A phrase with a demonstrative pronoun in Latin. Pronoun

In Latin there are the following categories of pronouns:

1. Personal pronouns ( ego “I”, tu “you”, nos “we”, vos “you”).

2. Reflexive pronoun ( sui "myself").

3. Possessive pronouns ( meus, a, um “mine”, tuus, a, um “yours”, noster, tra trum “our”, vester, tra, trum “yours”, suus “yours”).

4. Demonstrative pronouns ( hic, haec, hoc "this"; iste, ista, istud “this, that”; ille, illa, illud "that"; is, ea, id "this").

5. Determinative pronouns ( idem, eadem, idem “the same, the same”, ipse, ipsa, ipsum “himself”).

6. Interrogative and relative pronouns ( quis "who", quid "what", qui, quae, quod "which, which")

7. Indefinite pronouns ( al í quis"somebody, somebody" aliqu í d"something, something" al í qui"some, some" quidam "someone")

8. Negative pronouns ( nullus, a, um, “no one”, nemo “nobody”, nihil “nothing”).

In addition, pronominal adjectives are highlighted ( solus "the only one", totus “whole, whole”, ullus "any, any" alius "other", alter “other” (of two) and pronominal adverbs ( ubi “where”, quo “where”, unde “from where”, quando “when”, ibi “there”, tum, tunc “then”, ita, sic “so”, etc.).

Pronouns change by case, and some also by gender (possessive, demonstrative, attributive, etc.). The vocative case of pronouns always coincides with the nominative case.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are declined as follows:

The genitive case forms of personal pronouns are rarely used, and the nominative case forms are used only when it is necessary to highlight the subject.

Reflexive pronoun

Reflexive pronoun sui "yourself" has no nominative case and is declined as follows:

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns:

meus, mea, meum “mine, mine, mine”;

tuus, tua, tuum “yours, yours, yours”;

suus, sua, suum “yours, yours, yours”;

noster, nostra, nostrum “our, ours, ours”;

vester, vestra, vestrum “yours, yours, yours” - are declined according to the 1st and 2nd declension.

Demonstrative pronouns

1) Hic, haec, hoc “this, this, this” (when pointing to an object located near the speaker).

2) Iste, ista, istud “this, this, this” (when pointing to an object located near the person to whom speech is addressed).

3) Ille, illa, illud “that, that, that” (when pointing to an object located far from both the speaker and the interlocutor).

4) Is, ea, id “that, that, that” (usually in correlative constructions like “that,... which”).

Pronomen - pronoun

As in the Russian language, Latin has several semantic groups of pronouns: personal, reflexive, possessive, demonstrative, attributive, relative, interrogative, indefinite and negative.
Personal and reflexive pronouns

There are no 3rd person singular pronouns in Latin. Demonstrative pronouns are used instead.
Demonstrative and attributive pronouns

is, ea, id - that, that, that (he, she, it)

hic, haec, hoc - this, this, this

ille, illa, illud - that, that, that (indicates the remoteness of the object)

ipse, ipsa, ipsum - itself, itself, itself
Example of pronoun declension:

Interrogative relative pronouns

qui, quae, quod - which, oh, oh

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are formed from relative and interrogative pronouns using the particles -dam, -que, -libet, -quam, -ali: aliqui, aliqua, aliquod- what, oh, oh - either,quisquam- anyone,quidquam- anything,quidam, quaedam, quoddam- some, oh, oh,quisque, quaeque, quidque- everyone, oh, oh.

When forming case forms for indefinite pronouns, only the pronominal part changes. The particles remain unchanged.
Negative pronouns

nemo- no one (used only in the singular; declined according to the consonantal option of the III declension of nouns (for example, according to the type homo),

nihil- nothing (used only in the singular; declined according to type II declension of nouns).
Possessive pronouns

meus, mea, meum - mine, mine, mine

tuus, tua, tuum - yours, yours, yours

suus, sua, suum - yours, yours, yours

noster, nostra, nostrum - ours, ours, ours

vester, vestra, vestrum - yours, yours, yours

The possessive pronoun in Latin corresponds to the person of the subject. When translating, it is permissible to use a pronoun mine:

Video advocatum meum- I see my(your) lawyer.

Vides advocatum tuum- You see yours(your) lawyer.

Videt advocatum suum- He sees his lawyer

Videmus advocatum nostr um- We see our (our) lawyer.

Videtis advocatum vostrum- You see your (your) lawyer.

Vident advocatum suum- They see them ( his) lawyer

Possessive pronouns are declined according to the I (female) and II (m. and middle) declension of nouns.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

1. 
   What semantic groups of pronouns are distinguished in the Latin language?
2. 
   How are personal pronouns declined?
3. 
   What is the peculiarity of the declension of possessive pronouns?
4. 
   How do negative pronouns change by case and number?
5. 
   What is special about the use of demonstrative pronouns?

EXERCISES

1. Determine the grammatical form of the following words. What semantic group do the given pronouns belong to?

Mei, nemines, eorum, has, id, nobis, se, quem, hunc, tui, his, quo, aliqua, quibus, hoc, ei, eas, vestri, sibi, tu, meorum.
2. Make a grammatical analysis of the sentences, translate them into Russian:

1. Quid est amicus? Alter ego. 2. Nemo judex in propria causa est. 3. Ista cura tua est, non mea. 4. Ego sum puer, tu es vir. 5. Mihi cum illo negotium est. 6. Cognosce ye ipsum. 7. Habent sua fata libelli. 8. Injuriam illi homini facimus. 9. Non bonus est ulli, qui malus est sibi. 10. Medice, cure ate ipsum! 11. Post hoc non est propter hoc. 12. Testis unus – testis nullus. 13. Haec lex valet in omnes. 14. Ego nihil timeo, quia nihil habeo. 15. nec sibi, nec alteri.
3. Translate the sentences into Latin.

1. You - for me, I - for you. 2. To govern oneself is the highest power. 3. And you, Brutus. 4. Between us. 5. I teach you Latin. 6. My name is Yuri. 7. A fairy tale is told about you. 8. He who does good to a friend does good to himself. 9. I carry everything I own with me. 10. I can’t live without you. 11. Where is your home? 12. There are many famous monuments in our city. 13. Everyone knows that it is not the king who is the law, but the law who is the king. 14. There is no rule without exception. 15. Give me your documents.
4.Do a grammatical analysis of the sentences and translate them into Russian. Find pronouns in the sentences, determine their category:

1. Advocātus te in judicio defendit. 2. Amīci defenduntur a nobis in pericŭlis. 3. Debēmus facĕre ea, quae leges impĕrant. 4. Judĭces condemnant eos, qui delicta efficiunt. 5. Parēmus legĭbus civitātis nostrae. 6. Leges ferunt hi magistrātus, quibus id permittĭtur. 7. Quisque popŭlus suum jus sibi constituit. 8. Lex est, quod popŭlus jubet et constituit. 9. Plebiscītum est, quod plebs jubet et constituit. 10. Delictum facĕre is solet, cui prodest. 11. Sententiae nostrae magnum in senātu pondus habent. 12. Apud me, ut apud bonum judĭcem, argumenta plus quam testes valent. 13. De vobis et de libĕris vestris cogitāte. 14. Quis rei est testis? 15. Nemo in hic regionĭbus agrum meliōrem neque pretii majōris habet.
5. Learn the terms by heart:

testis muti - mute witnesses, physical evidence

ab inquirendum - for further investigation

recuperatio - a judicial body that hears disputes between Roman citizens and peregrines and between peregrines of different nationalities

restitutio - restitution, restoration

restitutio in integrum - restoration to the previous position

6.Prepare for vocabulary dictation 6 (Appendix 3).

6. Complete the sentences:

The Latin verb has the categories person, number…………………………………………………………………………

The Latin verb can be used in the indicative, imperative and …………………………………………………………

7. Write which of the Latin conjunctions is missing in these sentences:

ü Arte ____humanitate, labore_____ scientia.

ü ___________ cetera.

8. Use one of the prepositions given in brackets in the sentences:

ü ( A, Ab, Sub, Ad)_gloriam - for glory

ü Periculum ( in, cum, inter, sub)_________________________ ____________mora - danger in delay

ü ( Pro, cum, inter, de)________________________ memoria - for memory, in memory of something

ü Primus ( in, inter, cum, ad)______________________ pares - first among equals

ü Nulla dies ( cum, in, a, sine)________________________________linea - not a single day without a line (Pliny)

ü Per aspera ( sine, ad, cum, ad) ______________________________astra - through thorns to the stars!

ü ( Post, ante, cum, sine)___________________________ factum - after the event

ü Otium ( cum, contra, ad, post)__ negotium – rest after work

ü Pars ( inter, ad, cum, post, pro)_________________________ toto - part instead of the whole.

9. Write the missing endings of nouns, adjectives and verbs in the text:

1. Ars long__, vita brevis. 2. Finis coronat op__. 3. Repetitio est mater studi___. 4. Cum tacent, clama___. 5. Ibi victoria, ubi concordi___. 6. Nemo omnia potest sci___. 7. Amat victoria cura___.

10. Specify the form of the imperative mood: leg-ĭ-mus (read), disc-ĭ-te (learn), sunt (to be), sci-u-nt (to know), tenē (to hold), ama-s (to love), place-o (to like) , ambulā-tis (to walk), narrā-te (to tell), es (to be), scrib-ĕ (to write), imperā-t (to order), venī-te (to come).

11. Translate verbs from Latin into Russian, paying attention to the corresponding forms of tense, person and number:

spectabamini _________________________________

pono _________________________________

sunt ________________________________

Test 2

1. Decline the noun:

SINGULARISPLURALIS

Nom sumptus ____________

Gen __________ ____________

Dat ___________ _____________

ACC ____________ _____________

Abl ____________ ______________

2. Conjugate the verbs duco (ducere) and scio (scire) in Praesens Imperfectum Activi Passivi:

Duco (ducere)

____________________ _________________

__________________ ___________________

Scio (scire)

___________________ ____________________

__________________ ____________________

__________________ ____________________

3. Use phrases in the form indicated in brackets:

1. bonus equation (No. Pl __

2. mala soror (Acc. Sing) ____________________________________

3. omne templum (Dat. Pl) ___________________________________

4. fortis exercitus (Dat. Sing) ___________________________________

5. levis frater (Abl. Sing) ___________________________________

4. Indicate the degree of comparison (positive (Pos.), comparative (Comp.), superlative (Superlat.)) in which the adjectives are used:

1. longos __________________ 2. parvi __________________

3. clariori ___________________ 4. maiores ___________________

5. pulchriorem __________________ 6. malae ___________________

7. melioribus __________________ 8. fortius ____________________

5. Maintaining the form of person and number, use verbs in Imperfectum:

1. coin ______________________ 2. muniuntur ___________________

3. amamur ______________________ 4. ponis _______________________

6. Maintaining the form of person and number, use the verbs in Praesens:

1. reducebas _____________________ 2. habebant _____________________

3. portabamini ___________________ 4. muniebant ___________________

7. Use the following adjectives and nouns in the grammatical form indicated in brackets:

· magnum caput(Abl. Pl.)_________________________________

· misera soror(Nom. Pl.)__________________________________________

· parvus equius(Gen Pl.)_____________________________________________

· multum signum(Abl.Pl)_______________________________________________

· hic agricola(Acc. Sing.)_____________________________________________

· illud flumen(Acc. Pl.)_________________________________________

· pulcher vir(Gen.Pl)_______________________________________________

· pauci patres(Dat. Pl.)_______________________________________________

· malus servus(Nom. Pl.)_____________________________________________

· illa puella(Acc. Pl.)_____________________________________________

8. Use Latin verbs in the form indicated in brackets:

· amo(2nd singular, passive)______________________________

· audio(3rd plural, passive)______________________________

· sum(2nd plural)_____________________________________________

· eo(plural, imperative)_________________________________

· doceo(active infinitive)________________________________

· specto(2nd plural, passive)_________________________________

· do(1st singular, passive)______________________________

· veho(3rd plural, active)_________________________________

· venio(singular imperative)______________________________

· porto(2nd plural, active)______________________________

· amo(passive infinitive)_________________________

· mitto(1st pl. active)_____________________________

9. Indicate the missing endings of words in the text:

· H_______ servus est Medus, ill______ servus est Davus.

· Lydia h_________servum amat, non ill_________ servum.

· Dominus a serv______ improbo tim_________.

· Dominus serv_______ improbum vocat, sed a eo aud__________.

· Iam Aemilia puell_______ non vid_______ neque pueri eam vid_______.

· "Iulia! Ven_______!" Iulia puer_______ vocat, "Marce et Quinte! Ven________!"

10. Write the words missing from the texts of Latin proverbs:

v Repetitio est _______________________ studiorum.

v Amicus Plato, sed magis ________________ - veritas.

v Vita brevis, ars __________________.

v Per aspera_________________________________astra.

v __________________________ sua fata libelli.

v Mala herba _______________ crescit.

v Dum _______________________, discimus.

v Divide et ________________________.

v ____________________ spiro, spero.

v Philosophia est ________________ vitae.

v Ibi semper est _______________________, ubi concordia est.

11. Use phrases in the grammatical form indicated in brackets:

v haec humanitas(Acc.Sing) ________________________________

v ipse dux(Dat.Pl)

v ille exercitus(Gen.Pl) _______________________________

v hoc signum(Nom.Pl) ________________________________

v ipsa spes(Abl. Sing) ______________________________________

v hic metus(Nom.Pl) _________________________________

v ipsum caput(Acc. Sing) _________________________________

LITERATURE

Main:

1. Akhterova O.A., Ivanenko T.V. Latin language and basics of legal terminology. M: Prospekt, 2007. *

2. Nissenbaum M. Via Latina ad ius: Textbook of the Latin language. M., 2008. *

3. Pilipenko N.A., Ptashnik M.I. Methodological manual for the course “Latin” (for students of the Faculty of Law). Rostov-on-Don IPO PI SFU, 2009.*

4. Skorina L.P., Churakova L.P. Latin for lawyers / Ed. S.V. Semchinsky M., 2008. *

5. Tuzlukova V.I., Pilipenko N.A. Latin: Educational and methodological manual for higher education students educational institutions humanitarian specialties. Rostov-on-Don, 2005.

6. Rosenthal I.S., Sokolov V.S. Textbook of the Latin language for law faculties and institutes. M., 2006. *

Additional:

1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1969.

2. Aleferova M.V. History of Ancient Rome. St. Petersburg, 2002.

3. Ancient literature/ Ed. A.A. Tahoe-Godi. Ed. 2nd. M., 1973.

4. Vipper R.Yu. Essays on the history of the Roman Empire. M., 1995.

5. Lords of Rome. Biographies of Roman emperors from Hadrian to Diocletian / Trans. S.P. Kondratieva / Under. ed. A.I. Dovatura. M., 1992.

6. Vinogradov. I. Latin language (beginner course). M. 1905.

7. Volobuev O.V., Shestakova A.V. History of the ancient world in artistic and historical images. M., 1978.

8. Giro P. Life and customs of the Ancient Romans. Smolensk, 2000.

9. Goncharova N.A. Latin language. M.: Ostozhye, 2001.

10. Klimishin I.A. Calendar and chronology. M., 1985.

11. Kozarzhevsky A.Ch. Textbook of the Latin language for non-philological humanities faculties of universities. M., 1981.

12. Latin language / Edited by Popov A.N. and Shendyapin P.M. M., 2003.

13. Latin / Under the general editorship of V.N. Yarkho and V.I. Loboda. M.: Education, 2003.

14. Latin: Textbook for students of pedagogical universities / Ed. V.N. Yarkho, V.I. Loboda. Ed. 4, rev. and additional M., 2004.*

15. Latin-Russian dictionary. Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 1999.

16. Latin-Russian dictionary / Ed. Butler. M., 1976.

17. Losev A.F. History of ancient aesthetics. Sophists-Socrates-Plato. M., 1969.

18. Lyubimov L.D. Art of the Ancient World. M., 2002.

19. Miroshenkova V.I., Fedorov N.A. Textbook of the Latin language M., Moscow State University, 2005.

20. Mythological dictionary. M., 1993.

21. Nemirovsky A., Ilyinskaya L., Ukolova V. Greece and Rome. 1-2 T. M.: Bustard, 1996.

22. Svetilova E.I. Latin language for lawyers. Publisher: Moscow, Flinta, 2009. 336 p.

23. Podosinov A.V., Shchaveleva N.I. Lingua Latina: An Introduction to the Latin Language and Ancient Culture. At 5 o'clock M., 1994.

24. Tronsky I.M. Historical grammar of the Latin language. M., 1960.

25. Fedorova E.V. Early Latin writing. M., 1991.

26. Dictionary of Latin winged words. M.: Russian language, 1988.

27. Sobolevsky S.I. Latin language. M., 1953.

28. Pokrovskaya Z.F. Latin language. M.: Higher School, 1987.

29. Tokmakova. L.V. Latin language. Rostov-on-Don: RSU Publishing House, 1974.

30. Tuzlukova V.I. Latin language. Rostov-on-Don, 1997.

31. Tuzlukova V.I., Pilipenko N.A. Latin language. Rostov-on-Don, 2005.

32. Fedorov N.A., Miroshenkova V.I. Ancient literature. Rome. Anthology. M., 1988.

33. Fedorova E.V. People of Imperial Rome. M., 1990.

34. Fedorova. E.V. Imperial Rome in faces. Smolensk, 1995.

35. Khashekova N.E. From antiquity to modernity. M., 2002.

Internet resources:

Doktor.ru: Latin. Latin language, a brief introduction.

Latin aphorism. Latin numerals. Latin calendar. Latin in names. Interesting terminology. ( www.doktor.ru/latin/).

Lingua Latina - materials about the Latin language- Latin numerals. Latin calendar. Latin in names. Slogans, inscriptions, emblems.

Latin idioms. Sayings, thoughts and comments. The ancients about wine. Roman law. Religion of the ancient Romans. Catholic prayers. Short story Ancient Rome. Chronological table ( www.lingua.f2s.com).

Lingua latina - Latin language. A useful selection of links to resources on the Latin language ( homepages.tversu.ru).

Project Ornemus" - ornemus.da.ru- Database of Latin proverbs and expressions.

Russian-Latin/Latin-Russian dictionary containing about 12,600 words.

Ya.M. Borovsky. Latin as an international language of science (on the history of the issue) (Problems of an international auxiliary language. M., 1991. - P. 70-76) A review of the main points in the history of the Latin language as an international language of scientific and artistic culture allows us to draw a conclusion about its ability to live and develop in this function in accordance with the needs of our time. " (Library of philological texts www.philology.ru).

Treasures of ancient and biblical wisdom: The origin of aphorisms and figurative expressions. Yu. A. Rakov (1999).

Latin-Russian dictionary (latinum.narod.ru/LEXLR.HTML).

Russian-Latin dictionary (latinum.narod.ru/DOWN.HTML).

Russian-Latin/Latin-Russian dictionary containing about 12,600 words. (www.russiansoft.com/~josh/ornemus/vocabularium.phtml).

QUESTIONS TO PREPARATE FOR THE TEST

1. First declension of nouns. Basis, paradigm, features of declension.

2. Second declension of nouns. Peculiarities of declension of masculine nouns.

3. Second declension of nouns. Features of the declension of neuter nouns.

4. Names inflected according to the paradigm of the first-second declension of nouns.

5. Third declension of nouns. Basics and varieties of the third declension. Methods for determining varieties of the third declension.

6. Third declension of nouns. Consonant variety.

7. Third declension of nouns. Vowel variety.

8. Third declension of nouns. Mixed variety.

9. Third declension of nouns. Words with peculiarities of form formation. Formation of the nominative singular case in third declension nouns.

10. Adjectives of the third declension with one, two and three endings. Peculiarities of declension of adjectives of the third declension.

11. Fourth declension of nouns: basis, paradigm, features of declension.

12. Fifth declension of nouns: basis, paradigm, features of declension.

13. Personal pronouns. Features of declension and use of personal pronouns.

14. Demonstrative pronouns. Features of declension and use of demonstrative pronouns.

15. Pronominal declension: features in the formation of forms. Pronominal adjectives.

16. Relative pronoun. Features of declension and use of relative pronouns.

17. Interrogative pronoun. Features of the formation and declension of interrogative pronouns.

18. Indefinite pronouns. Features of the formation and declension of indefinite pronouns.

19. Basic grammatical categories of the Latin verb. Basic forms and stems of the verb.

20. Praesens indicativi activi: formation, meaning, conjugation.

21. Praesens indicativi activi of the verb esse.

22. Imperativus praesentis and imperativus futuri: formation, meaning, conjugation.

23. Imperativus praesentis and imperativus futuri of the verb esse.

24. Imperfectum indicativi activi: formation, meaning, conjugation.

25. Imperfectum indicativi activi of the verb esse.

26. Futurum I (primum) indicativi activi: formation, meaning, conjugation.

27. Futurum I indicativi activi of the verb esse.

28. Praesens indicativi passivi: formation, meaning, conjugation. Constructions with verbs in the passive voice: passive phrase.

29. Imperfectum indicativi passivi: formation, meaning, conjugation. Constructions for verbs in the passive voice: double accusative case.

30. Futurum I (primum) indicativi passivi: formation, meaning, conjugation. Constructions for verbs in the passive voice: double nominative case.

31. Perfectum indicativi activi: formation, meaning, conjugation. Perfectum indicativi activi of the verb esse.

32. System of participles in Latin: participium praesentis activi, participium perfecti passivi, participium futuri activi. Features in the formation of forms and declension.

33. Non-finite forms of the verb in Latin: infinitive (infinitivus praesentis activi, infinitivus praesentis passivi) and supine. Features of the formation and meaning of non-finite forms of the verb.

APPLICATIONS

Appendix No. 1

Related information.

Latin pronouns are divided into personal pronouns: I - ego You - tu, ille – He; possessive (possessive): my - meus, is yours - tuus mine - suus, our - noster, yours – vester; demonstratives (demonstrativa): this - hic, iste; That - ille, is; determinatives: he is (the same) - idem, myself - ipse; interrogative (interroganiva): Who? – quis, Which? (which?)– qui; relative (relative): which - qui; indefinite (indefinita): somebody - quidam, anyone - aliquis, every - quisque some - Quispiam, any - quivis; negative (negativa): none – nullus nobody - nemo, nothing – nihil, neither one nor the other - neuter.

Personal pronouns also include reflexive (reflexivum): sui, suus.

Latin pronouns are also compound, with the addition of an indeclinable particle: myself - egomet everyone - quilibet (strictly speaking, this pronoun merged with the verb form libet), if anyone - siquis. Compound pronouns are also formed from two pronouns: anyone - aliquis< alius + quis; everyone - unusquisque< unus + quisque; this - isthic< ist + hic. Такое образование иногда идет путем простого удвоения: quisquis < quis + quis; sese < se + se. Некоторые местоимения образованы с помощью союзов: Who - Quisnam< quis + nam; somebody - quisque< quis + que.

Pronoun which– qui

These pronouns should not be confused with similar forms: quam (than) and quo (where).

Personal pronouns I – ego, we – nos

Personal pronouns You – tu, You – vos

Personal pronoun to myself – sui

Pronoun This is what– istud

§ 38. Pronomina demonstratīva (demonstrative pronouns)

Demonstrative pronouns in Latin include:

is, ea,idthat, he(often suggests a subsequent relative pronoun: is... qui that, which);

ille, illa, illudThat(points to a distant object);

hic, haec, hocthis(points to an object close to the speaker);

iste, ista, istudthis that(indicates an object related to the 2nd person);

idem, eadem, idemthe same;

ipse, ipsa, ipsumhimself, most.

Declension of demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are declined mainly according to the I-II declension type. However, they have the so-called features of pronominal declension:

1) in gen. sing. ending -ius (-jus) for all three genders;

2) in dat. sing. ending –i for all three genders.

The most common demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id. In its declension there is an alternation of stems e/i.

hic, haec, hocthis

ille, illa, illudThat

The pronoun is declined in the same way iste, istă, istud and demonstrative pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum.