Specifics of the volunteer movement as a subject of social work in a secondary school. List of sources and literature used The topic of volunteering in fiction

Introduction

Chapter 1. Volunteer movement - object scientific analysis

1.1Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of volunteer labor

1.2History of the development of the movement: from volunteering to volunteering

Chapter 2. Volunteer movement in modern realities

2.1 Volunteer movement: specifics, functions, areas of application (based on the example of Russian and Western European experience)

2.2 Russian student volunteers: motivation for activity

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. Despite the fact that both public and personal values ​​of each person are constantly changing throughout history, there is still a certain layer of social values ​​that can be called unshakable for all peoples and at all times. Such values ​​include voluntary, selfless work. At the present stage of development of Russian society, global social, economic, political and cultural changes are taking place, largely caused by the development of capitalist relations. People's orientation toward economic values ​​becomes more pronounced. But at the same time, the sociocultural phenomenon of volunteering, volunteer work based on selfless service to society and altruistic motives, is actively developing and promoting. It is noteworthy that volunteering is becoming one of the important areas of activity in student government and the activities of youth associations. Many student representatives view social activities as a way to self-realize their creative potential.

How in modern society the predominance of economic values, an orientation towards monetary interests and volunteer work, based on the principles of selflessness and gratuitousness and gaining increasing resonance in the socio-economic life of the country, can coexist. This is of scientific interest and relevance of this study.

The degree of scientific development of the problem. The issue of freedom of activity, moral principles and categories underlying the phenomenon of volunteerism, such as altruism, goodness, free will, compassion and selflessness, were considered in the works of many domestic and foreign thinkers. Among them are O. Comte (who first coined and introduced into scientific use the term “altruism”), C. Fourier, Saint-Simon, G. Spencer. A large number of studies are devoted to the consideration of forms of social practice of volunteering. Among domestic scientists, N.Yu. studied this issue. Slabzhanin, E.L. Shekova, G.V. Bodrenkova. The history of the volunteer movement in Russia was studied by such authors as N.Yu. Slabzhanin, E.L. Shekova, A.V. Sharypin, G.V. Bodrenkova. The topic of the relationship between religious values ​​and work activity is presented in the works of A. Smith, M. Weber. Volunteer labor as the basis for building a communist society was considered by K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin. Issues of motivating people to volunteer have been studied by A. Maslow, D. McCalland, and among domestic scientists psychologists and sociologists A. N. Leontyev, L. I. Bozhovich, N. Yu. Slabzhanin. The study of student volunteering, the influence of the volunteer movement on the development of active citizenship and self-awareness of students is carried out by such researchers as A.V. Sharypin, E.D. Akhmetgaleev. Comparative analysis of Russian and foreign experience volunteer activity is presented in the works of Russian scientists I.M. Gorodetskaya, L.E. Sikorskaya, E.L. Shekova. Economic research on volunteering is characterized by an emphasis on the functioning and development of activities of third sector organizations (NPOs). The economic approach to the problem is developed by such researchers as M. Lester, in Russia - V. N. Tambovtsev, exploring the economic importance of civil society. An in-depth analysis of the relationship between the image of non-profit organizations and the degree of people’s involvement in the non-profit sector is provided by the Russian scientist A. B. Barkhaev.

Object of study is the volunteer movement as a sociocultural phenomenon.

The subject of the study is activities of student volunteers in modern conditions of development of Russian society.

Goal of the work: identify the social significance of volunteer work

To achieve the goal, the following were set tasks:

1)identify the prerequisites for the emergence of volunteer work as a sociocultural phenomenon, highlight the forms of its manifestation in historical retrospect;

2)define the concept of “volunteering”, analyze the main theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of volunteer work;

)determine the specifics of volunteer work, its functions, scope of application, problems of further successful development in Russia;

)to identify the features of motivation of student volunteers for activities.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, and applications.

Theoretical and methodological foundations of the work. Volunteer work is considered in the context of the teachings of Marxism. Representatives of Marxism (K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin) identified volunteer and communist labor. Marxist ideologists believed that with the development of productive forces social work will become the most important need for people; labor will become free from coercion and alienation and will be creative in nature. In other words, volunteer labor is the main condition for building communism.

Volunteer work from the point of view of the societal model of society is considered as work used in the third (non-profit) sector of the economy and serves as the basis for the development of civil society. This economic approach to the study of volunteer labor was developed by M. Lester, V.N. Tambovtsev.

The structural-functional approach was used to identify various forms of manifestation of the sociocultural phenomenon of volunteering.

To date, the issues of motivation for volunteering have been studied quite fully. The motivation for volunteering is considered in the context of A. Maslow's concept of needs and D. McCalland's theory of needs, which place human motivations in a hierarchical structure and identify them with basic human needs.

Methods used when writing a paper:

) theoretical analysis

) comparative analysis

) generalization

survey

observation

Empirical basis of the study compiled: the results of the following sociological studies conducted in Russia and abroad:

) A.B. Barkhaev. A sociological study devoted to identifying the influence of the role of an organization’s image on the level of awareness and the degree of involvement of the population in its work. The study was conducted in 2005 among students of a number of universities in the cities of Vladivostok and Moscow (N=478) using a questionnaire survey.

) E. L. Shekova. A study of the demographic, social and professional structure of volunteers in the US cultural sector. The study was conducted in 2000 in large American museums (N=350) using a questionnaire method.

) "Moscow House of Mercy". A sociological study devoted to identifying people’s motivation to engage in volunteer activities. The study was conducted in 1996 among Moscow volunteers (N=430) using a questionnaire method.

) Author's research devoted to the study of student volunteer motivation for activities. The study was conducted in 2011 among students of Volgograd state university and Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University, who took part in the project of the Victoria charitable children's foundation “Career guidance and self-determination” of orphans in the Volgograd region as volunteers (N=12). The main method of collecting sociological information was a questionnaire survey.

Approbation of work: Some results and conclusions of this study were tested in a presentation on the topic: “Student volunteers: motivation for activity” at the scientific week held on April 24, 2012 at Volgograd State University.

Chapter 1. Volunteer movement - an object of scientific analysis

1.1 Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of volunteer labor

“Etymologically, the terms volunteer and volunteer have almost identical meanings, although a closer look allows us to see an important distinctive nuance of the Russian-language term concerning the moral basis of the activity itself.”

The word volunteer comes from the French volontaire, which in turn comes from the Latin voluntarius, and literally means a willing volunteer. In the 18th and 19th centuries, volunteers were people who voluntarily entered military service. “In a broad sense, the concept of “volunteer” means a person who has carried out a conscious, independent choice engaged in any business at will and conviction. This is pure arbitrariness." The Russian synonym for the term “volunteer” is the word “volunteer,” which is also defined in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia as “a person who voluntarily entered military service.” But it is easy to notice that the Russian-language equivalent of this concept is much more meaningful than its French-Italian prototype. The term “volunteer” comes from two words good + will and essentially means a person who does good of his own free will. The Western synonym lacks this moral orientation of the concept. This does not reflect the nature of the activity performed by the individual, but only the way of participating in it (independently, voluntarily).

In the sociological dictionary we find the following definition of the concept volunteer (volunteer) - “a person who voluntarily participates in any activity that does not provide material reward.” As the researchers note, the concept of volunteering, and in the Western tradition “volunteering,” is used “to denote voluntary work as an activity carried out by people voluntarily for free and aimed at achieving socially significant goals and solving community problems.” So, for example, N.Yu. Slabzhanin we read: “A volunteer is a person who is engaged on a free voluntary basis (without any coercion) in activities to resolve socially significant problems.” That is, the concept of volunteering is still broader than activities carried out voluntarily and free of charge (implying the absence of monetary reward), another aspect is added: this activity must be aimed at achieving socially significant goals.

In modern society, labor is approached within the framework of established large labor subsystems. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish three main subsystems: the public sector (first), market-commercial (second) and non-state non-profit sector (third). Labor has specificity in each of these subsystems. While labor in the public and commercial sectors of Russia has been sufficiently studied, volunteer labor in the third sector, which is the basis of civil society, has clearly not been studied enough.

Scientific research into “volunteer labor” is based on traditions known in the history of science, based on the religious values ​​of Christianity, socialist ideas and liberal values ​​of freedom of individual activity.

Religious subject voluntary unpaid labor was formed a very long time ago and is associated in Russia to a greater extent with Christianity. Religious principles are based on the altruism of the most socially responsible members of society. Altruism is the ability of a person to place the well-being of others above his own. O. Comte considered the development of altruistic consciousness “an indicator of the civilization of a society committed to positive values.” Lapina V.G. notes that altruism is closely related to collectivity. As an ethical imperative, the problem of altruism is present in Christian teaching, and as a moral virtue it is formulated in the famous “categorical imperative” of I. Kant. “Altruism has always been the basis of charitable activities and, politically, altruism is a necessary condition for the existence of mass political parties And public organizations, where a significant number of ordinary activists work for free.” The role of Protestant ethics in the formation of capitalist society was analyzed by M. Weber. His works also examine the social function of religious labor. Religion, in particular Protestantism, considers high level social organization of life as a religious duty of serving God, good deeds as a sign of chosenness. The religious duty of man is to create such a social organization of life that, through its perfection, would serve the glory of the Almighty. And this perfection is impossible when there are many social problems in society, many unkempt, disadvantaged, orphaned and wretched people, left without the supervision of the religious community, without guardianship and free help from parishioners. Russian monastic holiness provides many examples of unpaid labor and the deliberate underestimation of wages for work. Some forms of labor, such as healing, did not have to be paid for by the sufferers at all. It is no coincidence that the Monk Agapit received the nickname of the Merciless Doctor. St. Clement of Alexandria, who expressed the spirit of Western Christianity, emphasized that all external actions must correspond to internal motives. He considered the Gospel words about Love for neighbors to be the highest commandment of God. And he compared earthly wealth to a serpent, which can kill a person or leave a generous and prudent owner unharmed. As a result, concludes Saint Clement, “He is not rich who owns property and takes care of it, but he who shares it. Giving, not possessing, makes us happy.”

The emergence of a mass non-religious subject voluntary labor dates back more to the 20th century, although its origins can be seen in the 19th century, as in Western countries, and in Russia, during the development of capitalism. At the same time, the concept of socialism-communism was actively being formed. Socialism as a doctrine considers as an ideal a society based on the principles of social justice, freedom and equality. The free labor of free people was the ideal of the utopian socialists: Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier viewed labor as pleasure, the flowering of human abilities. The ideologists of communism K. Marx and F. Engels believed that with the development of productive social forces, work for the benefit of society will become the first vital need of people and will become truly free from coercion and alienation. Labor under communism will be carried out according to the paid principle: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” on the basis of public ownership of the means of production. The differences in labor will be erased and the creative component of this labor will increase. IN AND. Lenin, a theoretician of the construction of socialism in Russia, identifies voluntary and communist labor, giving a definition of this labor. Lenin's approach grew into the tradition of studying voluntary labor, established by USSR scientists during the Soviet period. IN AND. Lenin formulated the prerequisites for the formation of communist labor. These include factors such as “the achievement of a high level of productive forces, mechanization and automation of labor, the elimination of heavy types of labor, the saturation of work activity with intellectual functions, the emergence of new professions; as well as improving the entire system of social production relations, in particular strengthening the direct social character, labor discipline, and changing the nature of labor. On the other hand, the subject of labor, the bearer of the need to work, must improve.” This approach again viewed voluntary labor under socialism as pre-communist labor, therefore the USSR pursued a state policy of supporting voluntary labor. But, although the voluntary labor of citizens was of a massive nature, it was still to a greater extent neither voluntary, but ideologically forced. “After the revolution of 1917, the unpaid labor of citizens in the USSR was massive, but initiated from above by state-party structures.”

In modern Western science, the societal model is generally accepted, perceived and Russian science, according to which three large subsystems are identified in society, which were mentioned above. “The independent, third sector is also seen as the basis of civil society. The main labor that creates civil society and accumulates its specificity is volunteer labor.” A special role in the third (independent) sector belongs to private philanthropists, poor idealists, and activists of public organizations. “In the past, churches were the initiators of public services. Later, especially in English-speaking countries, the initiative passed to various foundations, private associations, and countless charities and agencies. To some extent, the origins of this activity were the commitment of large private fortunes to philanthropy. But poor idealists also did a lot here, putting their organizational and propaganda talent into this matter. This voluntary effort We owe a lot.” “The independent sector, if consciously cultivated and developed, can achieve great things.” Indeed, today in the developed countries of the world the role of civil society organizations is highly valued, and following this there is a clear tendency for the state to transfer part of its functions of social protection and support of the population to organizations of the independent sector.

"For Economic Research on Volunteering characterized by an emphasis on issues labor relations arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, and examines, first of all, the cost-compensation nature of the relationship between the individual and society. This approach is characterized by ideas about the aggregate rather than the individual subject of labor activity.” However, volunteer labor, on the one hand, is labor, but at the same time it is not economic labor, since it is not regulated by the main principle of economic efficiency, the principle of maximization (maximum income with minimum expenses). Moreover, this work is not paid or stimulated in the same way as it happens in the market sector.

To summarize the above, it should be noted. The concept of “volunteering” is identical to the Russian-language concept of “volunteering” and means socially useful activity carried out by people voluntarily for free (implying the absence of monetary remuneration). Voluntariness, selflessness, and social orientation are the three main components of volunteer work that determine its specificity. Volunteer work has been little studied from the perspective of domestic sociology. There are three main traditions in the study of volunteer work. Volunteer work is considered in the context of the Christian tradition, as an integral aspect of religious life. Also, volunteer work is considered from the point of view of Marxist ideology as a necessary element for building a socialist, and therefore communist, society. Another method of studying volunteer labor is to consider it through the prism of the societal model of society. If you use this method, then volunteer work will be defined as the foundation for building a civil society.

1.2 History of the development of the movement: from volunteering to volunteerism

To study the phenomenon of volunteering, which has become increasingly prominent in recent years, both in the global and Russian sociocultural space, one should begin with a retrospective review of this sociocultural phenomenon, identifying the forms of its manifestation in historical retrospect.

Volunteering (volunteering) as a sociocultural phenomenon is inextricably linked with the history of the development of society; it has its own historical prerequisites and civilizational experience of development. The history of the volunteer movement is difficult to trace, since no one had previously accurately recorded actions of this kind. But in world history There has never been a society in humanity to which the ideas of voluntary and selfless help were alien. “Volunteering as an idea of ​​social service is almost as ancient as the concept society . There have always been people in society for whom the way of self-realization, self-improvement, connection and communication with other people was to work for the benefit of the community in which this person happened to be born and/or live.” It should be noted that religion and the church have always been a powerful catalyst for volunteering, cultivating an altruistic consciousness in people, thereby motivating people to volunteer.

But only in the twentieth century, in the socio-cultural space of Europe, exhausted by war and tired of individualism, did the volunteer movement begin to acquire the features of a universal social phenomenon. “After the First World War, in France, near Strasbourg, the first volunteer project was implemented to restore farms destroyed during the War in the places of the most fierce fighting.” The project volunteers were young people, citizens of Germany and France. They did not receive any material remuneration for their work, but were provided by the interested party with accommodation, food and health insurance- this principle of organizing volunteer work has been preserved to this day. “This volunteer project gave rise to the world’s first volunteer movement, called Service Civil International, which continues to function today.” student volunteer volunteer movement

Volunteer work has always been a response to any socially significant problems; solving socially significant problems is a necessary component of it. The above and following examples of volunteer activities provide an opportunity to understand this.

During the economic crisis of 1929, many governments organized volunteer work in order to give unemployed young people something socially useful to do, thereby ensuring their employment, reducing the likelihood of strikes, and also providing young people with housing and food.

From the organization Service Civil International, several more organizations were actually formed, such as the British Volunteer Programme, US Peace Corps, Deutsche Entwiklungsdienst and other groups undertaking long-term volunteer activities. These organizations, in turn, preceded the UN Volunteer Program. At the end of the Second World War, young volunteers took an important part in the reconstruction of Europe: the construction of the center of Warsaw, the restoration of the destroyed cities of Western Europe." In addition to the economic benefits of the activity, this activity also contributed to the establishment of peaceful international relations.

During the Cold War, volunteers served as world mediators who, through volunteer projects, tried to establish cooperation between the socialist East and the capitalist West. “In the early 1960s, Americans took part in international volunteer work camps in the USSR, East Germany and Hungary, and volunteers from the East also visited the West.”

Volunteer movements in the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America arose with their liberation from colonial oppression. Here, the scope of application of volunteer labor was very extensive: from simple free labor used in performing any construction work to “eliminating illiteracy in Cuba.”

“The dawn of the volunteer movement of the 1970s came with the creation of the UN Volunteer Program.”

In Russia, the volunteer movement has its own tradition. Volunteer work was the most important characteristic national history. For many centuries, Russian society has been under the strong ideological influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, which cultivated an altruistic consciousness in people, which is the starting point, the root motive for volunteering. But external factors were also important, which were noted by V.O. Klyuchevsky in the “Course of Russian History” are the main types of activity of our ancestors: arable farming, cattle breeding, handicrafts, as well as a protracted tribal social structure compared to other peoples.”

An example of volunteer work can be found in the peasant community. “Peasant communities in Russia were characterized by this type of labor in solving common problems. Mutual assistance and mutual support have made the peasant community one of the most stable institutions, the influence of which continues to this day.” For the community, volunteer work was, in fact, a necessary condition for existence as such.

“In the 19th century, private secular charity developed: charitable institutions, various charitable societies, almshouses, shelters, charity houses, and shelters were founded.” The appearance in Russia of the 18th - 19th centuries of the so-called “houses of industriousness”, which in essence are one of the forms of private secular charity, as well as state charity in the form of a system of public charity, was a way to eliminate the increasing number of “professional beggary” (due to the widespread spread of the practice alms) and the contingent of unemployed, formed due to economic downturns in the second half of the 19th century. Although public charity showed us examples of volunteer labor (there were people who worked in these institutions for free), it mainly became a form of self-realization for the wealthy, since it was mainly in the nature of private charity, i.e. namely, a gratuitous monetary donation for the construction and maintenance of these institutions, but not gratuitous labor. “Catherine the Great and then Empress Maria Feodorovna also showed themselves as philanthropists. An example of such charity was the Smolny Institute, designed to educate girls who are carriers of the ideas of enlightenment.”

“But we cannot say that charity and volunteerism were the lot of only people from high society. History has brought to us many customs of self-help, selfless support of one's neighbor ordinary people. This includes the joint construction of a new house for a fire victim, and the collection of donations by volunteers for the construction of schools, hospitals and churches.”

The initiators of any large, organized volunteer actions or movements were mainly representatives of the Russian intelligentsia. “One of the well-known examples is the free activity of representatives of the intelligentsia (teachers, doctors, etc.) in the field of culture - “going to the people.” “Going to the People” is an example of organized volunteer work in the field of intellectual education; it was a large-scale action with the ultimate goal of reorganizing society. But the organizations supporting this event were illegal and opposed to the current government; the event was a failure.

Another example of volunteer work can be found on the pages of the pre-revolutionary history of Russia. IN Russian Empire in 1911, there were more than 1.6 million officially registered tuberculosis patients . It became clear that the fight against this problem must be universal. “In 1911, the All-Russian League was created to fight tuberculosis. League branches opened in many cities, operating independently. In August of the same year, the first White Flower Day was held in the city, the main purpose of which was to spread information about the disease and raise funds for the benefit of patients. Doctors gave lectures on tuberculosis, and volunteer assistants handed out information sheets. Members of the organizing bureau were involved in organizing all the events - a ceremonial procession through the city, a fair, a prayer service on the square in front of the City Duma. Over the course of two years, the measures taken by the league turned out to be so effective and timely that the need for further mobilization of public funds disappeared.” As can be seen from the example, this event, in fact, had the character of a social project, consisting of well-organized and thoughtful volunteer actions, where volunteers of different levels worked: from simple performers (distributing information leaflets) to specialists in a certain field. The initiators were representatives of the intelligentsia. This was already a new, higher level of organization of volunteer assistance.

A massive volunteer movement was the movement of the Sisters of Mercy, which today has a history of more than a century. “The first women in the world who voluntarily and organizedly went to the front to help wounded soldiers were the sisters of mercy of the Moscow St. Nicholas Convent. This event occurred during the Crimean War of 1853-1856.” This movement was caused by military actions, its first participants were the sisters of the monastery, i.e. nuns, their main motive was altruism. This example shows the active participation of the church in solving socially significant problems and developing volunteerism. The movement had a worldwide resonance in the form of the emergence of the international volunteer organization of the Red Cross.

“After the revolution of 1917, the unpaid labor of citizens in the USSR was massive, but initiated from above by state-party structures.” That is, in fact, it was gratuitous, but not voluntary, because This labor was still not free for citizens, but was largely of a forced, ideological nature (subbotniks, voluntary squads, Timur’s movement).

Thus, summing up the above, we can draw the following conclusion. Volunteering as a sociocultural phenomenon has its own prerequisites, determined by the very history of the life of the people. Volunteering as a manifestation of individual initiatives to selflessly help others has existed throughout human history. In many ways, the institution of religion contributed to the manifestation of these initiatives. Volunteering as an organized form of activity in the West originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Its appearance is a response to mature socio-economic problems (hunger, devastation after wars, economic crises, unemployment, the emergence of socially dangerous members of society in the person of the unemployed). The initiative to create volunteer projects came from state governments. The history of the emergence of the Russian volunteer movement has its own characteristics.

Forms of manifestation of Russian volunteerism in historical retrospect:

) individual initiatives - can be traced from the formation of the Russian state to the present day. This form of volunteer work is in many ways characteristic of the communal way of life, so typical of Russia until the mid-20th century. It was actively promoted and supported by the Russian Orthodox Church at all times.

) system of charity (public, that is, state and private). This form, with some amendments, can be called the beginning of the organization of volunteer activities coming from the state and private individuals (the assistance provided to people in charitable institutions was free of charge and was aimed at solving socially significant problems (mainly the fight against beggary)). But the labor used in these establishments was not free of charge.

) the organized nature of the activity. The manifestation of these forms of volunteer movement dates back to the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries (the “White Flower” movement, 1911; the “Sisters of Mercy” movement, originated in 1853). The initiators of the movement were representatives of the intelligentsia and clergy. Organized movement due to the emergence of socio-economic problems (World War I, increasing epidemics of diseases, etc.)

) “Voluntary-forced” labor. The period of existence of the USSR. Labor was formally declared voluntary, but, in essence, it was ideological, “voluntary-compulsory” in nature, initiated by authorities.

5) institutional forms. Volunteer labor operates in the non-profit sector in the form of non-profit organizations. This stage in the development of volunteer work has been evident in Russia since the 90s of the 20th century.

Chapter 2. Volunteer movement in modern realities

1 Volunteer movement: content, functions, areas of application (based on the example of Russian and Western European experience)

As stated above, “A volunteer is a person engaged in free, voluntary (without any coercion) activities to resolve socially significant problems.” Volunteer activities vary in forms. “Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, in public or private organizations.” Unorganized volunteering is spontaneous and occasional help to friends or neighbors. It is the predominant form of volunteering in many cultures. Organized volunteering occurs in the non-profit, public and private sectors, and is usually more systematic and regular. The broader the task assigned to volunteers, the more likely it is that volunteering will take an organized form. Often the work of volunteers is in the nature of one-time actions. “In order for volunteer activity to be more stable, its organizers are required, working on a fairly constant basis. World practice shows that such organization of work is closely related to the study of specific social problems and is carried out by NGOs in the form of projects.” “NPO is a non-profit organization, i.e. an organization that does not have profit generation as the main goal of its activities and does not distribute the profits received among participants.” The degree of participation (involvement) of volunteers in activities may also vary. “Although in most cases the degree of involvement in volunteering is constant, it can still be carried out with varying degrees of participation - from full involvement to occasional participation in volunteer activities.”

The scope of volunteer work is quite wide. This is the social sphere (working with orphans, elderly people, disabled people), the environmental sphere and environment, educational sphere, sphere of culture, art, leisure. An analysis of the activities of various organizations allows us to identify the following, the most relevant forms and areas of volunteer activity in Russia. “The most common area of ​​activity of Russian volunteers is helping children without parental care.” Moreover, it is implemented both in the form of single actions, for example, to collect diapers, and in the form of long-term social projects(example: career guidance, social adaptation of orphans). Next in terms of prevalence in the volunteer community is work in the field of “ecology and the environment.” An example of this is one of the well-known public environmental organizations operating in Russia - Greenpeace Russia and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).” A.B. Barkhaev conducted a sociological study aimed at identifying the influence of the role of the organization’s image on the level of awareness and the degree of involvement of the population in its work. “In general, the same number of respondents (2.2% for Greenpeace Russia and 2% for WWF of the total number of respondents) consider these organizations “respectable.” “Volunteers and medical institutions, which traditionally lack junior staff, do not remain unattended.” Volunteer work with older people and their social patronage in nursing homes are also common in Russia. Volunteering in the field of culture Today it is not very common in our country, unlike the countries of Western Europe and the USA. For example, in the USA, volunteers actively work in the cultural sector. “In the 90s of the twentieth century. in this country, volunteer labor has gained a strong position in the economy and cultural sphere.” However, in Russia this direction has very broad prospects. “This includes assistance in the restoration of architectural monuments, work to replenish the exhibition fund, organization of excursions, and work with tourist groups - the latter is especially in demand during major cultural and sports festivals.” The development of volunteerism in the field of sports is especially relevant in connection with major sporting events that will take place in the coming years in Russia: “XXVII World Summer Universiade in 2013 in Kazan, XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi, World Football Championship in 2018.” For comparison: volunteer activities in the United States are implemented in the following areas.

“Most often, American volunteers are involved in fundraising (Fundraising is attracting sponsorship funds for the implementation of a specific program, systematic and targeted activities of organizations, including methods of raising funds such as applying for grants, organizing charitable events, collecting donations, etc.) (about 27%). Other popular types of volunteering in the West are preparing and serving food (23%), doing work or helping with transportation (20%) and volunteering in education (19%).”

Regarding the functions of volunteering. Volunteering as a holistic phenomenon is considered by various approaches from different points of view. From an economic perspective, for example, “volunteering is seen as unpaid employment.” While the benefit obtained as a result of this activity is not free at all. Thus, from an economic point of view, volunteerism is a necessary resource for holding the social fabric together. “In modern Western science, the societal model, adopted by Russian science, is generally accepted, according to which large subsystems and sectors are distinguished in society: state (called the first sector), market-commercial (second) and non-state non-profit (third sector). Volunteer work is included in the third sector; often used in non-profit organizations (NPOs). The third sector is considered by scientists as “the structural, institutional, organizational basis of civil society.” Thus, if we consider volunteering from the point of view of a societal approach, then its functions can be reduced to the following: “participation in the formation and development of civil society, transmission of societal values ​​and traditions; civil socialization of an individual; integration of society through citizen associations, creation of social capital; cooperation of efforts to protect the rights and interests of individuals; self-government and collective solution of community problems based on social innovation; support for vulnerable groups, their social adaptation; consolidated self-expression and social creativity of people.” In addition, “volunteer activity acts as an inexhaustible source and resource of morality,” which plays a significant role in the improvement of society as a whole. This is especially relevant for Russian society. “Economic values ​​have become decisive in politics, ideology, education, and culture. However, these values ​​cannot consolidate society and cause its rise, especially in a country like Russia. An economy without support for morality does not lead to universal prosperity, but to general disunity, to individualization, atomization of society and its disintegration.” Volunteering also helps its participants satisfy their needs, the main of which are the desire to help solve socially significant problems and the desire for self-realization. For young people, volunteering gives them a chance to realize themselves professionally.

Now let’s consider the state of this sociocultural phenomenon today. The state of volunteering in Western Europe and the USA differs significantly from the situation on this issue in Russia. If in the countries of Western Europe and the United States, institutionally organized volunteering, established in the form of NGOs, has existed since the beginning of the 20th century, then in Russia this form of existence of the volunteer movement dates back to the 90s of the 20th century. “The concept, content and form of volunteer work in modern Russia begins to take shape simultaneously with the emergence of the third sector of the economy (the 90s), which consists of non-profit, public and charitable organizations.” Accordingly, this social phenomenon is currently poorly developed and widespread in Russia. There are a number of problems associated with the development of the volunteer movement.

Legal problems.“The formation of a holistic, sustainable volunteer movement in our country is largely at the initial stage. This is largely due to the legal unsettlement of the issue. Today, the only legislative document regulating activities in this area is the Federal Law “On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations,” which was adopted on August 11, 1995 by the State Duma of the Russian Federation.” The next type of problem can be called problems "organizational" nature.Insufficient motivation by organizations for volunteers. For example, “volunteer activities do not count toward your total length of service.” Poor awareness of the activities of NPOs and insufficient work by organizations on their image do not have the best effect on attracting volunteers to the organization. As a consequence of this, there is little involvement in this type of activity. This issue is covered in detail in the works of A. B. Barkhaev, devoted to the problems of the image of public organizations. “Today, the total number of volunteers in Russia is 3.02% of the total population. According to a survey by the Public Opinion Foundation, 5 or 7% of the Russian population consider themselves volunteers. Another problem is lack of understanding by volunteers of the long-term goals of their activities.The problem with volunteering is understanding what it is. A study was conducted by the Tver Center for Youth Volunteer Initiatives Central District, as a result of which they received information from the volunteers themselves that they do not understand why volunteering is in the interests of self-realization and socialization. They believe that this is just a public, useless activity that uses volunteers. That is, misunderstanding."

If you look at the socio-demographic composition of participants in the volunteer movement in the country as a whole, you can see that in Russia the main contingent of volunteer activities in a typical Russian region is “student youth aged 13 to 30 years.” While in the United States, “the bulk of volunteers (59%) are 33-51 year old Americans, while the smallest (18.4%) are young citizens (14-24 years old).” This happens largely because the adult part of the population, due to the low standard of living, is forced to work 2-3 jobs and does not have enough time for volunteering. Which is also a problem for the development of volunteerism in Russia.

To summarize the above, the following should be noted.

Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, in public or private organizations, the degree of participation in the volunteer movement can also be different - from one-time actions to full involvement in the organization as a permanent volunteer. The most effective in solving socially significant problems is an organized form of the volunteer movement, implemented in the non-profit (third) sector, namely, in non-profit organizations through long-term social projects, with the involvement of permanent volunteers. In Western countries and the United States, this form of volunteer activity has been carried out since the beginning of the 20th century, while in Russia it has been practiced only since the 90s of the 20th century. In the sphere of development of Russian volunteerism, there are a number of problems, such as the legal unsettlement of the issue, weak involvement of the population in this type of activity associated with low level life, poor motivation, low level of awareness of the population about the activities of NGOs, homogeneity of the socio-demographic composition of the volunteer movement (the bulk are students), lack of understanding by volunteers of the long-term implications of their activities. Among the areas of distribution of volunteer work, the most significant for Russia are: the social sphere (helping orphans is most often practiced), ecology and the environment, and healthcare. Volunteer work is used less actively in the spheres of culture and sports. Although there are great prospects for the development of volunteering in these areas of activity. The functions of the volunteer movement are quite diverse: from raising the moral level of the individual and society as a whole, meeting people’s needs for moral and professional improvement to building a strong economy, civil society, and the rule of law.

2.2 Student volunteers: motivation for activity

Recently, volunteering has become one of the important areas of activity in student government and the activities of youth associations and public organizations. Currently, the number of students involved in volunteer work is increasing. In other words, the sociocultural phenomenon of student volunteering is becoming increasingly prominent in the public life of the country today.

When studying this phenomenon, one cannot ignore the study of students’ motivation to engage in this type of activity. After all, in order for a person who came to work as a volunteer, for example, in an organization, to strive to join its team, to want to become its member, and simply not to become disillusioned with the organization, and through it in all volunteer activities, not to lose interest in it, and in ultimately, did not decide to leave, it is very important to consolidate and update the motives that led him to volunteering. Thus, identifying the motivations of volunteers is of great importance.

In order to study the motivation of volunteers, which, in turn, is a rather complex concept, one should start with the definition of the very concept of “motivation”.

Different researchers can find completely different interpretations of this concept. Researchers define motivation as one specific motive, like unified system motives or as a special sphere, including needs, motives, goals, interests in their interaction. If we consider motivation as a concept identically equal to motive, then the interpretation of motive will correlate the concept of motivation either with a need, or with the experience of this need and its satisfaction, or with the subject of the need. The identification of motives, motivation with needs is carried out by such researchers as A. Maslow, J. Newten, D. McCalland. An individual’s need is a clearly perceived need for something, namely, the lack of which the individual feels at the moment. The interpretation of motive, correlating this concept with the experience of need and its satisfaction, can be found in S.L. Rubinstein. According to S.L. Rubinstein “Every action comes from a motive, i.e. motivating the action of experiencing something significant that gives this action meaning for the individual.” As can be seen from the definition, for S. L. Rubinstein, the fundamental point for identifying a motive as a certain psychological category is precisely the factor of experience that accompanies the meeting of a need with an object, while the factor of motivation may be absent.

In the context of A.N. Leontiev’s theory of activity, the term “motive” is used to designate that objective thing in which the need in given conditions is specified and to which activity is directed, as something that motivates it.” Thus, A.N. Leontyev understands motive as a “objectified” need, an object of need, i.e. as something in which the need directly finds objective expression. “Until its first satisfaction, the need “does not know” its object” ... and therefore it “must be discovered. Only as a result of such detection does the need acquire its objectivity, and the perceived (imagined, conceivable) object - its motivating and directing activity, i.e. becomes a motive." If we consider motivation as a special sphere that includes needs, motives, goals, interests in their interaction, then it would be advisable to present the following definitions. V.G. Aseev defines the motivational system as follows: “...the human motivational system has a much more complex structure than a simple series of given motivational constants. It is described by an exceptionally broad sphere, which includes automatically carried out attitudes, current actual aspirations, and the area of ​​the ideal, which at the moment is not actually active, but performs an important function for a person, giving him that semantic perspective for the further development of his motives, without in which the current concerns of everyday life lose their significance.” All this allows us to speak, on the one hand, about motivation as a complex, multi-level structure, including many needs, motives, ideals, interests, and, on the other hand, allows us to speak about the presence of a structure of motives.

Thus, we can conclude that, despite the diversity of approaches, motivation is interpreted by most authors as a set, a system of various types of factors that determine human behavior and activity. Motivation is also the process of stimulating someone (an individual or a group of people) to engage in activities aimed at achieving goals.

A number of scientists believe that “human motivations are arranged in hierarchical significance. And motivation, thus, is a hierarchized set of motives. This idea of ​​motivation as a hierarchical structure is significant because “The hierarchical structure of the motivational sphere determines the direction of a person’s personality, which has a different character depending on which motives in their content and structure have become dominant.” Psychologist Abraham Maslow revealed the hierarchy of individual motives.” “According to his theory, the strongest are the primary motivations associated with the satisfaction of physiological needs (hunger, thirst, the need for breathing, physical development, preservation of life). These motivations are located at the base of the pyramid of the hierarchy of motives at the lower level. Next comes the need for self-preservation, protection from risk, and guarantees of satisfaction of physiological needs. As “lower” needs are satisfied, new needs become relevant for a person, forming a block of secondary motivations. These include social needs (the need for communication, love, friendship, respect), the so-called egoistic needs (the need to feel pride, to be prestigious, to have a certain status). The last level in the pyramid is associated with satisfying the need for self-realization and creativity.” A. Maslow believes that only the satisfaction of “lower” needs leads to the actualization for a person of needs that are one step higher.

We should start with the fact that students are a specific social group, with special conditions of life, work and life, social behavior and psychology characteristic of it. The term “student” is of Latin origin, translated into Russian means someone who works hard, studies, i.e. mastering knowledge." This means that the period of adolescence (16-25 years), most of which falls precisely on the student years, is a time of rapid personal development in physical, social, moral terms, a time of active assimilation of new knowledge, accumulation of life experience, a time of acquiring life values. Characteristic feature moral development at this age is the strengthening of conscious motives of behavior. In addition, often the student period is a part of life, free from many social roles and obligations (professional and work activities, marriage and family relations). All this is conducive to volunteering.

In order to study the motivation for volunteering, an empirical study was conducted among students who took part in the project of the Victoria charitable children's foundation “Career guidance and self-determination” of orphans in the Volgograd region as volunteers. The socio-demographic characteristics of the volunteer participants are given below.

Socio-demographic characteristics of volunteer participants

Total number of participants Gender of participants Course of study University where participants are studying Specialty of participants 12 female 1st year - 5 Volgograd State University - 9 Sociology - 8 2nd year - 4 Volgograd State Social Pedagogical University - 3 Social work - 4 3rd year - 2 4th year - 0 people 5th year - 1

The study of the motivation of student participants in this project was carried out using the following methods: observation, questioning. One of the questions in the developed questionnaire reflects the hierarchy of motives of student participants in the project for volunteering. The results are shown below.

Hierarchy of motivational reasons that encourage students to volunteer

Motivational reason Place of motive in the hierarchy1) a selfless desire to help12) acquiring new skills23) altruism34) the opportunity to practice/internship in a specialty35) self-realization46) the opportunity to acquire new acquaintances57) today it is prestigious to engage in this type of activity 68) religious motives 79) today it is fashionable to engage in this type of activity810) benefits when studying at a university9

To complete the picture, a comparative analysis was also carried out of the hierarchy of motives that encourage students participating in our project to engage in volunteering, the hierarchy of motives for individual activities of A. Maslow and the hierarchy of motives that encourage participants to engage in volunteering in a sociological study conducted by the Volunteer Center "Moscow House of Mercy" for the study motivation of volunteers. results comparative analysis are presented below.

Comparative analysis

Ranking of motives according to the author's research Hierarchy of motives according to A. Maslow Ranking of motives according to the study of the Moscow House of MercyMotivePlace of motive in the hierarchyMotiveplace of motive in hierarchymotivplace of motive in the hierarchy 1) unselfish desire to help11 ) self-realization 11) desire to be socially useful12 ) acquiring new skills 22) prestige, a sense of pride 22) desire promote changes in society23) altruism33) the need for communication, for the communication of peers33) the implementation of one’s own initiative 34) the opportunity to practice/internship in a specialty34) the need for security44) the desire to find like-minded people45) self-realization45) satisfaction of physiological needs55) self-esteem as an individual56) the opportunity to acquire new acquaintances56 )desire to return kindness for kindness67)today it is prestigious to engage in this type of activity67)desire to spend leisure time interestingly, to occupy free time78)religious motives78)solving one’s own problems89)today it is fashionable to engage in this type of activity810)benefits when studying at a university9

Data analysis:

Thus, it turns out that according to A. Maslow’s pyramid of individual needs, a group of motives caused by the needs for self-realization and creativity (the following motives identified during the author’s research can be combined into this group: self-realization, altruism, a selfless desire to help, the possibility of an internship in a specialty, acquiring new skills) occupies the highest level. A group of communicative motives, i.e. satisfying the needs for friendship and communication (which in our case includes the opportunity to make new acquaintances) comes in second place. The group of egoistic motives (prestige, a sense of pride, to have a certain status), which in our case can include (today it is prestigious, fashionable to engage in this type of activity, this activity provides certain benefits when studying at a university) is in last place among the motivation of volunteers participating in the project . In the study of the Moscow House of Mercy, the first place is occupied by motives such as the desire to be socially useful, to contribute to changes in society, and the implementation of one’s own initiative. Interesting point with such a motive as altruism. A. Maslow calls altruism one of the aspects of self-realization. Slabzhanin N. Yu. writes about altruism. “Altruism is widespread in volunteerism. It is especially typical for older people with rich life experience. They can see in it the meaning of their lives. But, according to scientists, the process of developing urbanization is replacing this motive with other motives aimed at achieving only personal well-being.” Comparative analysis, on the one hand, refutes this statement. Because on all three points, the first place is occupied by the selfless desire to help, altruism, the desire to be socially useful, and the motive of self-realization in A. Maslow’s pyramid, which includes the two above-mentioned points. But this statement is also confirmed by comparative analysis, because so self-realization is not only altruism and altruism is not always self-realization. After all, in essence, acquiring new skills, the opportunity to implement one’s own initiative, the opportunity to undergo an internship in a specialty are motives aimed at oneself, at achieving personal well-being, and they occupy worthy second and third places in all hierarchies. And all subsequent motives are motives aimed at oneself, and not at society. But this is quite explainable by the fact that students are the time of the highest blossoming of strength, awareness of one’s own inner potential, determination of a personal mission, choice of a life path. In this regard, one of the primary motives for volunteering among students is “the desire for self-realization, i.e. realization of personal potential, manifestation of one’s abilities and capabilities in socially significant social activities" But, with all this, it should be noted once again that the unselfish desire to help, to be socially useful, comes first in both studies. In the studies of S.V. Mikhailova spoke about age differences in motivation. “The prevailing motivation among young people is related to the desire to try themselves in future profession" This can also be seen from the above comparative analysis table. The motive “opportunity for practice, internship in a specialty” takes 4th place in the author’s study. Obtaining new skills and implementing one’s own initiative take 2nd place in the author’s research and 3rd place in the research conducted by the Moscow House of Mercy. “Volunteer work allows you to acquire useful practical skills that are not directly related to a person’s professional choice, but are important for life. These include acquiring experience in interpersonal interaction, computer skills, various types of equipment, and construction skills.” Another important motive that encourages students to volunteer is the opportunity to communicate, have friendly interactions with like-minded people, and make new acquaintances. This is also evident from the table and is due to the fact that among young people the need to expand their social circle is especially common. It is significant that religious motives, although not in first place among the motivations of student volunteers, participants in our study, are still higher in importance than selfish motives, such as “today it is fashionable to engage in this type of activity” and “volunteer activities provides certain benefits when studying at a university,” “the opportunity to spend your leisure time interestingly and occupy your free time.” This suggests that volunteers are spiritually and morally developed, aware of what they are doing and how it can help others, and not just doing something voluntarily because they have nothing to do in their free time. But this motive does not occupy the first place, and among the motives proposed during the study of the “Moscow House of Mercy” it is not at all. Perhaps this is where we have one of the problems of the modern volunteer movement, namely, misunderstanding. “The problem with volunteering is understanding what it is. A study was recently conducted by the Tver Center for Youth Volunteer Initiatives of the Central District, as a result of which they received data from the volunteers themselves that they do not understand why volunteering is in the interests of self-realization and socialization. They believe that this is just a public, useless activity that uses volunteers. That is, misunderstanding." It is possible when the behavior of volunteers is driven by a single ideology, such as, for example, for a long time in Russia there was precisely an ideology preached by the Orthodox Church and cultivating an altruistic consciousness in people, then the aspirations and desires of people to do something useful are easily directed into the sphere of volunteering and people clearly understand the goals of their activities. This was the case, for example, in Soviet time, only the ideology was not religious, but secular, promoting voluntary labor for the benefit of building a just society, a better world.

Thus, to summarize the above, it should be noted. The sociocultural phenomenon of student volunteering is gaining more and more resonance in Russia today. In order for volunteer activities to continue to develop successfully, it is necessary to update the motives that brought young people into the volunteer sphere. They often agree that motivation is a combination, a system of various factors (including motives) that determine a person’s behavior and activity, motivating him to action. As a rule, altruism, defined by volunteers themselves as a selfless desire to help, prevails in the motivation of volunteers, including students. This is “traditional”, one of the main motives for volunteering at all times. But for students, as a specific group of people who are at the “peak” of activity of creative, moral, socio-psychological forces, self-realization, the opportunity to acquire new skills, practice in their specialty, and acquire new acquaintances are also important motives. Religious motives are not in last place among the hierarchy of student volunteer motives.

Conclusion

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude the following.

Volunteering (used synonymously with its Russian-language counterpart - volunteerism) - selfless (assuming the absence of monetary reward), voluntary work to solve socially significant problems. Volunteer work has been little studied from the perspective of domestic sociology. In Russian science there are three main traditions of its study. Volunteer work is viewed through the prism of Christian tradition as an integral aspect of religious life; also, volunteer work is studied in the context of the socio-economic concept of Marxism as a necessary element for building a communist society and individual freedom; There is a methodology for studying volunteer labor from the point of view of the societal approach (volunteer labor as the foundation of civil society).

Volunteering as an integral sociocultural phenomenon has its roots, historical reasons for its occurrence, conditioned by social life itself in different periods of its development. The emergence of volunteerism as selfless help to one’s neighbor was largely facilitated by religious ideology, primarily Christianity. Altruistic motives motivated people to do good deeds. In Russia, some scientists see the roots of volunteerism even before the state adopted Christianity, namely in a community whose way of life dictated the conditions of survival in the form of voluntary, mutual assistance to each other.

More organized forms of volunteer activity both in Russia and in Western Europe can be observed with the emergence of global social problems that could only be solved together, involving free human labor (elimination of the consequences of war, epidemics). That is, as we see, volunteer work has always been a response to the existing reality, ongoing changes of a problematic nature, which were difficult to solve only by the state. In Russia, the sociocultural phenomenon of volunteering has undergone the following evolution of forms of manifestation:

1)individual initiatives

2)state and private system charity (cannot be called a form of volunteer labor in the full sense of the word)

)organized forms of volunteering

)“voluntary-forced” labor of the Soviet period.

)Institutional forms (the current stage of development of this phenomenon)

The volunteer movement has also received its modern development in connection with the growing number of social problems, in solving which, given the current economic situation, volunteers are indispensable. The areas of distribution and functions of volunteer activities are quite diverse. It is used to solve problems in the social sphere (helping orphans, the elderly, the disabled), ecology and the environment, healthcare, education, and culture. The functions of volunteering are quite diverse, but equally significant for the development of society as a whole. Volunteering is not only free labor to help the state in solving many socio-economic problems, but also an inexhaustible source of morality, a translator of societal values, a solid foundation for building a civil society, and subsequently a rule-of-law state, a chance for each individual to realize their intellectual, creative potential.

World practice has recognized that volunteer activities are most effectively implemented in an organized form in the non-profit sector through permanent volunteers. This form of functioning of the volunteer movement is a common practice for Western European countries and the United States, but a relatively new phenomenon for Russia. This leads to a number of problems related to the functioning and further development of Russian volunteerism that need to be addressed. This includes the unsettled legal issue in this area, the low degree of awareness, motivation and, as a consequence, involvement of people in this type of activity, at the same time, the almost homogeneous socio-demographic composition of volunteers (young people aged 13-30 years, the bulk of whom are university students, schoolchildren), almost zero development of volunteering in some areas (for example, in the field of culture), lack of understanding by many volunteers of the long-term goals of their activities. These problems require prompt resolution.

It is important to pay attention to the motivation of Russian students to volunteer. Firstly, because students are the main part of Russian volunteers. Secondly, in order to further develop this type of activity, non-profit organizations need to know what brings people to this activity, what they expect, otherwise they may lose volunteers. Thirdly, analysis of motivation allows us to understand the significance of this sociocultural phenomenon not only for society as a whole, but also for the individual. They often agree that motivation is a combination, a system of various factors (including motives) that determine a person’s behavior and activity, motivating him to action. Traditionally, the motivation for volunteer work is considered to be altruistic motives, a selfless desire to help. But, in modern realities of life and in connection with the peculiar psychophysical characteristics of students as a specific social group In addition to altruism, important motives for student youth to engage in volunteer activities are also the motive of “desire for self-realization”, “opportunity to acquire new skills”, “practice in the specialty”, “expanding the usual circle of contacts”. Volunteering helps students to realize themselves morally, psychologically, professionally, and also increases the level of morality of volunteers, which is especially important in connection with the increasing predominance of economic values ​​in politics, ideology, education, culture, as well as the partial loss of moral guidelines by society, especially young people.

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Questionnaire

"Motivation of student volunteers"

. Please indicate your gender

1) male

) female

2. Please indicate your age___________

. Please indicate your marital status

1) single/unmarried 4) widow/widower

) married 5) other (specify)___________________________

) divorced/divorced

4. What course are you studying?

1) 1st course 4) 4th course

) 2nd course 5) 5th course

) 3rd course 6) 6th course

5. Indicate the university where you are studying(Name)

. Please indicate your specialty/area of ​​training

. Please indicate the main source of your financial resources:

1) scholarship

) part-time job

) Full time job

) social benefits

) help from parents

8. Your religious views(atheists move on to question number 9)

1) Orthodoxy. 4) Judaism

) Catholicism 5) Buddhism

) Islam 6) Protestantism

) other (specify)____________

9. What are the reasons that prompted you to volunteer?(prioritize)

10. What benefits does volunteering give you?(prioritize)

Answer options Question No. 9 Question No. 10 Self-realization Obtaining new skills Opportunity for practice/internship in a specialty Opportunity to acquire new acquaintances Engagement in this activity is fashionable Engagement in this activity is prestigious Volunteer activity provides certain benefits when studying at a university Religious motives Selfless desire to help Altruism Other (specify)___________

11. In what area do you work/have you worked as a volunteer?

12. In what area would you like to work as a volunteer?(please specify all possible options answer)

Answer options Question No. 11 Question No. 12 Ecology and environment Women's movement Children's Youth Help for the elderly Culture, art, leisure International cooperation Educational Social assistance Psychological assistance Law and human rights protection Other (specify)__________

13. What forms of work do you prefer as a volunteer?

a) individual activity

b) activity in a group with other people

c) combined forms of activity

14. How long have you been involved in volunteer activities?

a) many years of work experience (from 3 to 10 years)

b) work experience 1-2 years

c) work experience - less than 1 year

d) participated in several events

e) other (specify)________

15. How often do you participate in volunteer activities:

A) in every action/project that I learn about

b) as I find free time

c) several times a month

d) several times a year

e) participated in (a) several actions/projects

f) other_______

16. How many organizations do you most often participate in projects/actions from?

a) from one

b) from several

a) volunteer organizations at the university

b) public organizations

c) religious associations

d) other (specify)_________

18. How did you find out about the organization for which you are currently volunteering?_____________________

. What do you know about the organization for which you are currently volunteering?(indicate all possible answers)

a) head of the organization

b) the main goals of the activities of the public organization

c) implemented projects of the organization

d) ongoing projects of the organization

e) address of the organization

f) the organization’s place in the system of other public organizations of the city

e) other (specify)_________

Evaluation options The importance for you of your own volunteer activities54321The importance of the activities of the organization for which you are currently acting as a volunteer for the city54321How interesting are you in your own volunteer activities?54321How interesting are you to the goals/activities of the organization for which you are currently acting as a volunteer? 54321

21. Have you ever had to refuse to participate in actions/projects offered to you by the organization?

b) very rarely

c) sometimes

d) several times

22. What were the reasons for your refusal?

a) lack of time

b) activities in this organization did not meet your expectations

c) the time of the promotion is inconvenient for you

d) didn’t like the organization itself

d) unforeseen circumstances

e) other (specify)__________

23. Are you going to engage in volunteer activities in the future?

b) no (go to question No. 25)

c) I find it difficult (go to question No. 25)

24. How long are you going to volunteer?

a) while I’m studying at university

b) no family yet

c) until I get a job

d) all my life

e) other (specify)___________

25. Do you plan to do charity work in the future?

c) possible, with a sufficient level of material resources

d) other (specify)___________

Appendix 2

Diary of observations of the activities of student volunteers during career guidance classes

Orphanage No. 2. Observation No. 1.

The observation was carried out on October 13, 2011 in orphanage No. 2 in the city of Volgograd. 7 children aged 16 to 17 years and 3 volunteers (students of Volgograd State University) took part in the observation. During the observation, the following points emerged: initially, the children’s attitude towards the volunteers and among themselves was sharply negative. The volunteers behaved actively, tried to reduce the conversation to an informal, more friendly one, and against the background of this conversation, unnoticed by the children themselves, presented them with the necessary material. This gave results; the children began to actively discuss various educational establishments, profession, they touched upon and actively discussed the issue of corruption in the University.

The volunteers tried to create an informal, friendly atmosphere of communication, convey to the children that career guidance, although not the most important thing in life, but, in any case, classes in it will at least be useful for the general self-development of the children, tried to interest them in the project that needs to be done in within the framework of the general project of the Victoria Foundation, they promised to help in every possible way in the creation of the project. It was obvious that the volunteers had a strong desire to get closer to the children: 2 girls gave the children at the orphanage their phone numbers. The volunteers worked actively, always approved of the guys’ ideas, tried to instill in them confidence that their idea would certainly come true, the volunteers from the very beginning expressed a desire to make the activity unusual and interesting. One of the girls shared with the guys a story from her life (she had two adopted children in her family).

The volunteers tried to interest the children, and, despite the sea of ​​negativity initially coming from the children, in general, they succeeded, they actively worked, played with the children, and in the process everyone became interested.

Observation No. 2. Orphanage No. 2.

Observation No. 3 Orphanage No. 2

8 people attended the lesson. This time, the career guidance session with the children was conducted by new volunteers who had no previous similar experience. Apparently, that’s why, as always, the guys’ reaction to the new volunteers was as follows - (words of volunteer Dasha) - “when the lesson just started, the guys started taking their Cell phones, began to look for and examine something in them, thereby showing that they were not interested in discussing any issues with us.” However, this attitude of the guys towards the volunteers did not last long. The volunteer girls started getting to know each other and showed by their behavior that they were the same as these guys. During the lesson, the children at the orphanage became quite sociable. The professions that were most preferred by the children were discussed. Then the lesson was successful, all topics were discussed. However, it was not possible to achieve the degree of informality of communication that prevailed in previous classes. Perhaps the reason for this was the long stay of the teacher of children in the orphanage in the classroom.

Similar works to - Volunteer movement as a sociocultural phenomenon

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

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2. Russian Federation. Laws. “On the organization and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in the city of Sochi, the development of the city of Sochi as a mountain climatic resort and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”: Federal Law of December 1, 2007 No. 310-FZ (ed. dated June 28, 2014): [electronic resource]. // SPS “Consultant Plus” – Access mode: - http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_164901/

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4. Russian Federation. Laws. “On volunteering (volunteering)”: draft Federal Law of January 11, 2013 N 300326-6 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2013. - N 28. - Art. 3194.

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6. “Survio”: [website] – Survio, 2012-2015. - Access mode: www.survio.com– (Date of access: 02.11.2014).

Software for conducting marketing and sociological research and analyzing the results obtained.

Literature on volunteering and volunteerism 1. Volunteer work: essence, functions, specifics // Sociological research. 2006, No. 5 2. Zubkova T. S., Timoshina N. V. Organization and content of work on social protection of women, children and families. - M.: Academy, 2003. 3. Kobyakova T.G., Smerdov O.A. Methodological training seminar “Theory and practice of the volunteer movement.” 4. Kozlov A. A., Ivanova T. B. Workshop of a social worker. - M., 2001. 5. Olchman M., Jordan P. Volunteers are a valuable resource. Johns Hopkins University, 1997. 6. Pertsovsky A.N. Features of training volunteers to work in social protection institutions. 7. Training of volunteers (programs, recommendations, models of experience) / comp. I. I. Frishman, M. R. Miroshkina. - M.: GOU CRSDOD 2004. 8. Polatayko S. Volunteers in our organization // From support to partnership, charitable society “Nevsky Angel”. - St. Petersburg. - Novgorod, 1998. 9. Slabzhanin N.Yu. How to work effectively with volunteers. Novosibirsk: MOF STSPOI, 2002. 10. Fedorenko G. Volunteers help the Center [Text] / G. Fedorenko // Social Security. 2002. - No. 8. 11. Frishman I.I. Miroshkina M.R. Volunteer training (programs, recommendations, experience models) // Appendix to Vneshkolnik. 2004. No. 6. 12. Volunteers and volunteering. - Rostov-on-Don, 2001. 13. Matvienko I. Volunteering is a promising direction [Text]: App. “Socionomy” / I. Matvienko // Social protection. - 2002. - No. 1 14. Organization of an individually oriented educational process at the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen: Methodological materials. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen, 2007. Berdyugina O.N. Development of the volunteer movement: experience of a social service center // Social service worker. - 2010. - No. 6. Bodrenkova G.P. Development of mechanisms for systemic training of personnel // SOTIS. - 2009. - No. 5. 15. Volunteering as a factor in the formation of the humanistic orientation of a student’s personality in modern society: a collection of materials from the International round table(January 18, 2006) / under the general editorship of Sitarov V.A., Sikorskaya L.E., Krug I.M. - 2006 16. Volunteers // Dictionary-reference book for social work / edited by E.I. Single. M., 2000 17. Ivanova L.K. Volunteering and professional socialization // SOTIS. - 2008. - No. 5. 18. How to really help: [association of volunteers “Okazniki”] // Student Meridian. - 2009. - No. 8. 19. Knyazeva E.A. Volunteer work - free assistance to those in need // Social work. - 2010. - No. 1. 20. Kurenkova O.E. Volunteering // Modern encyclopedia of social work / ed. IN AND. Zhukova. - M., 2008. 21. Levder I. Volunteer movement as one of the forms of social services // Social work. -2006. - No. 2. 22. Sikorskaya L.E. Tolerance in the views of young Russian social work volunteers // SOCIS. - 2007. - No. 9. 23. Sikorskaya L.E. Organization of volunteerism in the urban environment. M., 2008 24. Skorikova E.P. Volunteering is a way of life // Students. Dialogues about education. -2009. 25. Levder I. Volunteer movement as one of the forms of social services // Social work. -2006. - No. 2. 26. Sikorskaya L.E. Tolerance in the views of young Russian social work volunteers // SOCIS. - 2007. - No. 9. 27. Sikorskaya L.E. Organization of volunteerism in the urban environment. M., 2008 28. Skorikova E.P. Volunteering is a way of life // Students. Dialogues about education. -2009. - No. 2.

Fiction:

Books by Albert Likhanov
The central problem of Likhanov’s books is orphanage children and adoption. The volunteers of our foundation will be very interested in them. Moreover, such complex problems are described in the easy and understandable language of fiction.

“Rasmus the Tramp”, A. Lindgren
A book from the author of “Carlson” about an orphan boy from an orphanage. Wonderfully written and translated. You can read or let children read from 8-9 years old.

“Children of the Dungeon”, V.G. Korolenko
Empathy for children in need can be very useful for orphans. Sometimes it is very important to know that you are not alone in your trouble.

"The Path to God"
An extraordinary story about an orphaned boy. The book is very thin, but very interesting.

"Island in the Sea" by Annika Thor
This story is about mutual understanding and coexistence of different, dissimilar people. This is more than the story of a girl from a family of Austrian Jews who was accepted and saved by a Swedish family, it is a look at a large and at first alien world, where a child separated from his family and homeland ends up. Steffi does not understand much about the people around her: they are dressed differently, their food is different, they pray to a God in whom she does not believe, they are stingy with their words and feelings. In her new surroundings, the girl has plenty of ill-wishers, eager to offend and humiliate. This story teaches tolerance towards those who are “not like everyone else.”

"The Little Princess" Frances Burnett
Sarah Crewe, a little princess from Bombay, suddenly finds herself in cold, prim London. The mother dies, and the father, an experienced sailor, brings the girl to the “Model School for Noble Maidens.” Along with the terrible news about the death of her father, new misfortunes come to Sarah: poverty, contempt of others, beatings. But the girl bravely and with dignity copes with all adversity and even finds treasures bequeathed to her by her father. A wonderful feature film was made based on the book.

"Little Lord Fauntleroy" Frances Burnett
A charming story about a seven-year-old American boy who suddenly learns that he is a real lord, and that a rich grandfather, the powerful Earl of Dorincourt, a stern and gloomy man, is waiting for him in England. With his kindness and spontaneity, little Cedric managed to melt his grandfather’s frozen heart and, in the end, resolve the difficult family drama.

Book series “Little Women” by Enos Publishing House
The Little Women series is aimed at middle school-aged readers. It includes the best works of domestic and foreign literature, telling about the difficult time of growing up and the search for happiness, about love and friendship, about the unusual destinies of girls. They are addressed primarily to girls who, reading about the lives of their peers, will be able to find a lot of interesting and instructive things for themselves. These books have been translated into the languages ​​of many peoples of the world, and popular films and television series have been made based on them.

"Harry Potter" by J.K. Rowling
A book about the world's most famous orphan, on which an entire generation of children has already been raised.
“Harry Potter” evokes conflicting responses, but it is interesting to us primarily because it is the story of an orphan who has to solve his problems completely alone, with virtually no support, and he manages to not only emerge victorious from difficult situations, but also remain kind and responsive boy.

Methods/Textbooks:

“Developmental Psychology”, G. Craig, Peter Publishing House
American, which means a simple and accessible textbook for parents. Useful for those who want to know what they need to be prepared for in the future. Therefore, it is not necessary to read it in its entirety; you can use this book as a kind of reference book.

“Personality Development”, publishing house “Peter”
A textbook known all over the world. Recommended for students studying child psychology. Like all textbooks from the Peter publishing house, this book can be trusted; it is a pleasant and useful read for anyone interested in child psychology.

“Anthology of Personality Development”, publishing house “Ufactoria”
A fundamental, very detailed book. If you are working with a specific age, then you can buy a specific part: from one to three, from three to five, from five to seven, from seven to eleven. It is written rather heavily, but very conscientiously.

“Communicate with the child. How?”, Yu.B. Gippenreiter
Everyone has probably read this book. This is the American method of Thomas Gordon, adapted for the Russian reader. It will be useful for anyone who communicates with older children. The book tells how to communicate with children correctly, how to resolve conflicts, how to talk to a child so that he feels that he is heard.

“So that the child is not difficult”, T. Shishova
This book examines standard situations that any parent encounters in the process of parenting. Volunteers will benefit from reading it.

“Massage and gymnastics for children from birth to three years”, I.S. Krasikova, 5th edition, St. Petersburg, Crown print, 2005.
“Massage and gymnastics for children from three to seven years old”
Both books are devoted to massage and gymnastics for both healthy and sick children. Each age has its own set of exercises, based on the developments of leading St. Petersburg pediatricians. In the First Book you can find methods for teaching premature babies and children suffering from the most common diseases at this age.
The Second Book contains exercises for children with certain diseases of the musculoskeletal system, including flat feet and postural disorders. It describes in detail the techniques of classical massage, the basic massage of individual parts of the body, and sets of gymnastic exercises that contribute to the normal formation of organs and systems of the child’s body, the development of the correct motor skills necessary in everyday life, the development of dexterity, strength, speed, endurance.

“The games and toys of our children: fun or harm? : modern child in "game civilization", V.V. Abramenkova, Moscow, “Danilovsky Blagovestnik”
The book talks about the historical traditions of Russian toys and examines modern research on the psychology of play.

"Living with meaning. How to gain by helping and receiving by giving", Vladimir Sharov, Aziz Niazi, Konstantin Kuksin, Adin Steinsaltz
The book for the first time presents a comprehensive view of the traditions of charity in Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam, talks about modern approaches that differ from traditional ideas about charity, and introduces readers to its characters. Its authors are extraordinary people. Among them are a scientist, writer, traveler and rabbi.

Autobiographical books:

MOVIES

Artistic:

“Hachiko”, director: Lasse Hallström (USA-UK, 2009)
This film is based on the true story of a very loyal Japanese dog, Hachiko, who came to the station at the same time year after year to greet his deceased owner. A poignant, sad story and a film that makes you want to cry.

"Stone berry. Summer Time", director: Dmitry Fedorov (Russia, 2006)
A love story between two teenagers. A very pure, innocent story with a happy ending. We recommend watching it with teenagers.

Documentary:

AUDIOBOOKS

SITES

http://psyparents.ru/
Internet project of the Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University.
Created primarily to help parents deal with the problems of raising, developing and teaching children. Special attention is paid to the prevention of disorders of personal development. On the site you can consult with specialists from the university, read articles on difficult children, and choose from a large collection of educational games for your students.

http://adalin.mospsy.ru
The website of the psychological center "Adaline" is dedicated to the development and correction of behavior of preschool and younger children school age. There is on-line consultation on issues of parent-child and family relationships. You can read articles on diagnosing the development of speech, memory, attention and creative abilities of a child, study methods of correcting children with hyperactivity, attention deficit, increased aggressiveness, anxiety, slowness and autism, find out what to do with childhood fears, neuroses and mental retardation.

http://materinstvo.ru
On this site you can read popular articles from users, as well as visit sections dedicated to children of all ages: from birth to 7 years. The site’s forum discusses everything: from preparation for childbirth to teenage problems. A separate topic is requests for medical care and assistance to orphanages.

http://www.7ya.ru/
“Family” is a site with a ten-year history. It is about parents and for parents. Articles by users in which they share their experiences are collected here, lively discussions of pressing problems take place on the forum, and journal articles on various topics are collected in “Publications.” Volunteers will be interested in the “Adoption” section, where this process is examined from a medical, psychological and legislative point of view.

MOSCOW, February 13 – RIA Novosti. The famous writer Zakhar Prilepin became deputy commander of one of the battalions of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic. This is not Prilepin’s first experience in combat zones. In the past, he already served as a commander of a riot police unit and participated in both Chechen campaigns.

In 2016, the writer began work on the book “Platoon: Officers and Militias of Russian Literature,” dedicated to the military biographies of poets of the Golden Age. According to the author, he wanted to refute the stereotype “of Russian literature as a gathering of humanists.” Probably, his great predecessors also inspired him to travel to Donbass, because Prilepin said that “Russian classics in identical situations behaved exactly like this: they immediately went and took the side of their people, often with weapons in their hands.”

Alexander Pushkin

In 1829, the poet proposed to Natalya Goncharova, but, having received an evasive answer from the bride’s mother, out of frustration he left for the Caucasus, where at that moment another military campaign was underway with Turkey under the leadership of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich.

Pushkin managed to show off his courage in the battle on the top of Soganlug, but at the insistence of the commander, who did not want to take responsibility for the safety of the famous poet, he soon left the front line and moved to Tiflis.

Vasily Zhukovsky and Pyotr Vyazemsky

© Photo

Pushkin's senior comrades took part in the War of 1812. Already being a famous poet, the author of “Lyudmila,” popular among his contemporaries, Vasily Zhukovsky enlisted in the militia. His young follower Pyotr Vyazemsky was there with him. The latter, by the way, received the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, for his military successes.

Both poets left memories of the Battle of Borodino. Zhukovsky wrote the poem “In the Camp of Russian Warriors,” which instantly spread throughout the ranks of the Russian army, and Vyazemsky’s stories formed the basis of Tolstoy’s “War and Peace.”

Lev Tolstoy

Count Lev Nikolaevich himself also sniffed gunpowder - first, with the rank of cadet in the Caucasus, he participated in skirmishes with the highlanders, and with the beginning of the Crimean War he moved to the Danube Army. For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 4th degree, and several medals.

In addition to his reputation as a brave warrior, the count gained the love of his fellow soldiers with his stories. His " Sevastopol stories", printed at the height of hostilities, impressed even Emperor Alexander II, who ordered the talented officer to be taken care of.

Nikolay Gumilyov

One of the most famous front-line writers of the Silver Age was Nikolai Gumilyov. Despite his poor health, the poet dreamed of the exploits of Russian officers who volunteered for Abyssinia. Gumilyov made several expeditions to Africa, visited Turkey and Egypt. At the beginning of World War I, the poet signed up for the front and was enlisted as a volunteer in the Life Guards Uhlan Regiment.

For participation in intelligence operations, Gumilyov was awarded the St. George Cross three times. In 1917, after an exacerbation of the illness, the poet was sent to the Russian expeditionary force in Paris, and served as an adjutant to the commissar of the Provisional Government.

Mikhail Zoshchenko

The famous satirist writer fought in three wars. In World War I he served as an ensign, received a shrapnel wound in the leg, a heart defect as a result of poisoning during a gas attack, and received five orders for military merit. In 1919, Zoshchenko was released from service for health reasons. However, the writer immediately volunteered to join the active ranks of the Red Army.

Zoshchenko passed civil war regimental adjutant of the 1st Model Regiment of the Village Poor. After a heart attack he was demobilized, but with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War the writer again arrived at the military registration and enlistment office with a request to send him to the front as an experienced soldier. He was refused, being declared unfit to work. military service. Nevertheless, Zoshchenko joined the fire defense group, which protected the roofs of houses during the bombings.

Arkady Gaidar

Children's writer and screenwriter Arkady Gaidar made his first attempt to get to the front at the age of ten. He failed to take part in the First World War, but at the age of 14 he was enlisted in the Red Army. Already at the age of 18, Gaidar was appointed commander of a separate regiment to combat banditry. In 1919, he was demobilized with a diagnosis of traumatic neurosis caused by a shrapnel wound and a fall from a horse.

Gaidar began World War II as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda, writing military essays. But after being encircled on the Southwestern Front, he ended up in a partisan detachment, where he served as a machine gunner. In October 1941, Gaidar was ambushed by the Germans and died.

Daniil Granin

One of the few living front-line writers, Daniil Granin, went to the front at the age of 22 with a division of the people's militia. In the first year of the Great Patriotic War, he took part in the battles near Pskov and on the Pulkovo Heights, trying to prevent the Germans from breaking through to Leningrad, and was wounded twice.

One of Granin’s last novels, “My Lieutenant,” dedicated to the hardships of the first months of the war, received the “Big Book” award and caused a great resonance in society.