Architecture styles. Presentation on the topic of architecture Presentation on various architectural styles

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Architecture is not a fine art, but a creative one. It does not depict objects, but creates them. Andrey Burov is a Soviet architect, engineer-inventor.

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THE WORD “ARCHITECTURE” COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD “ARCHITECTON”, WHICH MEANS “MASTER BUILDER”. ARCHITECTURE IS A CONSTRUCTION ART, A KIND OF CREATIVITY THAT FORMS REALITY ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF BEAUTY.

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Architecture styles Primitive architecture. Antique architecture. 8th century BC e. - V century AD e. Roman style. X-XII centuries. Gothic. XII-XV centuries. Revival. Beginning of the 15th - beginning of the 17th century. Baroque. The end of the 16th - the end of the 18th century. Rococo. Beginning of the 18th - end of the 18th century. Classicism. Mid-18th - 19th centuries. Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s. Modern. 1890s - 1910s. Modernism. Early 1900s - 1980s. Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s. Postmodernism. Since the middle of the 20th century. High tech. Since the late 1970s. Deconstructivism. Since the late 1980s. Dynamic architecture. WITH beginning of the XXI century.

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Primitive architecture Primitive architecture is inextricably linked with three eras: Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. Accordingly, the Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age, the Mesolithic is the Middle Age, and the Neolithic is the New Stone Age.

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Romanesque style Style of the VIV-XIII centuries. The main role was given to harsh, fortress architecture. Monasteries, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The original prototype of the churches were Roman basilicas, but they were significantly modified: for example, the flat ceiling was replaced by a vault. Churches were decorated with paintings and reliefs, in conventional forms expressing the frightening power of God. But images of animals and plants go back to folk art. Magnificent examples of Romanesque architecture include the Cathedral in Pisa and the Church of St. Miniatas in Florence. There are many excellent examples of this style in France and Germany (for example, the cathedral in Bamberg).

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Gothic Style 12-16 centuries. It reflected the formation nation states, strengthening of cities, development of trade and crafts. The leading architectural type is the city cathedral. The frame system made it possible to create cathedral interiors of unprecedented height and spaciousness, and to cut through the walls with huge windows with multi-colored bends. The upward aspiration of the cathedral is expressed by giant openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and complex ornaments. Town halls, as well as residential buildings, shopping arcades and other structures were built in the same style. In Gothic we see an increased interest in the real world, nature, and the richness of experiences.

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Renaissance style Renaissance is a period of history from the 14th to the 17th centuries. Characterized by a humanistic worldview and an appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity. However ancient culture developed and reinterpreted. In architecture, secular buildings began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of walls, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects gave their majestic buildings clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. The buildings are characterized by clarity of structure and clear division of strict volumes and light, spacious interiors.

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Baroque One of the main styles of the 16th - 18th centuries. It is associated with the noble-church culture of mature absolutism. It reflected ideas about the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world. Characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism, a desire for grandeur and splendor, for a combination of reality and illusion. Architecture is characterized by spatial scope, unity, and fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

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Rococo Style, early 18th century. Characterized by a departure from life into the world of fantasy and mythology. A particularly characteristic motif of the ornament is a stylized shell (rocaille). A graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates. The buildings are distinguished by their sophistication, decorative beauty of asymmetrical compositions, and comfort. Lush interior design can be combined with relative austerity appearance buildings (for example, in the architecture of French hotels).

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Classicism Style 17th - 19th centuries. It developed in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. In the 18th century he was associated with the bourgeois Enlightenment. The ancient heritage is considered as the norm and an ideal example. The architecture is characterized by clarity and geometric shapes, logical planning, a combination of walls with orders, and restrained decor. The basis of the architectural language is the order, in proportions and forms closer to antiquity than in the architecture of previous eras. The interior is characterized by clarity of spatial divisions and softness of colors. Perspective effects are widely used in monumental and decorative painting.

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Art Nouveau Style of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Art Nouveau architecture sought the unity of constructive and artistic principles. New ones are used technical means, new materials (for example, reinforced concrete), free, functionally based layout, decorative rhythm of flexible flowing lines, stylized floral patterns, especially from aquatic plants. The buildings are emphatically individualized, all their elements are subject to a single ornamental rhythm and figurative and symbolic design.

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High tech. Since the late 1970s. High-tech is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of late modernism in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s. The main theorists and practitioners of high-tech are mainly English - Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Nicholas Grimshaw, at some stage of their work James Stirling and the Italian Renzo Piano. High-tech, according to the classification of Charles Jencks, belongs to late modernism, that is, it is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​the architect as an elite professional, the provision of services by architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti- historicity, monumentality.

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Architecture – the stone chronicle of the world

1. Classic style

Classicism (exemplary) artistic style and aesthetic direction in European art of the 17th-19th centuries.

Parthenon

Parthenon

Triumphal Arch of Constantine

The main feature of classicism architecture is the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, and rigor.

Classicism architecture - Clarity of volumetric form - Symmetrical axial compositions. restraint of decoration

2. Romanesque style

Romanesque (Roman) artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 9th-12th centuries. He became one of the most important stages development of medieval European art.

Cathedral of Notre-Dame la Grande, Poitiers

Notre-Dame la Grande. West wing

Royal Alcazar Palace

"More classically" this style will spread in the art of Germany and France. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and chivalry, and churches, monasteries, and castles became the leading types of buildings.

Norman fortress, X-XI centuries. France

The combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building has always blended harmoniously with the surrounding nature. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. Such walls had a defensive purpose. -The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. It is typical for Romanesque buildings

3. Gothic style

Gothic is the only style that created a completely unique system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. 12-15th century

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

Characteristics The Gothic style is characteristic of the Gothic style: the verticality of the composition, pointed arches, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault.

View of Notre Dame from the Ile Saint-Louis

Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France

4. Baroque

Contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for the combination of reality and illusion - for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque are characteristic

The Baroque style appeared in the 16th-17th centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Venice, Florence. Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of Baroque (“prone to excess”)

Catherine Palace

Tsarskoye Selo

active use of sculptural and architectural and decorative motifs; - creating a rich play of chiaroscuro and color contrasts

Church building of the Grand Palace

Rococo (crushed stone, decorative shell, shell) 18th century.

Interiors of the Winter Palace

Malachite Hall

Jordan staircase

Rococo is characterized by a decorative shell, fragments of stones, a shell-ornament, decoration in the form of a combination of natural stones with shells and plant leaves. - smooth curved stems, whimsical lines of the ornament fit into all the details of the interior, forming a single decorative background.

Field Marshal's Hall

St. George's Hall

Empire (“imperial style”) The Empire style is the final stage of classicism, which arose in the second half of the 19th century.

Arch of the General Staff

The Empire style is characterized by the presence of columns, pilasters, molded cornices and other classical elements, as well as motifs that reproduce almost unchanged ancient examples of sculpture, such as griffins, sphinxes, and lion paws. These elements are arranged in an orderly manner in the Empire style, maintaining balance and symmetry.

Palace Square

The main decorative motifs of the Empire style were precisely the attributes of the Roman military history: massive porticoes decorated with bas-reliefs, legionary badges with eagles, lions, bundles of spears, shields.

Art Nouveau (modern) Artistic direction in art in the 2nd half of the 19th century - the present 20th century.

Ryabushinsky's mansion

Distinctive features - Refusal of straight lines and angles - Interest in new technologies - Great attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed.

Casa Batlló (1906, architect Antoni Gaudi)

8. High-tech

Guggenheim Museum

Hi-tech (high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s.

Main features -Use of high technologies in the design, construction and engineering of buildings and structures. -Use of straight lines and shapes.

Widespread use of silver metallic color. -Wide application of glass, plastic, metal. -Use of functional elements: elevators, stairs, ventilation systems.

Guggenheim Museum (project)

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ROCOCO Rococo is a style of art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. He was distinguished by his grace, lightness, and intimate and flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous Baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the Baroque style by the desire for completeness of forms, but if Baroque gravitates toward monumental solemnity, Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo has a mainly ornamental orientation; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: “baroque” and “rocaille” (an ornamental motif, intricate decorative decoration of grottoes and fountains with pebbles and shells). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and he received further development in the work of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most prominent representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although his work was dominated by reliefs and statues intended for decorating interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta. By the way, Falconet himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (The factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in the decorative decoration of interiors. The most complex asymmetrical carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of the interior decoration contrasted with the relatively strict appearance buildings, for example the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Originating in France, the Rococo style quickly spread to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad and the publication of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo reached its greatest flowering in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed traditional Baroque elements. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures and the solemnity of Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating the impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. A supporter of Rococo in Italy, the architect Tiepolo, contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, furniture inlay and production silver products, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic style of painting fully corresponds to the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism.

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BAROQUE A style of art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (In some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin. If during the Renaissance art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts about the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art has become to reflect the inner world of a person, to reveal his feelings and experiences. This is how the main features of B. were determined - dramatic pathos, a tendency towards sharp contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency towards pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. The buildings were necessarily decorated with fancy facades, the shape of which was hidden behind the decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired a variety of forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, modeling, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and paintings expanded the true dimensions of the rooms, and colorful lampshades created the illusion of the absence of a roof. B.'s architects paid attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of the ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked by squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, and elliptical surfaces appear.

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GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture became the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

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ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially durable and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch.

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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, causes confusion. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building typically consists of finished blocks, a building designed based on organic architecture consists of many different blocks that are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies a rejection of strict geometric shapes. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building everything is subordinated to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which can be guessed at first glance. If you want to understand the difference between organic architecture and any other, just compare an ordinary multi-story building and, say, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although only the external design is used there. The ideas of organic architecture have found extraordinary popularity recently. Partly due to the availability of new construction materials that allow the creation of the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the feeling of unity with nature that such a building gives.

Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some “eternal” values, contrasting them with an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they came to quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. Thus, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon in Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Ange Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. In accordance with these ideas, houses and private estates were built. Neoclassicism was practically not used for public buildings. The most famous English architects of the neoclassical style were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. More ideas of neoclassicism for a long time influenced various countries such as Russia (and later Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc.

Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings at the beginning of the 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality, and the Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and fit so organically into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if nature created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned cladding of building facades, the use of stained glass, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. Windows and doorways are characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style that is functional and beautiful at the same time. In the Art Nouveau style, dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are built and decorated.

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