership with their works. What is the secret of their success? We will try to find out in this article how they achieve universal recognition.

Common language

Colloquial vocabulary - words with a rude, stylistically reduced and even vulgar connotation, which are located beyond the boundaries of the literary syllable. They are not characteristic of the exemplary, bookish style, but are familiar to various groups of society and are a cultural and social characteristic of those people who do not speak a written language. Such words are used in certain types of conversation: in humorous or familiar speech, in verbal skirmishes, and the like.

In general, colloquial vocabulary refers to non-literary vocabulary that is used in people’s conversations. At the same time, she cannot be rude and have special expression. It includes, for example, the following words: “inside”, “enough”, “for nothing”, “theirs”, “the other day”, “for the time being”, “unlikely”, “in bulk”, “get tired”, “nonsense”, “blurt out”, “hard worker”, “fight back”, “brainy”.

Notes in dictionaries indicating a reduced style of words and their meanings, giving them a negative rating, are countless. Colloquial vocabulary most often contains an evaluative-expressive tone.

In it you can also find generally accepted sayings, differing only in their accentology and phonetics (“tabatorka” instead of “snuffbox”, “serious” instead of “serious”).

Reasons for use

Colloquial vocabulary in different types dialect is used for various reasons: the author's direct attitude to what is being described, pragmatic motives (journalistic phrases), expressive themes and outrageousness (colloquial words), characterological motives (artistic phrases). In official business and scientific conversations, colloquial vocabulary is perceived as a foreign style element.

Indelicate style

Rough colloquial vocabulary has a weakened, expressive, impolite connotation. It consists, for example, of the following words: “riffraff”, “big guy”, “stupid”, “face”, “pot-bellied”, “talker”, “muzzle”, “grunt”, “bast shoe”, “bitch”, “ to kill", "slam", "bastard", "rude". It includes extreme vulgarisms, that is, (indecent language). In this style you can find words with exceptional colloquial meanings (most often metamorphic) - “to whistle” (“to steal”), “so it cuts” (“speaks smartly”), “to dash off” (“to write”), “to weave” ( “talk nonsense”), “hat” (“bungler”), “vinaigrette” (“mash”).

Everyday style

It is one of the basic categories of the vocabulary of the writing language, along with the neutral and book genre. It forms words known mainly in dialogical phrases. This style is focused on informal conversations in an atmosphere of interpersonal communication (relaxed communication and expression of attitudes, thoughts, feelings towards the subject of conversation), like units of other tiers of language, operating mainly in colloquial phrases. Therefore, everyday expressions are characterized by an expressive, diminished coloring.

The spoken genre is divided into two basic layers of unequal capacity: written vernacular and everyday vocabulary.

Vocabulary of oral speech

What is colloquial and vernacular vocabulary? Everyday vocabulary consists of words characteristic of oral types of communicative practice. Conversational phrases are heterogeneous. They are located below neutral sayings, but depending on the degree of literature this lexicon are divided into two significant groups: colloquial and vernacular lexicons.

Everyday includes terms that give the conversation a touch of informality and spontaneity (but not crudely colloquial words). From the point of view of the attribute of parts of speech, dialogue vocabulary, like neutral vocabulary, is diverse.

These include:

• nouns: “witty”, “big guy”, “nonsense”;
• adjectives: “sloppy”, “careless”;
• adverbs: “in one’s own way”, “at random”;
• interjections: “oh”, “bai”, “lies”.

The everyday vocabulary, despite its subdued nature, does not go beyond the boundaries of the literary Russian language.

Colloquial vocabulary is lower in style than everyday vocabulary, therefore it is placed outside the standardized literary Russian speech. It is divided into three categories:

1. grammatically shown by adjectives (“dragged”, “pot-bellied”), verbs (“drowsy”, “lost”), nouns (“big”, “stupid”), adverbs (“lousy”, “foolishly”). These words are heard most often in conversations of poorly educated individuals, determining their cultural level. Sometimes they meet in conversations intelligent people. The expressiveness of these words, their semantic and emotional capacity sometimes make it possible to expressively and briefly show an attitude (usually negative) towards an object, phenomenon or person.
2. The rudely colloquial vocabulary differs from the rudely expressive one. high level swagger. These are, for example, the following words: “hailo”, “harya”, “murlo”, “turnip”, “grunt”, “rylnik”. These sayings are eloquent; they are capable of conveying the negative attitude of the speaker to some episodes. Due to excessive savagery, it is unacceptable in the conversations of cultured people.
3. Actually a colloquial lexicon. It includes a small number of words that are unliterary not because they are clumsy (they are not rude in expressive coloring and meaning) or have an abusive character (they do not have abusive semantics), but because they are not advised to be used by educated people in conversations. These are words such as “ahead of time”, “just now”, “dear”, “I suppose”, “born”. This type of vocabulary is also called vernacular and differs from dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the countryside.

Synonyms

Synonyms in colloquial and literary vocabulary very often simultaneously differ in the degree of expressiveness and expressiveness:

• head - galangal, noggin;
• face - image, muzzle;
• legs are kags.

Often in conversations one encounters not only synonyms as such, but also colloquial variants of literary words, including grammatical ones:

• to her - to her;
• always - always;
• he ate - he ate;
• theirs - theirs;
• from there - from there, fromtedova;
• goodbye - goodbye.

Creativity of M. Zoshchenko

Many people believe that the means is colloquial vocabulary. Indeed, in the hands of a skilled writer, non-literary words can serve not only as a means of psychological description of characters, but also give rise to a stylistically recognizable specific setting. The prototype for this is creative works M. Zoshchenko, who skillfully parodied bourgeois psychology and everyday life, “interspersing” uncomfortable common expressions into the characters’ conversations.

What does colloquial vocabulary look like in his books? M. Zoshchenko is impressive. This talented writer wrote the following:

"I speak:

Isn't it time for us to go to the theater? They called, maybe.

And she says:

And he takes the third cake.

I speak:

On an empty stomach - isn't it a lot? Might make you sick.

No, he says, we’re used to it.

And he takes the fourth.

Then the blood rushed to my head.

Lay down, I say, back!

And she was scared. She opened her mouth, and a tooth glistened in her mouth.

And it was as if the reins had gotten under my tail. Anyway, I don’t think I should go out with her now.

Lie down, I say, to hell with it!” (Story “Aristocrat”).

In this work comic effect achieved not only due to the multitude of common folk expressions and forms, but also due to the fact that these statements stand out against the background of “refined” literary cliches: “eaten cakes” and so on. As a result, it is created psychological picture a poorly educated, narrow-minded person trying to appear intelligent. He is the classic hero of Zoshchenko.

Dialectal vocabulary

What is dialect-vernacular vocabulary? Studying the urban vernacular language, many ask the pressing question about its local flavor associated with the influence of dialects: emphasizing limited parameters in accordance with the data of an individual metropolis makes it possible to compare them with materials from other cities, for example, Tambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk and etc.

The conventionality of the border between vernacular and dialect vocabulary is very often explained by the historical connections of the folk dialect with jargon, genetic reasons, which are sometimes not entirely legitimately analyzed as the basic source of enlightenment of this impoverished layer of the popular language.

The mastery of A. I. Solzhenitsyn

Agree, sometimes the use of colloquial vocabulary gives the work some uniqueness. The linguistic and stylistic skill of A. I. Solzhenitsyn, marked by extraordinary originality, attracts many linguists. And the paradoxical nature of the negative attitude towards him obliges some readers to study the language and style of this author’s works. For example, his story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” shows the internal unity and consistent, precise motivation of its figurative and verbal composition, in which, as L.N. Tolstoy argued, “a unique order of the only possible words” appears, which is a sign of true artistry.

Important nuance

Dialectal vocabulary is very important for Solzhenitsyn. Having “transferred” the author’s function to the peasant, making him the main character of his story, the writer was able to create an extremely unconventional and expressive dialectal assessment of his expressions, which decisively excluded for all modern writing the effectiveness of returning to the hackneyed stock of “folk” speech signs that migrate from book to book ( such as “nadys”, “aposlya”, “darling”, “look at the side” and the like).

For the most part, this description of the dialect is developed not even thanks to vocabulary (“uhaydakatsya”, “naled”, “halabuda”, “gunyavy”), but due to word formation: “obsessed”, “shortcoming”, “shelter”, “satisfied” , "hurriedly". This method of adding dialectisms to the speech artistic sphere, as a rule, evokes an approving assessment from critics, since it revives the familiar associative connections between image and word.

Folk speech

How is colloquial vocabulary used in speech? In the conversations of the modern peasantry, dialect and vernacular vocabulary are practically inseparable from each other. And do such words as “shitty”, “self-thinking”, “spiritual”, “pick up” go back to any specific dialect and are perceived precisely because of this, or are they used in their general non-literary properties - for the speech assessment of Ivan Denisovich does not matter. The important thing is that with the help of both the first and second, the hero’s conversation receives the necessary stylistic and emotional coloring.

We hear generous humor, lively, free from easily borrowed Lately on various controversial fields of standard, insightful popular speech. Solzhenitsyn knows it very well and sensitively detects new insignificant shades in it.

How else is colloquial vocabulary characterized? Examples of its application can be given endlessly. It is interesting that Shukhov uses the verb “insure” in one of the fresh “sports-industrial” meanings - to ensure the reliability of an action, to protect: “Shukhov... with one hand gratefully, hastily took the half-smoke, and with the second from below he insured so as not to drop it.”

Or the contracted use of one of the meanings of the verb “to consist”, which could appear in folk sayings only at the present time: “Someone brought stencils from the war, and since then it’s gone, and more and more dyes like this are being collected: they don’t consist anywhere, nowhere does not work…".

Knowledge of folk expressions was given to Solzhenitsyn by both difficult life experience and, of course, the active interest of the master, which prompted him not only to consider, but also to specifically study the Russian language.

In modern vernacular, two temporary layers are distinguished: a layer of old, traditional means that clearly reveal their dialectal origin, and a layer of relatively new means that came into common parlance mainly from social jargons. In accordance with this, they distinguish between vernacular-1 and vernacular-2.

The speakers of vernacular-1 are elderly city dwellers with a low educational and cultural level; Among the speakers of vernacular-2, representatives of the middle and younger generations predominate, also without sufficient education and characterized by a relatively low cultural level. The age differentiation of vernacular speakers is complemented by differences by gender: those who speak vernacular-1 are predominantly older women, and among those who use vernacular-2, a significant (if not predominant) part are men. Linguistically, the differences between these two layers of vernacular appear at all levels, from phonetics to syntax.

In the field of phonetics, the specificity of vernacular-1 lies not in the set of phonemes it is basically the same as in the literary language, but in their speech implementation and especially in their compatibility with each other. In particular, the following phenomena attract attention:

eliminating the so-called gap by inserting between two adjacent vowels [j] or [ V ]: [ p"ijan" ina ] piano , [ kakava ] cocoa , [ glad"willow ] radio and under.;

contraction of vowels (this phenomenon is also characteristic of the colloquial variety of the literary language, but in common speech-1 it is represented much more widely and consistently): [pr "ibr"ila ] acquired , [ n"ukavo ] no one has , [ by law ] outside the window , [ aradrome ] aerodrome and under.;

assimilation of vowels of neighboring syllables: [karas"in ] kerosene , [ p"ir" to them" Ida ] pyramid , [ v"il"idol ] validol and under.;

simplification of consonant groups by inserting a vowel: [zhyz"in" ] life , [ rub "ate" ] ruble , [ smarod"ina ] currant and under.;

simplification of the syllabic structure of words, especially foreign words: [in"it"inar ] vet , [ mobile phone ] record player , [ m "in" istratar ] administrator and under.;

cutting off part of consonantal combinations at the end of a word: [heart attack ] heart attack , [ sp"ictak ] play , [ nipachtam"e ] at the post office and under.;

dissimilation of consonants by place and method of formation: [kal"idor ] corridor , [ s"kl"itar" ] secretary , [ tranways ] tram , [ kanb "ikorm ] compound feed and under.;

assimilation of consonants by place and method of formation, mainly in the endings of verb forms of 2 l. units h., accompanied by intersyllabic assimilation of vowels: [bais" and ] you're afraid , [ Voz "is" and ] fiddling around , [ cat "is" and ] you're rolling and under.;

preservation of some types of assimilative softening of consonants, which are non-normative for the modern literary language:co [ n"f" ] eta , co [ n"v" ] ert , O [ T" V" ] fuck , la [ PC" ] And , ka [ R" T" ] ina and under.

In the field of morphology and word formation, vernacular-1 is distinguished by the following features:

for the morphemic and morphonological structure of a word when it changes according to cases or persons, an analogical alignment of stems is extremely characteristic:mouth to mouth (in the company ), mouth ; I want we want , do you want , want or: we want , want to , want do you want , wants ; bake bake , bake , bake ; ride ride , you drive , we go , ride ; demand demand , you demand , demands and so on.;

the meaning of the category of gender of some nouns is different from that in the literary language:thick jam , fresh meat , sour apples , this towel or another type of declension:church , sheet , thinking , illness and so on;

wider, in comparison with the literary language, distribution of local case forms in -at for masculine nouns with a base on a solid consonant:on gas , in the warehouse , on the beach and under . , forms of the genitive partitive (little rain , no bread ), nominative plural forms in - /I : cake , chauffeur , engineer And under . , including from a number of feminine nouns:area , queue , mother , tablecloth , terrain and etc . ;

– mixing of genitive and dative forms in feminine nouns:at sister to sister , from mom to mom and under . ;

inflection - ov (- ev ) in the genitive plural of neuter and masculine nouns:the thing is , place in , from neighbors , five rubles and under.;

– Declension of indeclinable foreign nouns:without coat , ride the meter , were coming from the cinema , two bottles of sitr and under.;

– tendency towards “transparency” of the word-formation structure of a word:return , ob-fence , about-fool and under. (cf. literarywrap , fence off , to fool );

– a different, in comparison with the literary language, word-formation structure of the word in its final (suffix + inflection) part:feeling (fell unconscious ), inheritance (They say , this disease is inherited ), teacher , misbehave and under. (by analogy with related words, cf.sympathy , consequence ).

In the field of vocabulary and lexical semantics, it is characteristic that there is a fairly significant number of words, mainly to denote everyday realities and actions that are absent in the literary language, typebe angry , let him go , turn (= queue ), exactly (= exactly ), awesome , the other day , shitvo , grub , just now and so on, many of which are historically dialectic. On the other hand, in vernacular-1 there are no many categories of abstract vocabulary describing abstract concepts and relationships.

In addition to this rather obvious, external originality, vernacular-1 is distinguished by a number of specific features in the use of vocabulary. For example:

– use of a word in a meaning not characteristic of the literary language:walk meaning "to have intimate relations":She walked with him for two months ; respect in the meaning of “to love” (about food):I don't respect cucumbers ; hang up meaning "to weigh";admit meaning "to find out":And I didn’t recognize you , I thought , who is a stranger ; color meaning "flower";spacing meaning "tray";furnish "get furniture";freaky in function of the abusive epithet “crazy, eccentric”:That's crazy ! Where did you run off to? ? and so on.;

– blurring of the categorical meaning of the word:atom (They endlessly rush around with this atom may refer to research in the field of atomic energy, and testing of atomic weapons, and the threat of atomic war, etc.),space (No winter , there is no good summer now but all space ! – mean space research, satellite launches, etc.).

In common parlance-1 there is a specific type of transfer of a name from an abstract concept to a person. For example, the termdiabetes In addition to its main meaning, it is also used to name a person suffering from diabetes:It's all diabetes that's coming out of line (replica at the door of the treatment room).X-ray colloquially means not only “X-ray machine” (They x-rayed my chest ) and "fluoroscopy" (Have you already had an x-ray? ?), but also “radiologist”:She works as an x-ray ; Daughter, who is this no x-ray went ?

Terms that in literary use denote only sets or aggregates and do not have the meaning “one element of a set, aggregate” can be subject to metonymic transfer in common parlance. Wed:She married a contingent (in the speech of a nurse) a phrase that is understandable only when describing the corresponding situation: the totality of patients served by a special clinic is called in “administrative and medical” languagecontingent , compare: This patient belongs to the group of people , served by our clinic. Naturally, having acquired the meaning “one of many persons,” the wordcontingent fell into the category of animate nouns (married contingent ). Wed. in the speech of Zoshchenko’s character:And who is this , Not presidium came to the podium ?

Researchers note another feature characteristic of colloquial word usage, the semantic inferiority of the word: the absence of many meanings inherent in this word in the literary language. Yes, wordmotive , while maintaining the meaning of “melody”, is not used in the sense of “reason, reason for something” (incentives ); the consignment does not have the meaning “one game (chess, etc.)”, “a certain amount of goods”; at the worddiscipline there is no meaning “academic subject”, etc. A special case of semantic shifts in a word is its specific use due to the tendency towards euphemization of speech, which is extremely characteristic of vernacular-1: cf.rest meaning "to sleep"eat meaning "there is"spouse in relation to the speaker’s wife, etc., as well as the older, but recurrent use of the pronoun in modern vernacularThey and the corresponding plural verbal forms in relation to one person, which the speaker perceives as a representative of a different, higher social status:Where is the doctor ? – They left for lunch ; I'm for them I'm standing , who is wearing a hat.

In the area of ​​syntax, vernacular-1 is characterized by the following features:

use of the full form of passive participles with a perfect meaning and full adjectives in the nominal part of the predicate:Lunch is already prepared ; The floor has been washed : The door was closed ; I agree ; Why is she sick? ?

use of gerunds in the same function -lice And - moss (the last specifically colloquial form):I haven't washed(i.e. did not wash) second week ; All the flowers fell down (i.e. fell down, were knocked down);He was drunk and so on.;

use of construction withnobody (with a pronoun there can also be a noun, but not necessarily), in which the predicate has a plural form, a kind of agreement in meaning:No guests arrived ; And no one from her workshop was there ?

– the use of the instrumental case of some nouns to indicate cause:starved to death (= from hunger), blinded by cataracts (= from cataracts);

– specific control for words that coincide (formally and in meaning) with literary ones:don't need anyone (cf. normativedon't need anyone ); What hurts you ? (instead of: at your place ); To me(or to me ) this doesn't concern (instead of: me ); She wants to be a doctor (instead of: doctor) and so on.;

use of prepositionWith instead of from : came from the store , returned from vacation , shoot with machine guns and so on.

Vernacular-2 is a subsystem that is less vibrant and less defined by the set of linguistic features typical for it. This is largely explained by the fact that vernacular-2 as a unique type of urban speech is relatively young. Moreover, it occupies an intermediate position not so much between the literary language and territorial dialects (this is typical for vernacular-1), but between social and professional jargons, on the one hand, and the literary language on the other.

Occupying this position, vernacular-2 plays the role of a conductor through which various foreign system elements enter literary speech - professional, slang, argot. Such mediation is quite understandable both in terms of linguistic and social reasons. Socially, the population of vernacular-2 speakers is extremely heterogeneous and fluid over time: here are people from rural areas who came to the city to study and work and settled in the city; and natives of cities located in a close dialect environment; and residents of large cities who do not have a secondary education and are engaged in manual labor; There are many speakers of vernacular-2 among representatives of such dissimilar professions as sellers, loaders, tailors, hairdressers, waiters, railway conductors, shoemakers, cleaners, etc.

Since, as mentioned above, vernacular speech as a whole is ananormative and, therefore, there is no filter in it, similar to the literary norm, which would selectively allow into colloquial use means belonging to other linguistic subsystems, to the extent that linguistic features inherent in natives of certain places, representatives certain professions or socially specific environments may become common parlance.

Indeed, many linguistic elements that previously belonged to socially or professionally limited word usage are borrowed by the literary language not directly from group or professional jargon, but through vernacular-2. These are, for example, words of slang origin that are actively used in modern speech.chaos "actions that go far beyond what is acceptable"arise "express your opinion when no one asks for it"scumbag "a person who does not take into account either the law or any norms of human relations"have fun "to get pleasure from something"jerk “stupid, stupid person” (in criminal jargon “a prisoner who has an easier job than others”),puncture "mistake, failure" (All ) by "correctly, as it should"disassembly "showdown, usually with the use of force and even weapons,"thing “a thousand monetary units”, etc.

In the field of phonetics and morphology, vernacular-2 is less specific than vernacular-1: phonetic and morphological features are sporadic, random in nature and are often localized in individual words and word forms. Thus, if vernacular-1 is characterized by a certain consistency in the implementation of the above phonetic and morpho-phonetic phenomena (assimilation and dissimilation of sounds within a word, simplification of its syllabic structure, metathesis, etc.), then in vernacular-2 these phenomena are presented inconsistently , with lexical restrictions, and some are completely absent. This is due to the general tendency, characteristic of vernacular-2 as a younger variety of urban speech, to reduce the contrast of means of expression (compared to the literary language), to bring them closer, at least in a formal sense, to the means of expression inherent in socially prestigious forms of national language colloquial speech and a codified variety of literary speech.

For example, the dissimilation of consonants by place and method of formation is represented in common parlance by facts liketranway ; in words likedirector , corridor , where the dissimilarity of consonants is more pronounced, more noticeable, it does not occur. Metathetic forms like [sachet] instead of [ shase ] / [ shose ] are also not typical for vernacular-2. Elimination of gaping (type [kakava] or [ p"ijan"ina ]), the most striking feature of vernacular-1, is almost never found in vernacular-2. Differences from the literary language in the meaning of the category of gender of some nouns are observed, but in a much smaller range of words and in less “conspicuous” cases: for example,tulle , roofing felt , shampoo are declined as feminine nouns, andcorn , on the contrary, as a masculine noun (stood in line for tulle , covered the roof with felt , washed my hair with new shampoo , I'm tormented with this callus ). However, neuter wordsvillage , movie , meat and under. are not used as feminine nouns (which is typical of vernacular-1).

Declined forms of foreign nouns likemetro are formed very selectively: they appear mainly in those parts of the speech chain where an ambiguous understanding of the indeclinable form by the listener is possible (rode by meter , But left the subway , but not from a meter ).

Vernacular-2 is characterized by the use of diminutives (i.e. words with diminutive suffixes) such ascucumber , number , documents as an expression of a peculiarly understood politeness. Among such diminutives there are forms formed according to a specific model that is not widespread in the literary language (cf.meaty in colloquial and literarycaruncle ).

In vernacular-2, some phraseological units are used, which serve as a kind of “litmus tests” indicating the speaker’s colloquialism (some of them gradually seep into colloquial speech, partly losing their colloquial character). This is, for example, the expression Wow!, used as an exclamation that conveys surprise ( We have had no water for two weeks now. Wow!), comparative turnover like this (this,these), with an empty semantic valency of the pronoun: Come forward!became,like this(in a trolleybus); I tell him:go out for a walk. No,sits all day,like this; rpm doesn't matter (It doesn't matter to me),impudently meaning "impudently" ( They got in on the impudence about uninvited guests); something like that :And she's like that to me,what am I,they say,and have never been there; and some others.

Among the forms of speech etiquette inherent in vernacular-2, various types of personal addresses are distinguished, the functions of which are based on kinship terms and the names of certain social roles:dad , mother , father , mother , grandfather , grandpa , granny , Friend , boy , man , boss , boss , master , commander , recentlywoman , lady , man. These forms of address are distributed according to the gender and age of the speakers; some of them have restrictions in use due to the profession of both the speaker and the addressee. Yes, appealsdad , mother , mother , father , grandfather , Friend , boy , man , boss , boss the speech of young and middle-aged men is more typical; appealsgrandpa , granny , and woman , lady , man more typical for the speech of young women; appealsmaster , mistress appear in the speech of men (young and middle-aged) in a situation of serving someone they are addressing, for example, in the speech of plumbers, mechanics, loaders, floor polishers, etc.

Since vernacular (in both its varieties) serves narrow everyday spheres of communication, it is obvious that it is most clearly realized in speech acts that have the illocutionary function of censure, accusation, request, assurance, suggestion, etc. (cf. such speech acts as quarrel, squabble, bad faith, name-calling, “scolding” of the younger by the elder, etc.). However, in other types of communication, speakers of vernacular usually use this particular variety of the Russian language, since their speech behavior is characterized by “monolingualism” inability to switch to other, non-vernacular means and methods of communication.

LITERATURE

Barannikova L.I. Vernacular as a special social component of language . In the book: Language and Society, vol. 3. Saratov, 1974
Urban vernacular. Study problems . Rep. ed. E.A.Zemskaya and D.N.Shmelev. M., 1984
Varieties of urban oral speech . Rep. ed. D.N. Shmelev and E.A. Zemskaya. M., 1988
Krysin L.P. Vernacular . In the book: L.P. Krysin. Sociolinguistic aspects of studying the modern Russian language. M., 1989
Live speech of the Ural city . Texts. Rep. ed. T.V.Matveeva. Ekaterinburg, 1995
Köster-Thoma Z. Russian vernacular as an object of lexicography . Russian Studies, 1996, No. 12