Methods of scientific research in tourism. Scientific research

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Siberian State Geodetic Academy"

(FG BOU VPO "SSGA")

Department of Economics and Management

Essay

"Main directions of scientific research in tourism"

Completed: Art. gr. ET-33

Petrova E.S.

Checked by: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor

Nityago I. V.

Novosibirsk 2012

Introduction.

1. Methodology and fundamentals of scientific knowledge about tourism

1.1 Essence and types of tourism

1.2 Main components of scientific knowledge about tourism

1. Directions of scientific research in tourism at the present stage

1.1 Tourism and its importance

1.2 Five main areas of research

Conclusion.

List of sources used

INTRODUCTION

Publications about tourism in recent years suggest that tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. The science of tourism around the world is experiencing a period of rethinking the foundations, education, development of tourism, as well as the methods and means of achieving it. The need for such a rethink is determined, first of all, by the economic and social development of modern society, by the fact that tourism is becoming one of the main sectors of the world economy. Thus, tourism acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development.

The purpose of the abstract is reviewing tourism research.

Relevance research topics in tourism are due to the fact that in the process of intensive development of the tourism industry and the ever-increasing role of tourism in the global economy, there is a need to generalize various scientific developments in the field of tourism, experience and methods of work of Western and Russian entrepreneurs in the field of tourism. The relevance is also determined by the rapid development of the tourism services market, the characteristic features of which today are internationalization, integration and regionalization to the same extent as dynamic changes in tourism demand and supply.

Subject of research in tourism theory are: the study of tourism activities (excursions and travel); forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body functions during tourist events, excursions and travel.

The subjects of tourism activities are specialists, consumers of services as carriers of certain social and industrial relations, as well as accumulated knowledge and experience in this field of activity.

An important place is occupied by the consideration of general and specific methodology in tourism research, the use of methods from various scientific disciplines. The essence and content of modern research methods as the basis for developing a strategy for the tourism industry are revealed. Each direction in tourism uses its own specific research methods, characteristic for solving certain specific problems, which are determined by the demands of practice, the state of the issue being solved, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in this field of knowledge. One of the main trends in the development of tourism science is its penetration into internal connections and relationships in tourism, discovering the essence of processes. This trend is manifested in the formation of fundamental laws underlying the functioning and development of tourism and its specific manifestations.

1 METHODOLOGY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOURISM.

1.1 The essence and types of tourism.

Tourism- temporary departures ( trips ) people to another country or locality other than their place of permanent residence for a period of 24 hours to 6 months within one calendar year or with at least one overnight stay for entertainment, recreational, sports, guest, educational, religious and other purposes without occupation activities paid for from a local source.

The following types of tourism can be distinguished.

Excursion tourism is a trip for educational purposes. This is one of the most common forms of tourism.

Recreational tourism is travel for relaxation and treatment. This type of tourism is very common all over the world. In some countries, it is separated into an independent branch of the economy and operates in parallel with other types of tourism.

Business tourism - trips related to the performance of professional duties. Due to universal integration and the establishment of business contacts, business tourism is becoming increasingly important from year to year. Trips are made to visit objects that belong to the company or are of particular interest to it; for negotiations, for searching for additional supply or sales channels, etc. Contacting travel agencies in all such cases allows you to organize a trip at the lowest cost, saving time. In addition, the field of business tourism includes the organization of various conferences, seminars, symposiums, etc. In such cases, the construction of special halls at hotel complexes, installation of communication equipment, etc. become of great importance.

Ethnic tourism - trips to meet relatives. Travel agencies help with issuing transport tickets, passports, visas, etc.

Sports tourism - travel to participate in sporting events. In this case, the services of travel companies are resorted to by both the leaders of sports teams, competition organizers, as well as fans and those simply wishing to attend the competition.

Target tourism consists of trips to various public events.

Religious tourism is a trip aimed at performing any religious procedures or missions.

Caravanning is a journey in small mobile houses on wheels.

Adventure (extreme) tourism is tourism associated with physical activity and sometimes danger to life.

Water tourism - trips on board a motor ship, yacht and other river and sea vessels along rivers, canals, lakes, seas. Geographically and temporally, this tourism is very diverse: from hour-long and one-day routes to multi-week cruises across the seas and oceans.

All these types of tourism are often closely intertwined, and they are often difficult to isolate in their pure form.

1.2 The main components of scientific knowledge about tourism.

The basis of scientific knowledge about tourism is strategy and tactics.

Strategy tourism development in Russia is a system of scientifically based views on the essence, nature and methods of tourism development in the regions and in the country as a whole, on the requirements for the construction of hotel complexes, roads, transport, sports and recreation centers.

The tourism strategy determines the priority directions for the development of individual regions, as well as individual protected areas of the country. Tourism strategy is the main indicator of the level of development of the economy as a whole.

Tactics covers the theory and practice of managing an enterprise and its structures. It is differentiated by areas and market segments and is a specific activity. Essentially, each department or service or each structural unit of a travel company develops and implements its own tactics on the market. It is more mobile, dynamic in its development, quickly responds to all changes that occur both outside the structure (changes in exchange rates, man-made disasters in various regions) and inside it, for example, staff turnover, ineffective tour packages.

The unity of scientific knowledge determines the complex nature of the development of scientific problems. It is impossible, for example, to improve the system and methods of management in tourism without relying on knowledge of strategic planning, business planning, economics, computer technology, psychology, and other scientific disciplines.

The need for an integrated approach to solving scientific problems is also determined by the fact that new opportunities for fruitful research of both a general theoretical, fundamental and applied nature open up at the intersection of various sciences, which should be used to the fullest.

1.1 Tourism and its importance.

The importance of tourism for the country's economy as a whole cannot be overestimated. In developed countries, income from this area of ​​activity ranks third after the oil refining industry and the automotive industry. To attract more tourists, local authorities are forced to take care of cultural and natural values, thanks to which tourists visit these places. Transport enterprises are significantly expanding their activities both through the transportation of tourists and through the transportation of products, industrial goods and other goods from related areas of production.

The importance of tourism for the development of folk crafts and souvenir enterprises is also very great. Thanks to the interest of tourists, the local population does not forget their folklore and customs. The recreation structure intended for tourists is also used by the local population. Tourism enterprises are very accessible to small and medium-sized businesses. The development of the tourism industry serves as an indicator of the standard of living in a given region. In Russia, the flow of foreign tourists is still small, this is due to the poor development of tourism infrastructure. Hotel service is not comparable to Western ones, and qualified service workers are still rare. In Spain, revenues from tourism in some years are even higher than from exports, and in China, Egypt and Turkey they reach 30% of all revenues.

The importance of tourism is also indicated by the fact that all over the world governments regularly show great interest in this industry. Various programs are being created to increase the flow of tourists; representative offices of large travel companies are opening in other countries, promoting their product to the international level. In Russia, some large historical centers live only thanks to income from tourism. In Europe, a network of roads has been created specifically for the convenience of tourists. In our country, tourism has recently developed in many regions. New folklore museums began to open, new tourism products were sold, aimed at both foreign and domestic tourists.

1.2 Five main areas of research.

So, there are five main areas at the basis of scientific work on tourism issues.

First direction- tourism as an important factor in promoting health - involves a scientific substantiation of tourism from a health-improving perspective. Using the biomedical sciences (physiology, biochemistry, hygiene, medicine), in this case, the mechanism of the beneficial effect of natural applied exercises characteristic of tourism on the health of people of different ages is explained. In this case, the peculiarities of using different types of tourism for health purposes, as well as the influence of the complexity and duration of routes on the human body, should be taken into account. Based on the results of research in this direction, specific recommendations are being developed aimed at increasing performance and improving the functional state of a person.

Short description

The purpose of the abstract is to review research in the field of tourism.
The relevance of the research topic in tourism is due to the fact that in the process of intensive development of the tourism industry and the ever-increasing role of tourism in the global economy, there is a need to generalize various scientific developments in the field of tourism, experience and work methods of Western and Russian entrepreneurs in the field of tourism. The relevance is also determined by the rapid development of the tourism services market, the characteristic features of which today are internationalization, integration and regionalization to the same extent as dynamic changes in tourism demand and supply.

Scientific work is the most important element of the activities of our republic. All full-time teachers together with students are engaged in scientific work. They conduct scientific research within the framework of State programs of fundamental research and individual projects commissioned by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, and participate in competitions for research projects announced by various foundations. The results of the work are annually introduced into production and the educational process. The research work of students in the departments of sports disciplines is the most important component in the process of training specialists with higher education.

The main directions of scientific work include: conducting scientific research with the aim of publishing materials; preparation of reports to communicate research results at scientific conferences.

The main discussion in scientific works revolves around key issues related to the improvement of national systems of physical education, the formation of the younger generation through physical education, the development of the theory of physical education in the presentation of its foundations by various research schools and directions, and in the field of orienteering and tourism much attention is paid to environmental education

Historical scientific research in tourism has two large sections. The first is the centuries-old world (including domestic) history of travel, as well as the history of the formation of modern mass tourism and the tourism industry, which dates back just over a hundred years.

The second is the history of countries and peoples, knowledge and understanding of which is necessary for the correct preparation of tourist programs and routes by tourism organizers. Real knowledge and understanding of history, especially local history, is necessary to prepare qualified tour guides and accompanying tour groups and tourists. Unfortunately, it should be noted that many specialists from tourism organizations have a poor understanding of not only the history of foreign countries, but, what is especially regrettable, of domestic history.

Geographical scientific research in tourism is practically not conducted, and this is associated with major failures in the development of amateur tourism. Most tourists cannot navigate by map, do not know the natural, climatic and ethnological features of various regions of the country and other countries, “geographical cretinism” has become a common and widespread phenomenon of modern society. Regional studies as a special discipline in geography requires special research and methodological developments from the perspective of tourism science.

Scientific research in tourism related to cultural studies, art history and architecture are very rare, but they have begun to appear in recent years. Tourism as a sociocultural phenomenon is gradually becoming an attractive object of scientific research.

In recent years, a large number of scientific publications and educational literature related to the history of culture and religions of various countries and peoples have been published. Serious educational programs have been created on the history and theory of culture, but Russian tourists still prefer “beach” holidays to all other cultural types of tourism. Scientific, theoretical and practical developments related to the culture of behavior of tourists on foreign trips are becoming increasingly relevant.

Sociocultural design is directly related to architecture and the organization of people’s habitats; unfortunately, scientists in the tourism sector almost do not deal with all these issues, leaving them to architects and utility specialists. The most important direction in the scientific support of tourism is research on the tourist and recreational use of cultural and natural heritage sites.

The new information space in tourism, associated with the unprecedented development of electronic technologies, requires special scientific research, the need for which is acutely felt in the modern tourism industry. New opportunities of the global Internet, with the right and professional approach, increase the quality of scientific research in the field of tourism; moreover, they allow for the rapid exchange of ideas and information between members of the scientific community.

A complex scientific problem includes security issues in the tourism sector. In this important topic, it is necessary to consider almost all aspects of tourism activity, starting with legal problems of the relationship between a tourist and a travel agency, and ending with the organization of the security of tourists in accommodation facilities and on routes.

Research on safety in amateur and domestic tourism is especially important. There is no doubt that scientific developments and recommendations in this segment of tourism science can save human lives from death. Issues of legal and physical security of Russian tourists abroad in the absence of knowledge of local legislation have recently become very relevant.

In recent years, the security situation has sharply worsened in a number of states that for many years were leaders in receiving and serving tourists (Egypt, Thailand, Turkey, etc.). Therefore, reliable, politically balanced and scientifically based information about the state of affairs in all countries where there are socio-political problems or natural disasters is an important task for domestic tourism science, government agencies and the media. scientific research on various aspects of security in the tourism sector must be continued in connection with new natural, man-made and socio-economic challenges of the time.

The prospects for scientific research in tourism are connected, first of all, with the demand for scientific developments in Russian society. And also by the presence of a scientific environment that will produce new cadres of scientists who are ready to continue and develop scientific research in tourism. And for this, a domestic special and coordinated program of scientific research in tourism is needed, not only on Russian problems, but also on foreign and international ones. Currently, there are two scientific public centers in Russia: the International Public Tourism Academy and the National Academy of Tourism, which conduct scientific activities on a limited scale, but this is certainly not enough. To organize full-scale research, it is necessary to create an all-Russian research institute for scientific problems of tourism, which could conduct comprehensive and systematic research.

When preparing fundamental documents and decisions, legislative and executive authorities should turn more widely and more often to professional scientific and educational structures that have traditions and experience in tourism modeling and design. The tourism process as a whole will benefit from this, and without this, modernization of the industry is impossible. In the meantime, there is a certain fragmentation, lack of coordination and even a certain disunity.

tourism scientific research recreation

Introduction 3
Chapter 1 The role of methodology in the study of tourism activities 4
Chapter 2 General scientific methods in the study of tourism activities
2.1 Methods of observation, interviews and questionnaires in tourism activities 5

Methods of analysis and synthesis in tourism activities 6

Introduction

Since ancient times, travel has attracted people to new discoveries, to knowledge of new lands and natural phenomena, through which they could gain fame. The history of tourism is closely connected with economics and religion. Travel by sea was determined by the need to exchange goods. Travel to holy places gave rise to the first chains of hotels and refectories, which were located at monasteries and churches. Tourism encouraged the exchange of culture, which was also an incentive to travel.
Currently, tourism from a form of recreation has turned into an entire industry, which includes many types of tourism activities. Tourism is associated with such activities as travel organization, hotel business, economics, etc.
Tourism is that part of the hospitality industry where a person can satisfy his physical, intellectual, ethical and psychological needs.
An important problem in the tourism industry is the search for new forms and ways of organizing activities. Correctly foreseeing the nature of the future tourism market, developing forms and methods of conducting activities means achieving an additional advantage over competitors and ensuring the success of the organization in tourism.
New modes of tourism activity are determined not only empirically. Having identified general laws, it is possible to develop methodological principles for analyzing the forms and methods of organizing tourism, and to determine trends in its development.
Thus, tourism has turned into a whole science, including objects, subjects, principles, laws, categories and research methods.

Chapter 1 The role of methodology in the study of tourism activities

The subject of research in tourism theory is tourism activity, the objectives of which are: the study of tourism activities; forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body functions during tourist events, excursions and travel.
The subjects of tourism activities are specialists, consumers of services as carriers of certain social and industrial relations, as well as accumulated knowledge and experience in this field of activity.
The methodology for researching tourism activities allows us to substantiate a scientific approach to the study and solution of theoretical and practical issues of tourism.
A methodological assessment of tourism activities helps to determine a likely competitor in the services market, the economic and technical state of the tourism enterprise, the proposed methods of its development and competition, the strategy and tactics of specialists.
The methodology is based on the study of tourism as a social phenomenon, which is active and creative in nature, since it occurs in the process of purposeful practical activities of people. The study of tourism at a practical level does not reveal the essence of its historical development, but is constantly used in everyday life. The study of tourism at a theoretical level aims to understand the essence of the phenomena being studied in the form of categories, laws, scientific theories, as well as in the form of abstractions that reflect the deep essential relationships of the material and spiritual world.
Chapter 2 General scientific methods in the study of tourism activities

Methods of observation, interviews and questionnaires in tourism activities

Methods of analysis and synthesis in tourism activities

2.3 Experiment as a practical research method

Experiment is a practical method of scientific research. Compared to observation, an experiment requires more creative thinking, thinking through the details of planned actions, and planning. This is one of the ways to accumulate factual material.
The experiment acts as a way to obtain reliable data about certain aspects of future tourism activity.
As a method of scientific research, experimentation makes it possible to study the comprehensive phenomena of tourism: the functioning of its types and forms, the use of resources for the sustainable financial development of the industry.
The experiment allows you to vary and modify the conditions for the occurrence of entrepreneurial processes, which are subject to study in order to bring them closer to the expected conditions of reality. It opens up space for the active activity of the researcher and his creative thought.
In tourism, a production experiment is used, which serves as a practical test of individual theories and scientific proposals concerning the development of specific aspects of society and ways to improve social relations.
A cognitive experiment helps to identify the functioning of a travel enterprise in a competitive environment in the service market segment. Marketers create complex action patterns and study their various aspects under controlled and controlled conditions. The experiment is carried out according to a pre-drawn plan, its tasks are formulated in the conditions of a specific market segment in accordance with pressing problems and the possibilities of resolving them.
In scientific research, the experiment is limited by the fact that it contains a convention, but it allows you to effectively study the ongoing processes in the tourism industry.
Experimental research in tourism refers to the collection of primary information by selecting similar groups of subjects, giving them different tasks, and controlling factors that influence the results. For example, the reaction of clients to the prices of tour packages is revealed. Independent variables can be changed at the discretion of the experimenter (prices, advertising costs), while dependent variables are practically not within the scope of his control (sales volume, market share indicator).

2.4 Methods for understanding the potential opportunities of tourism

Methods for understanding the potential possibilities of tourism activities include methods of comparison, abstraction and ascent from the abstract to the concrete.
The comparison method makes it possible to identify signs of similarities and differences between the types of tourism under study, for example, to compare the activities of several travel enterprises in one of the service market segments.
A theoretical explanation of the facts being studied becomes possible only by comparing unknown facts with previously known ones.
The comparison method is of great importance for determining the dynamics of the phenomenon under study in tourism, revealing trends and patterns of its development.
The effectiveness of using the comparison method in scientific research in tourism is largely determined by the following rules developed over centuries of experience:
firstly, only interrelated, homogeneous and commensurate events (facts) can be compared; comparisons of incommensurable phenomena are in no way acceptable;
secondly, in the events (facts) being compared, one should not limit oneself to establishing signs of similarity, but also identify what distinguishes them from each other;
thirdly, the comparison should be carried out on such grounds of similarity and difference that are significant, which will ensure the significance and reliability of the conclusions.
The use of the comparison method is explained by the peculiarities of tourism science. For example, when developing a new tourism product, the following tasks are set: how to sell it on the services market; what kind of opposition there will be from competitors, whether it will be popular among service consumers; will it make a profit? To successfully solve these problems, you need to compare your potential capabilities with those of your competitors. Based on the similarities and differences of the studied factors, it is possible to give a theoretical justification for effective ways to promote tourism products in the services market.
The abstraction method allows us to identify typical connections and relationships in tourism, abstracting from the whole variety of particulars.
As a result of using the abstraction method, it is possible to obtain abstract knowledge of a general nature about individual patterns of running the tourism business, the common goals of the parties, the causes of events in the studied segment of the tourism services market and their essence.
When using the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, thinking assimilates concrete knowledge and then reproduces it.
A departure from abstraction turns out to be necessary to obtain not superficial, but deep and comprehensive knowledge about a specific type of tourism. The essence of this method is that, on the basis of abstract knowledge about the elements and aspects of a certain type of tourism, a complete and comprehensive idea of ​​it, its place in the tourism industry and connections with other types of tourism, its natural activities and results is created. The result of using this method is concrete knowledge, enriched with knowledge of all the basic elements of the whole and their essential connections.
The generalization method is a mental transition from the individual to the general, from the less general to the more general by combining facts based on one or more similar (common to them) features. Mental generalization is based on the universality of connections between objects and phenomena of reality, the relationship between the individual and the general in all really existing tourist events. In a particular type of tourism there are not only individual, unique features, but also general, similar features. The formation of generalizing provisions (concepts, laws, conclusions, concepts) is possible through the study of specific ones.
The form of generalization of experience in tourism is the conclusions from which a scientific concept and theory are formed, which reveals the characteristic features and essence of the phenomena being studied, the patterns of their occurrence and development.

2.5 Method of historical, logical and expert assessments when researching tourism activities

The essence of the historical method is to study and trace events and phenomena in their specific era. The historical represents development in its sequential manifestation, and the logical expresses development in its essence. For example, historically, tourism developed first from walking along developed routes (in a forest park area, near the sea coast), then walking tourism appeared as a therapeutic remedy - a health path.
Historical and logical in tourism activities are two sides of the same phenomenon, in which the logical is its essence, general line, quintessence, and the historical is a diverse manifestation of this basis through a mass of accidents.
The logical method acts as a generalized reflection of a historical phenomenon and must correspond to the logic of the development of objects, phenomena, events and processes of the objective world.
The logical method is based on the patterns inherent in reality. In tourism, any phenomenon has a certain logic of its origin, development and transition to a qualitatively new state. For example, previously hotel reservations for tourists were made by telephone in small quantities. In modern conditions, the flow of tourists has increased significantly. Hotel reservations have become possible in real time using the Internet. To provide high-quality customer service, a large number of travel enterprises using information technology have appeared on the tourism services market.
Methods of expert assessments are used in the study of complex and multifaceted tourism phenomena, in which the final decision is made by a specialist. They exclude the mutual influence of experts in the search for an objective answer or assessment to the question posed in the study. For example, one of the methods of expert assessments, Delphi, eliminates communication between specialists. Each expert receives a specific sequence of questions asked using questionnaires. Based on the data, he creates his own individual model of the phenomenon under study, identifies the connections he needs, and draws a conclusion. Then questionnaires are taken from the experts, statistical processing of individual conclusions is carried out, and several general collective conclusions are formulated. At the same time, arguments in favor of each of the established collective conclusions are identified and summarized. These data (several conclusions and their arguments) are again given to experts, who revise their assessments and explain their disagreement with the collective conclusions. The processing process is repeated, as a result the number of collective outputs is reduced. After three or four procedures, it is possible to obtain one collective conclusion that is superior in quality to any individual one.
Methods of expert assessments also include methods of program-target planning and expert questioning.
The method of program-target planning helps to link the goals of a tourism enterprise with its resource provision. Each program includes a set of measures to implement one or more goals and subgoals of economic development, arranged in the form of a “tree of goals.” The evaluation and selection of possible program options is carried out according to various criteria (minimum costs or time for implementation with fixed final indicators) using special techniques, for example, program matrices.
The success of an expert survey depends on the selection of experts, the organization and conditions of their work, and the method they adopt for processing individual findings. The form of questioning chosen by the organizers of the examination and their clarity, eliminating ambiguity of interpretation, have a greater influence on the outcome of the survey.

2.6 Modeling as a method for studying real processes in tourism

Modeling is a method (or process) of studying the properties of objects by studying the corresponding properties of their models. Modeling in tourism consists of constructing and studying special objects (models), the properties of which are important from the point of view of the researcher. It allows you to study the construction and use of models to understand real processes in tourism, i.e. is based on background concepts and definitions to understand the language used in the study.
Modeling contains special concepts that form the beginning of the methodological foundations of tourism. The concept of modeling as a theory of reflection and cognition forms the basis of a process that includes similarity, experiment, mathematical statistics, mathematical logic, static and dynamic information models. These are the subject areas of tourism that are subject to research using modeling methods.
Static models describe the state of the tourism business system at a certain point in time, when it is in a certain state, characterized by the composition of elements, the values ​​of their properties, the magnitude and nature of the interaction between elements.
Dynamic models describe the processes of change and development of travel business systems, the state of which changes over time when processes of change and development of a specific system occur.
A model of one type of tourism activity may include:

building a descriptive information model;
creation of a formalized model;
transformation of a formalized model into a computer model;
conducting a computer experiment;
analysis of the results obtained and adjustment of the model under study;
a decision on the possibility of using the model in practical activities to improve the process or phenomenon being studied.

Conclusion

In the science of tourism, knowledge of reality is based on a set of methodological research approaches. Methodology as a doctrine of research methods in tourism is a set of views, the result of knowledge and understanding of the practice of life, which makes it possible to create specific theoretical judgments about the studied phenomena and processes in this field of activity. The methodology for researching tourism activities allows us to substantiate a scientific approach to the study and solution of theoretical and practical issues of tourism.
The methodology is based on the study of tourism as a social phenomenon, which is active and creative in nature, since it occurs in the process of purposeful practical activities of people. When traveling and excursions, people’s activities are enriched with new experiences as a result of meeting new sights.
To study tourism as a type of human activity, as a successfully developing sector of the world economy, research is carried out using various methods. Research methods used in tourism can be conditionally classified and grouped according to the degree of their generality and content.
The dialectical method plays a leading role in improving knowledge about tourism, since it reflects the general laws of development and knowledge of all phenomena of reality. All other methods can be used with the greatest effect only in connection with dialectics and on its basis.
The specificity of human cognitive activity and its features in relation to tourism are expressed in general scientific empirical and logical methods used in scientific knowledge. Observation and experiment, analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, the unity of the historical and logical approach - all this is a wealth of methods based on the patterns of reflection of reality in the human mind. Their improvement in accordance with the characteristics and objectives of the development of modern tourism remains an important aspect of the science of tourism.

Bibliography

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Essay

Coursework 27 pages, 12 sources.

TOURISM. RESEARCH WORK. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. METHODOLOGY METHODS. SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT.

The goal is to analyze the state of research work in tourism.

Consider research issues. Essence and features

Describe the features of research activities in tourism

Economic and social significance of the work: the work helps solve a number of difficulties in issues of scientific research in tourism.

The theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the information collected, summarized and systematized during the study allows us to clarify scientific ideas about the specifics of tourism research.

The theoretical significance of studying the topic lies in the fact that the issues chosen for consideration are at the intersection of several scientific disciplines.

Introduction

The relevance of scientific support for tourism activities is becoming more and more obvious, and the effectiveness of the tourism sector on a national scale is increasingly beginning to depend on the correct and timely application of scientific research results in the practice of planning and promoting tourism development.

Prospects for the development of tourism must have a scientific basis, and an interdisciplinary approach should prevail in tourism research, which means carrying out research taking into account the achievements of all branches of modern knowledge. This requires an integrated and systematic approach to tourism as a subject of research.

The subject of scientific research in tourism is, first of all, the traveling person, along with a set of issues and problems associated with his movements and stay in those places that are his goal.

The subject of tourism research also includes the tourism organization system, the transport and hotel industry, public catering and additional tourism infrastructure, on which the provision of secondary services is based. The subject of research is also specialists who are engaged in professional activities in the field of tourism, their educational preparation and motivation for working in the tourism industry system. Information and excursion support, security, financial and economic activities, legal components - all these and other important issues are an integral part of the complex of scientific research in tourism.

Scientific research in tourism is based on the intersection of many disciplines, primarily the following: economics, law, history, geography, cultural studies, art history, sociology, psychology, ethnology, natural history, computer science and a number of others.

One of the main trends in the development of science is its penetration into internal connections and relationships in tourism, discovering the essence of processes. This trend is manifested in the formation of fundamental laws that underlie the functioning and development of tourism and its specific manifestations.

Large-scale development of tourism contributes to the establishment of peaceful relations between states, strengthening friendship and mutual understanding between peoples. Tourism promotes cultural cooperation and improves socio-economic relations between peoples of different cultures.

Research in the field of tourism shows that it has become not only a social but also an economic phenomenon. The functional characteristics of types and forms of tourism are mass participation, economic factor, and solution of social problems.

The unity of scientific knowledge determines the complex nature of the development of scientific problems. It is impossible, for example, to improve the system and methods of management in tourism without relying on knowledge of strategic planning, business planning, economics, computer technology, psychology, and other scientific disciplines.

The need for an integrated approach to solving scientific problems is also determined by the fact that new opportunities for fruitful research of both a general theoretical, fundamental and applied nature open up at the intersection of various sciences, which should be used to the fullest.

The purpose of the course work is to analyze the state of research work in tourism.

The purpose of the course work determined the formulation of the following research objectives:

Study scientific literature relevant to the topic

Consider research issues. Essence and features.

Describe the features of research activities in tourism.

The structure of the course work: the course work consists of an introduction, main part, conclusion, and a list of sources used.

1. Scientific research. Essence and features

1.1 Sections of scientific research in tourism

Scientific work is the most important element of the activities of our republic. All full-time teachers together with students are engaged in scientific work. They conduct scientific research within the framework of State programs of fundamental research and individual projects commissioned by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, and participate in competitions for research projects announced by various foundations. The results of the work are annually introduced into production and the educational process. The research work of students in the departments of sports disciplines is the most important component in the process of training specialists with higher education.

The main directions of scientific work include: conducting scientific research with the aim of publishing materials; preparation of reports to communicate research results at scientific conferences.

The main discussion in scientific works revolves around key issues related to the improvement of national systems of physical education, the formation of the younger generation through physical education, the development of the theory of physical education in the presentation of its foundations by various research schools and directions, and in the field of orienteering and tourism much attention is paid to environmental education

Historical scientific research in tourism has two large sections. The first is the centuries-old world (including domestic) history of travel, as well as the history of the formation of modern mass tourism and the tourism industry, which dates back just over a hundred years.

The second is the history of countries and peoples, knowledge and understanding of which is necessary for the correct preparation of tourist programs and routes by tourism organizers. Real knowledge and understanding of history, especially local history, is necessary to prepare qualified tour guides and accompanying tour groups and tourists. Unfortunately, it should be noted that many specialists from tourism organizations have a poor understanding of not only the history of foreign countries, but, what is especially regrettable, of domestic history.

Geographical scientific research in tourism is practically not conducted, and this is associated with major failures in the development of amateur tourism. Most tourists cannot navigate by map, do not know the natural, climatic and ethnological features of various regions of the country and other countries, “geographical cretinism” has become a common and widespread phenomenon of modern society. Regional studies as a special discipline in geography requires special research and methodological developments from the perspective of tourism science.

Scientific research in tourism related to cultural studies, art history and architecture are very rare, but they have begun to appear in recent years. Tourism as a sociocultural phenomenon is gradually becoming an attractive object of scientific research.

In recent years, a large number of scientific publications and educational literature related to the history of culture and religions of various countries and peoples have been published. Serious educational programs have been created on the history and theory of culture, but Russian tourists still prefer “beach” holidays to all other cultural types of tourism. Scientific, theoretical and practical developments related to the culture of behavior of tourists on foreign trips are becoming increasingly relevant.

Sociocultural design is directly related to architecture and the organization of people’s habitats; unfortunately, scientists in the tourism sector almost do not deal with all these issues, leaving them to architects and utility specialists. The most important direction in the scientific support of tourism is research on the tourist and recreational use of cultural and natural heritage sites.

The new information space in tourism, associated with the unprecedented development of electronic technologies, requires special scientific research, the need for which is acutely felt in the modern tourism industry. New opportunities of the global Internet, with the right and professional approach, increase the quality of scientific research in the field of tourism; moreover, they allow for the rapid exchange of ideas and information between members of the scientific community.

A complex scientific problem includes security issues in the tourism sector. In this important topic, it is necessary to consider almost all aspects of tourism activity, starting with legal problems of the relationship between a tourist and a travel agency, and ending with the organization of the security of tourists in accommodation facilities and on routes.

Research on safety in amateur and domestic tourism is especially important. There is no doubt that scientific developments and recommendations in this segment of tourism science can save human lives from death. Issues of legal and physical security of Russian tourists abroad in the absence of knowledge of local legislation have recently become very relevant.

In recent years, the security situation has sharply worsened in a number of states that for many years were leaders in receiving and serving tourists (Egypt, Thailand, Turkey, etc.). Therefore, reliable, politically balanced and scientifically based information about the state of affairs in all countries where there are socio-political problems or natural disasters is an important task for domestic tourism science, government agencies and the media. scientific research on various aspects of security in the tourism sector must be continued in connection with new natural, man-made and socio-economic challenges of the time.

The prospects for scientific research in tourism are connected, first of all, with the demand for scientific developments in Russian society. And also by the presence of a scientific environment that will produce new cadres of scientists who are ready to continue and develop scientific research in tourism. And for this, a domestic special and coordinated program of scientific research in tourism is needed, not only on Russian problems, but also on foreign and international ones. Currently, there are two scientific public centers in Russia: the International Public Tourism Academy and the National Academy of Tourism, which conduct scientific activities on a limited scale, but this is certainly not enough. To organize full-scale research, it is necessary to create an all-Russian research institute for scientific problems of tourism, which could conduct comprehensive and systematic research.

When preparing fundamental documents and decisions, legislative and executive authorities should turn more widely and more often to professional scientific and educational structures that have traditions and experience in tourism modeling and design. The tourism process as a whole will benefit from this, and without this, modernization of the industry is impossible. In the meantime, there is a certain fragmentation, lack of coordination and even a certain disunity.

tourism scientific research recreation

1.2 Goals and objectives of scientific research in tourism

The goals and objectives of scientific research in tourism arise from the state policy of its development. The realistic nature of the state policy for tourism development determines the scientific nature and objectivity of theoretical concepts.

Ways to improve the science of tourism are determined by the development of material and technical means, the construction and reconstruction of hotel complexes, vehicles, special technical equipment, and the improvement of the well-being of the country's citizens. This reveals one of the patterns of tourism, indicating the dependence of the methods of its development on the efficiency of the economy. In connection with the intensification of tourism growth, science faces the following tasks: forecasting infrastructure development; development of substantiated recommendations for improving the legislative framework; training of service personnel.

The goals of scientific research in tourism are to fully increase the country's tourism potential, a high level of training of qualified personnel, the theory and practice of tourism management in the service market.

The goals put forward to the tourism industry by the state and its subjects are refracted through the implementation of specific programs. The science of tourism has a goal - to develop targeted programs for the development of tourism infrastructure in those areas of the country that are in demand for visiting by citizens of other countries. In this case, the goal is specified through the definition of strategic, operational and tactical problems.

Identification of the factors that determine the goals and nature of tourism is important from the point of view of a clearer logical justification for the direction of its development. These factors act as a whole: it is impossible to choose fundamental guidelines for tourism, guided by only one requirement.

In tourism, it is necessary to solve search problems, which consist of research and explanation of processes. An example is the timeshare (club holiday) market, which began as a shared holiday and ultimately became a powerful economic base for tourism abroad, with its own legislative practice and international exchange organizations. Scientists and experts did not anticipate the potential practical use of timeshare. This type of tourism has gained recognition, but it requires special research.

The research direction in the development of tourism consists in the study of such problems as the influence of scientific discoveries on the creation of new technical means of supporting it, for example, yachts, buses, sea and river ships, inventory, equipment, as well as on methods of managing in market conditions. This is necessary to identify prospects for improving tourism infrastructure, the ratio of one’s funds to those of competitors. Solving search problems influences the development of related sciences and tourism development strategy

The subject of research in tourism theory is tourism activity, the objectives of which are: the study of tourism activities (excursions and travel); forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body function during tourist events, excursions and travel. The methodology for researching tourism activities allows us to substantiate a scientific approach to the study and solution of theoretical and practical issues of tourism.

A methodological assessment of tourism activities helps to determine a likely competitor in the services market, the economic and technical state of the tourism enterprise, the proposed methods of its development and competition, the strategy and tactics of specialists.

1.3 Types of research

Empirical research is based on reliable facts, the collection and analysis of which is carried out using certain methods based on observation and study of tourism activities. Empirical research does not involve creating an artificial, experimental situation to identify and collect the necessary facts. These facts are real events in tourism that occurred in the process of tourism activities. They are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the events taking place.

Empirical research can be descriptive or explanatory. Descriptive research reflects facts concerning little-studied objects or phenomena in tourism.

Explanatory empirical research includes the collection and analysis of facts, the explanation of causes and cause-and-effect relationships between facts, with the help of which an unknown event or an atypical result is explained from the standpoint of already known facts.

A review and analytical study can be critical in nature and called review-critical. In this case, in addition to the obligatory review and analytical part, it must present a detailed and reasoned criticism of what has already been done on the problem, and draw appropriate conclusions.

A review study may also contain the author’s own thoughts about what is described in it, including ideas regarding a possible solution to the problem posed. Such reflections can be interspersed in the text of the abstract or they can be separated into a separate section, which is transitional between the review-analytical, review-critical and constructive-theoretical parts of the work.

A scientist can conduct a theoretical study in which, in addition to a review and critical analysis of the literature, there are his own proposals aimed at solving the problem posed, which can be the author’s contribution to the theory of the problem being solved, a new vision of it, an original point of view.

The following requirements are imposed on theoretical research: accuracy of definition of the concepts used and logic, consistency of reasoning. A feature of theoretical knowledge is its generality and abstraction, distinguished by its systematic nature. Changing part of this knowledge leads to changing the system as a whole. Methods of theoretical research include: ascent from the abstract to the concrete, analysis and synthesis, structural-system approach, inductive-deductive approach, modeling, historical-logical method.

Formulating a research topic is one of the critical stages in a scientist’s activity: the topic is clarified taking into account a specific scientific or practical need. The title of the topic should, if possible, briefly reflect the essence of the problem being solved. Ambiguity and uncertainty in the formulation of the topic are unacceptable. The consequences of this will affect all stages of the study, in particular when formulating working hypotheses.

Observation. Observation can be direct, indirect, open, hidden. It is specially organized, and a system of recording facts is developed, which includes monitoring the activities of the teacher and the child. Pedagogical observation allows you to study issues of interest in a relaxed, natural environment. During the observation process, it is recommended to use a variety of methods for recording what is being observed: video, audio recordings, photography and filming, etc.

The parameters of movement, the functional state of the body, and the timing of individual types of activity are taken into account. For example: indicators of psychophysical qualities and physical fitness are measured; the following is measured: vital capacity of the lungs using spirometry; muscle strength of the arms - with a hand dynamometer; time indicators for individual parts of the body when performing various forms of organizing motor activity - with a stopwatch, etc. Thus, in the theory of physical education, instrumental and non-instrumental means of measuring various physiological and psychophysiological states are used.

Continuous observation method. This method is used in classes at school, technical school and university, in “health groups” and physical therapy, as well as in training in sports with short-term, repeatedly repeated loads with a complete cycle of movements (gymnastics, weightlifting, swimming, fencing, etc. ).

Before the start of the lesson (training), the subject's pulse rate is determined in a sitting position at 10-second intervals until stable values ​​are obtained, blood pressure is measured, the number of respirations in 20 seconds is calculated, and other studies are carried out. The data is entered into a protocol drawn up in a generally accepted form for recording the results of a functional test of the cardiovascular system or into a timing protocol.

Test method with additional load. In order to determine the degree of impact of an activity or training on the state of the body, to study the dynamics of its recovery to the initial level, a method known as “test with additional load” is used. Systematic implementation of these tests in medical and pedagogical observations began in 1946. This method is used mainly to assess the state of the body of a trained athlete.

Additional physical activity should, if possible, reflect the specifics of the sport. In practice, both standard non-specific and specific ones are used, i.e. additional loads inherent in the sports specialization of the subject. The body's response to them is studied using the most common and some additional research methods. Registration of pulse indicators, blood pressure, as well as the additional load performed in quantitative and qualitative terms is carried out in a special protocol.

In a formative experiment, new content is developed, a systematic approach to various forms of organizing motor activity and methods are tested in practice.

In the final, or final, part of the experimental work, a comparative analysis of the state of work before and after the experiment is carried out.

Control tests help: identify the level of development of individual motor qualities; assess the degree of technical and tactical readiness; compare the preparedness of both individual students and entire groups; carry out the most optimal selection for practicing a particular sport and for participation in competitions; conduct largely objective control over the training of both individual athletes and entire groups; identify the advantages and disadvantages of the means used, teaching methods and forms of organizing classes; draw up the most reasonable individual and group lesson plans.

Thus, research work carried out in tourism requires constant painstaking mental work, the formation of such strong-willed qualities as perseverance and the ability to overcome obstacles.

2. Features of research activities in tourism

1 Main directions of research activities in tourism

Each direction of scientific research work (R&D) in tourism uses its own specific research methods inherent in solving certain specific problems, which are determined by the demands of practice, the state of the issue being solved, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in this field of knowledge. An in-depth study of tourism as a phenomenon, according to Marxist-Leninist dialectics, requires the joint efforts of scientists from different fields of knowledge: historians, sociologists, teachers, physiologists, doctors, psychologists.

There are five main areas at the basis of scientific work on tourism issues.

The first direction - tourism as an important factor in promoting health - involves a scientific substantiation of tourism from a health-improving perspective. Using the biomedical sciences (physiology, biochemistry, hygiene, medicine), in this case, the mechanism of the beneficial effect of natural applied exercises characteristic of tourism on the health of people of different ages is explained. In this case, the peculiarities of using different types of tourism for health purposes, as well as the influence of the complexity and duration of routes on the human body, should be taken into account. Based on the results of research in this direction, specific recommendations are being developed aimed at increasing performance and improving the functional state of a person.

The nature of tourism research in the first direction is experimental. Data for analysis are mainly obtained through periodic medical and pedagogical monitoring of the condition of those involved in tourism. The criteria for assessing the physical state of the body are indicators of physical development (somatoscopic and somatometric), as well as data on changes in physical fitness. Particular attention should be paid to functional diagnostics (blood pressure, performance, BMD indicators). Using data on changes in physical development, physical fitness and functional state, it is possible to give a more or less objective assessment of the morphofunctional changes occurring in the body under the influence of tourism.

The second direction is the ideological and educational functions of tourism. The purpose of research in this direction is to identify the possibilities of solving many educational problems by means of tourism.

Of no small importance in the campaigns is the planned socially useful work of their participants. Through research, it is necessary to specify the forms of this work and develop a more advanced methodology for its implementation. In other words, a scientific substantiation of the whole variety of forms and methods of labor education is required by means characteristic of tourism.

Considering the rich possibilities of tourism in educating people, it is necessary to scientifically substantiate the consistency and complexity of solving certain educational tasks during hiking, so that their combination is the most optimal and encourages students to expand their cognitive interest in surrounding phenomena and objects. In this case, we need scientifically based options for optimizing many educational activities in hiking conditions, taking into account the age of their participants.

Research in this direction should be based on experimental material, mainly obtained during a hike. A particular difficulty here lies in the search for objective criteria that allow us to assess the effectiveness of many educational measures. Therefore, specific sociological methods (questioning, interviewing), as well as methods of expert assessments, should be widely used. One of the goals of scientific research in the second direction is to identify and generalize the best experience of individual teams in solving educational problems through the means of tourism.

The third direction is the scientific, methodological and organizational foundations of children's and youth tourism. Research here should reveal the most optimal dosages of loads in the educational and training process and campaigns, characteristic of childhood and adolescence. It is necessary to determine an effective methodology for teaching certain techniques in Tourism, that is, science must give practice reasonable recommendations for teaching tourism techniques and tactics. Since childhood and adolescence require versatile general physical training, it is necessary to determine the possibilities of combining tourism with other means of the Soviet system of physical education.

A number of studies in the third direction should identify patterns in the formation of vital skills and abilities, as well as the development of motor qualities in the younger generation, using targeted tourism activities.

The effectiveness of mass tourism work largely depends on the organizational forms used, which must correspond to the assigned tasks, take into account the age characteristics of those involved, as well as the existing conditions. The search for precisely such forms, characteristic of childhood and adolescence, should be in the field of view of researchers.

The main scientific methods in the third direction are pedagogical experiment and pedagogical observations.

The fourth direction - scientific support for the training of highly qualified tourists - is associated with the substantiation of methods of training sessions in tourism. Modern sports tourism includes organizing and conducting complex category hikes, when a person may find himself in extreme conditions. In this regard, scientific research is carried out to substantiate training methods for those involved in sports tourism, taking into account the possibility of taking measures for optimal life support in extreme conditions and eliminating injuries, i.e., safety measures.

The scientific search for the reserve capabilities of the human body, the patterns of its adaptation to various conditions has always been and will be in the field of view of researchers, and a particularly difficult task in this area of ​​research is associated with the development of a unified nationwide comprehensive program for monitoring participants in tourist trips and route observations. Its implementation in practice will allow solving the following problems:

) identification of criteria for classification and determination of methods for benchmarking tourist routes in the territory differentiated by type of tourism;

) improving the system of tourist classification zoning of the territory and developing principles for determining safe dates for conducting tourist trips in various geographical areas;

) improving the methodology for judging competitions (championships) by type of tourism and category requirements for sports tourism;

) development and improvement of methods of pedagogical and medical control of participants in tourist trips, determination of their functional states on the routes, dosage of loads and the healing effect of tourist trips;

) development of control standards for general and special physical fitness of participants in hiking trips and recommendations for their pre-trip and post-trip medical control;

) improving the content and methods of route observations, ensuring not only the internal needs of tourism (classification issues, zoning problems, determining safe dates for hiking, bioclimatic conditions for hiking, monitoring the functional states of their participants, standardizing tourist routes), but also the participation of tourist groups, especially expeditionary, in solving problems of national economic importance (studying the adaptive capabilities of the human body in extreme conditions of remote areas, photoglaciological observations of possible glacier movements, long-term route weather observations, snow surveys, observations of water levels in rivers and lakes, observations on assignments of environmental organizations, other industrial , scientific and public organizations and institutions).

As in the third direction, pedagogical experiment and pedagogical observations should be used here. Particular difficulties in research are associated with the need to collect a maximum of various information about the state of the body and human behavior in difficult hiking conditions, close to extreme ones.

The fifth direction is the scientific foundations of the organization and management of mass tourism work. Considering that the importance of tourism in modern society is increasing, a scientifically based structure for its organization and management is needed. The solution to this problem is complicated by the fact that mass tourism work with the population must be carried out by many state and public organizations. Therefore, reasonable coordination actions between them and a clear distribution of functional responsibilities are necessary. Through scientific research, the organizational structure of tourism development that is most appropriate to modern conditions, as well as the forms and methods of mass tourism work, are determined. Improving tourism work is also impossible without appropriate professional and public personnel. The need for them, the structure and content of their professional training are determined by scientific research. The need to solve the problem of targeted development of the material and technical base of tourism forces us to approach from a scientific position the substantiation of the needs for its further improvement, taking into account many interrelated qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

In this regard, research in the fifth direction should be based on a systematic analysis of the structure and content of mass tourism work carried out by various organizations. The results obtained must be processed using mathematical statistics methods. In addition, here it is necessary to use methods of normalization and programming, grouping, comparisons and collation of data, as well as generalization of the results obtained.

In general, it should be noted that the further development of tourism in the country is possible only with fundamental scientific research, covering all its main aspects in social, pedagogical and economic terms.

Speaking about the strategy of scientific research and social participation, we note, firstly, the goals of developing new destinations, i.e. tourism, employment and professional tourism education; secondly, tasks related to the development of areas of economic depression, the creation of jobs with year-round employment in new tourist destinations, etc. Within this aspect, there are two options for action regarding the movement of people: the first consists of actions in areas supplying tourists, the second option is the creation of destinations along main scientific sites and tourist routes. Within the framework of the social participation strategy, the third component is interconnected with the response to new types of demand, the reasons for the emergence of new destinations, the intensification of the process of movement of people, scientific and technological progress in communications, transport and other sectors affecting tourism, as well as the expansion of the range of motives for travel. travel, scientific, cultural and spiritual pilgrimage, the spontaneous emergence of tourism destinations. The fourth component of the social participation strategy is related to the nature of tourist destinations, which involves geographical location, infrastructure, the formation of societies that receive tourists, and the emergence of services required for the process of movement of people.

The leitmotif of the strategy for scientific participation is the motto: science - culture - recreation - tourism - education. It was this motto that was supported by UNESCO as part of the decision to create a UNESCO Chair on the basis of the Russian International Academy of Tourism. The thesis SCIENCE refers to the development of new “off-the-beaten-path” routes into nature, the maintenance and development of national parks, protected areas, the improvement of water resources, the restoration of fisheries and fauna and flora, strengthening environmental issues of tourism.

The thesis CULTURE refers to cultural and historical heritage, such as the Aegean Sea. These are monuments and estates, complexes and memorials, museums and libraries, cultural centers and exhibition halls, folk crafts and languages, traditions and folklore, identity and ethnic characteristics.

As part of the RECREATION thesis, I would like to draw attention to the fact that recreation itself is already sports and health tourism.

Therefore, touching on the problems of sports and recreational TOURISM, it would be necessary to emphasize the new elements that arose in the last decade. This is an expansion of the sphere of sports and recreational cooperation with various institutions of physical education, sports and tourism. .

2.2 Recreational geography is a scientific direction that integrates research in the field of recreation and tourism

After the Great Patriotic War, the revival of the tourism industry in the country proceeded at a rather slow pace. On April 24, 1945, a resolution of the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was issued “On the restoration of the activities of the tourist and excursion management of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions,” but the results of the work of the revived TEU were poorly felt. This was prevented by serious reasons, among which the main ones were the following: the plight of the prevailing population of the country; lack of free time due to the fact that people had a primary task - improving their lives; difficult food situation in most parts of the country; extremely low demand of citizens for tourist recreation, etc.

Only by the mid-50s, i.e. 10 years after the end of the war, tourism reaches pre-war volumes of activity, as can be judged by the number of vacationers at tourist centers. Thus, in 1938, trade union tourist centers received about 200 thousand tourists. In 1956, 179 thousand tourists were served by trade union tourist centers (Abukov, 1978; Dvornichenko, 1985).

Since that time, the mid-50s, we can talk about dramatic changes in tourism. And in 1960, 627 thousand people already rested at tourist centers.

Along with the ongoing growth of all indicators of domestic tourism, the interest of science in it has increased. A serious impetus for the development of scientific research on tourism was the introduction of it as an academic discipline in a number of higher educational institutions. In the mid-50s. The USSR Ministry of Education introduced the discipline “Tourism” into the curriculum of the physical education departments of pedagogical institutes as a compulsory subject for all students in the early 60s. The discipline “Tourism” was also introduced at the pedagogical departments of physical education institutes; in 1968, at the geographical faculties of universities, the specialization “Local history, methods and organization of tourism and excursion business” was established. Thus, a significant number of teachers were formed whose duties included conducting research work in the field of tourism.

In 1972, the work of V.S. was published. Preobrazhensky, I.V. Zorina, Yu.A. Vedenin “Geographical aspects of designing new types of recreational systems”, and in 1975 the country’s scientific community became acquainted with the collective monograph “Theoretical Foundations of Recreational Geography” edited by Professor V.S. Preobrazhensky. These two works outlined the trend for the development of scientific research in the field of recreational geography and tourism for two decades to come.

In the history of recreational geography, the period of the late 60s - early 80s stands out. At this time, field research, sociological surveys were intensively carried out, and recreational and geographical meetings were held. The development of the young scientific direction “Recreational Geography” was underway, which was defined as a scientific direction in geography that studies territorial patterns and features of people’s activities aimed at restoring and developing physical and spiritual forces.

The subject of study is recreational geography, which formed into a scientific discipline in the early 70s. XX century, is the functioning of the territorial recreational system.

By the territorial recreational system, the authors of domestic recreational geography understood a social geographical system consisting of the following interconnected subsystems:

natural and cultural complexes,

technical structures (engineering structures),

service personnel,

governing body,

vacationers (recreators).

More and more scientific works began to appear on the pedagogical aspects of tourism, psychological, economic, urban planning, but the main role in coordinating scientific research in the field of recreation and tourism, developing a concept for the development of tourism in the country belonged to geographers.

The overwhelming number of publications concerning theoretical issues of recreational geography in modern scientific geographical literature in the country belongs to L.Yu. Mazhar, professor of Smolensk Humanitarian University. In her dissertation research for the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences “Territorial tourist and recreational systems: a geosystemic approach to formation and development” (2009), she substantiates the concept of such a scientific category as “territorial tourist and recreational systems”, which is based on what the author developed by V. WITH. Preobrazhensky in the early 70s. an idea of ​​the recreational system as a basic model reflecting recreational activities of any level and nature, aimed at restoring the physical and spiritual strength of a person.

A special case of a universal recreational system is a territorial recreational system (TRS). As a modern invariant of TRS L.Yu. Mazhar considers the territorial tourism and recreational system (TTRS), which has certain differences consisting in the “specification and “narrowing” of the concept of “recreation”. L.Yu. Mazhar uses the definition of “tourist-recreational” in his works and believes that the “tourist-recreational territorial system” (TRTS) should be accepted as the subject of study of recreational geography.

TTRS is a set of elements of the sphere of recreation and tourism, united by spatial relationships and interconnections. The “tourist-recreational” version of the concept mainly characterizes multifaceted tourism activities, but without excluding the need for recreation in the process of organizing a tour.

The elementary composition of the territorial tourist and recreational system postulated by L.Yu. Mazhar consists of several subsystems: infrastructure, organizational and managerial, natural and recreational, historical and cultural, recreational and activity (main functional), material and household (accommodation, food), personnel (service personnel), consumer (tourists), etc. All subsystems are united by direct and feedback connections that ensure the integrity of the TTRS. In its most general form, the schematic diagram of the territorial tourist and recreational system is presented in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of the territorial tourist and recreational system

Subsystems: P - consumer (tourists), I - infrastructure, OU - organizational and managerial, PR - natural and recreational, IC - historical and cultural, RD - recreational and active (main functional), MB - material and household (accommodation, food), K - personnel (service personnel)

The subsystems indicated in the schematic diagram are of a generalized nature, which makes it possible to fill them with real content depending on the level of hierarchy and the functional nature of the TTRS.

The conditions and factors for the formation of territorial tourist and recreational systems are considered by L.Yu. Mazhar from the standpoint of the geosystem approach in the context of the interaction of “system” and “environment”. In this case, “conditions” are external causes, reflecting the properties of the environment, and “factors” are internal causes, reflecting the properties of the system itself.

In relation to the TTRS being studied, the “environment” is the natural geosystem and all territorial systems (except TTRS) included in the social geosystem. The “environment” also includes territorial systems of the same type, located at a higher hierarchical level, as well as TTRS formed outside the system under study.

“Factors” represent the driving forces behind the formation and development of TTRS. There are 15 groups of factors: geotorial factors (location factors), geopolitical factors, staffing factors, as well as tourist and recreational human needs, economic, organizational and managerial, infrastructural, material and household, socio-psychological, demographic, environmental, medical and sanitary , tourist-resource, recreational-activity, innovative. Proposed by L.Yu. The Mazhar option, containing 15 groups of factors, is distinguished by a high degree of detail, which makes it possible to take into account as much as possible the various factors influencing the development of tourism.

The actions of factors have their own characteristics of manifestation at different levels of TTRS. Unique combinations of factors determine the characteristics of the formation of TTRS in different regions. Through conscious or spontaneous influence on certain factors, one can contribute to the targeted development of the system.

L.Yu. Mazhar distinguishes four hierarchical levels of TTRS: world, national, regional and local. The TTRS of the highest hierarchical level - the world tourism and recreational system (MTRS) - largely determines all tourism and recreational activities also in individual countries and regions.

National tourist and recreational systems (NTRS) are key in the hierarchical subordination of systems of this type. On the one hand, in their interaction they determine the nature and level of development of the global tourism and recreational system, and on the other hand, they directly regulate the activities of the relevant sphere at the regional level.

The idea of ​​​​creating special economic zones of a tourist and recreational type on the territory of Belarus was expressed in a national project, which can be used as an effective means of reviving peripheral territories, historical provinces, regions and local areas of the republic, attracting investors to valuable historical, cultural and natural sites. By embodying the idea of ​​special economic zones, the Belarusian Podvinia and Ponemanye, Polesie and Dnieper regions can acquire the same meaning in the eyes of Europeans as Bohemia, Saxony, Normandy or Wales. In the context of the aforementioned republican project and within the framework of the academic discipline “Humanitarian Resources in Tourism”, project activities were carried out by 2nd year full-time students of the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality of the Institute of Tourism of the Educational Institution “Belarusian State University of Physical Culture”.

Projects of specialized program tourism related to entertainment (“Museum of Contemporary Photography”, “Museum of Chocolate”, “Museum-Reserve”) were considered as a product for family tours Fairy forest ", "Museum of evil spirits and ghosts", "Museum of embroidery and weaving", etc.). In order to improve health and replenish vitality, the following projects were proposed: “Salt Caves”, “Bogatyrsky Bor” museum, “Belarusian Dubai”, etc.

Separate projects were devoted to cultural and educational tourism based on interest in national cuisine, witchcraft, and herbal medicine (phytotherapy). This is how the projects appeared: the Museum of National Cuisine “Korchma” in an ethnic style, the “Museum of Witchcraft and Magic” with elements of paganism and mysticism, and the “Belarusian Herbalist” with a herbal pharmacy and herbal bar. Some of the projects already contained well-thought-out routes that were rational in terms of content and time parameters. The guys took into account all the characteristics of the main flow of tourists and museum visitors (features of age, education and upbringing, dominant interests in mass culture, etc.), and also stipulated the features of specialized tourism programs in different seasons of the year. In addition, some projects had ready-made economic calculations, outlines of architectural designs of buildings and reference to the area, a list of cultural events in the form of festivals, theatrical performances, animation, a list of basic and additional services, etc. According to student reviews, the implementation of the development and protection of educational The project not only enlivened educational activities, but also updated the necessary theoretical knowledge and practical skills, developed creative imagination, as well as communication skills, presentation culture in promoting a tourism product.

Thus, educational design based on the academic and practical knowledge acquired by students in the field of tourism and hospitality is the most productive method for developing the necessary competencies, and the completed educational projects, according to reviews of their authors, have become an excellent means of mastering the material of the academic discipline.

Research has shown that the country's residents prefer to relax in forest areas - 34.5%, by the sea - 28.1%, on rivers and lakes - 29.5%, in the mountains - 5.5%. A complete lack of interest in steppe territories was noted; only 0.1% of respondents named steppe landscapes as a vacation spot.

It was found that age has the greatest influence on the choice of recreation landscape. Thus, with age, the urban population’s attraction to the forest increases. Interest in the mountains is manifested mainly among young people aged 16 - 24 years. Resorts are chosen by retirees.

The survey refuted the established opinion about the preference for seaside holidays over all others; it turned out that holidays in a forest area near the river are more popular than by the sea. But at the same time, a trend was noted for the entire urban population of the country, expressed in an increased desire for recreation on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as in Crimea.

The next large-scale survey to determine the nature of the needs of the country's population for tourist recreation was conducted in the first half of the 1980s. All-Union Research Laboratory of Tourism and Excursions. The general conclusions drawn in the previous study were confirmed, and quite significant regional differences were noted in the choice of recreational conditions and recreation areas by citizens.

These two studies gave rise to numerous surveys conducted in regions that differed, sometimes significantly, from previous all-Union ones.

A tender for an analysis of the structure of expenses of foreign citizens during their stay in Belarus has been announced by the National Tourism Agency.

Any organization can take part in the tender. The winner of the competition will become the executor for one of the items of the State Tourism Development Program for 2011-2015 - conducting a marketing research "Analysis of the structure of expenses and preferences of foreign citizens in the Republic of Belarus." This is the first such project implemented in Belarus. At the same time, several years ago a study was conducted in the republic that covered foreign tourists traveling by transport (by rail, car and plane), but it was of a general nature. Now the National Agency expects to receive specific information on the structure of expenses of foreign tourists, broken down into target groups and types of tourism (sanatorium-resort, transit, excursion, nostalgic, etc.).

The research will affect not only Minsk and regional centers, but also the regions. Its results are planned to be used in the formation of economic policy for the development of the tourism industry. The study should show which tourist destinations need to be more actively developed to attract foreign tourists, and which ones will not bring the expected effect.

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to rural, or, as it is also called, “green” tourism. As an example, we point to a number of publications on this topic included in the statistical block we are studying (Edokimov, Kozhevnikov, 2006, Lyapina, 2005). In all the above articles, the authors analyze rural tourism, which is understood as the temporary residence of tourists from cities in rural areas with familiarity with the life and traditions of a given territory, with participation in rural labor, and in local holidays.

A large study of the features of the development of rural tourism was carried out by the International Tourism Academy. Scientists examined the legal issues of the functioning of rural tourism, the creation of specialized infrastructure, training of personnel for the needs of rural tourism, a system of certification of services, etc. The MTA prepared a “Practical Guide to the Organization of Rural Tourism,” which describes the entire technology for the creation and functioning of a specific economic entity in the rural market tourism in accordance with current legislation.

Conclusion

Tourism occupies a special place in the social organization of modern society. This is perhaps the most versatile and dynamic characteristic of modern civilization, expressed in a voluntary temporary change in the rhythm of life, place of residence and often the socio-cultural environment as a whole. Being one of the largest dynamically developing sectors of the world economy, tourism is currently trying to take its rightful place in the economy of our state. Belarus, being in the center of Europe, does not benefit from this effectively enough. Its advantages are not only its geographical location, but also the hospitality of the people, the virginity of nature, the cleanliness and well-groomed city streets. Improving the management of the tourism industry today is an urgent task for the state.

Among the new methods of education and upbringing, project-oriented training has recently been considered the most relevant and promising, during which conditions are created for the manifestation of initiative, creative potential, and independence of future specialists.

Each area of ​​research uses its own specific research methods for solving certain specific problems, which are determined by the demands of practice, the state of the issue being solved, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in a given field of knowledge.

The scientific work competition is the largest and most significant event in the republican research system.

The development of research requires constant updating of the material and technical base, scientific laboratories and specialized offices of departments. Most of the funds are used to purchase new and modernize old computer equipment. In higher educational institutions, material incentives are provided to teachers and students for certain individual achievements in scientific activities from extra-budgetary financial sources, which contributes to the intensification of research work. Measures are being taken to encourage young researchers who have prospects in preparing and defending candidate and doctoral dissertations.

The main direction of scientific research of the department in the tourism sector is the problems and prospects for the development of tourism in the Republic of Belarus.

List of sources used

1.Barchukov, I.S. Methods of scientific research in tourism: textbook for universities / I.S. Barchukov. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 224 p.

2.Vasilenko S.G. Research work in physical culture and sports. Textbook/S.G. Vasilenko. - Vitebsk: Publishing house of the educational institution “VSU named after. P.M. Masherova", 2007. -34 p.

.Ganapolsky, V.I. Tourism and orienteering / V.I. Ganapolsky. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 596 p.

4. Zhitenev, S. Yu. Science of tourism: subject, objectives, problems and prospects [Electronic resource]. Access mode:<#"justify">11.Fedorov Yu.N. Sports and health tourism / Yu.N. Fedorov, I.E. Vostokov. - M.: Soviet Sport. 2002.-364 p.

12. Yakovchuk, V.I. Management of tourism development in the Republic of Belarus [Electronic resource]. Minsk: Access mode:

The variety of types of human activity determines a diverse range of methods that can be classified according to a variety of criteria.

First of all, it is necessary to highlight the methods of spiritual, ideal, including scientific, practical, material activity.

It has now become obvious that a system of methods, methodology cannot be limited only to the sphere of scientific knowledge, it must go beyond its limits and certainly include it in its orbit and scope of practice. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind the close interaction of these two spheres.

As for the methods of science, there may be several reasons for dividing them into groups. Thus, depending on the role and place in the process of scientific knowledge, one can distinguish formal and substantive, empirical and theoretical, fundamental and applied methods, methods of research and presentation, etc.

The content of objects studied by science serves as a criterion for distinguishing between the methods of natural science and the methods of social sciences and humanities. In turn, the methods of natural sciences can be divided into methods for studying inanimate nature and methods for studying living nature, etc. There are also qualitative and quantitative methods, uniquely deterministic and probabilistic, methods of direct and indirect cognition, original and derivative, etc. d.

Characteristic features of the scientific method: objectivity, reproducibility, heuristics, necessity, specificity, etc.

The most common in modern science multi-level concept of methodological knowledge. In this regard, all methods of scientific knowledge can be divided into the following main groups: according to the degree of generality and breadth of application. No less widespread is the classification of methods of scientific knowledge, which is based on the criteria for the application of methods at different levels of scientific knowledge. Depending on the level of knowledge, methods of the empirical and theoretical levels are distinguished (Fig. 2).

Let's consider the classification of methods of scientific knowledge by degree of generality.

1. Universal or philosophical methods, among which the most ancient are dialectical and metaphysical.

The metaphysical method is a philosophical way of cognition and action, opposed to the dialectical method as its antipode; a characteristic feature of metaphysics is one-sidedness, the absolutization of one side of the process of cognition or one or another element of the whole, a moment of activity in any of its forms.

The dialectical method of philosophical knowledge and way of thinking are based on the analysis of all possible points of view on the subject under study. Such an analysis of different points of view comes down to a clash of opposing positions, which are usually called thesis and antithesis.

Thus, the dialectical method in K. Marx was combined with materialism, and in G. Hegel - with idealism.

Rice. 2.

Russian scientists, as a rule, use the dialectical method to study the phenomena and processes of social life being studied, since the laws of dialectics have universal significance - they are inherent in the development of nature, society and thinking. When studying objects and phenomena, dialectics recommends proceeding from the following principles.

• 1. Consider the objects under study in the light of dialectical laws:
  • a) unity and struggle of opposites;
  • b) the transition of quantitative changes to qualitative ones;
  • c) negation of negation.
• 2. Describe, explain and predict the phenomena and processes being studied, based on philosophical categories: general, special and individual; content and form; essence of the phenomenon; possibilities and reality; necessary and accidental; causes and consequences.
• 3. Treat the object of research as an objective reality.
• 4. Consider the objects and phenomena being studied:
  • a) comprehensively;
  • b) in universal connection and interdependence;
  • c) in continuous change and development;
  • d) specifically historically.
• 5. Test the acquired knowledge in practice.

Essentially, each philosophical concept has a methodological function and is a unique way of mental activity. Therefore, philosophical methods are not limited to the two mentioned. These also include methods such as analytical (characteristic of modern analytical philosophy), intuitive, phenomenological, hermeneutic (understanding), etc.

A philosophical method that provides correct and accurate ideas about the general laws of tourism development, its originality and constituent components, as well as the place and role in it of those phenomena that scientists and specialists study, is the dialectical approach. This methodology is based on the materiality of the world around us, in which matter is located in continuous movement and development.

The driving forces of development of the surrounding world (matter) are subject to the laws of dialectics - the unity and struggle of opposites, the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, the negation of negation.

2. General scientific approaches and research methods that have been widely developed and used in science. They act as a kind of “intermediate” methodology between philosophy and the fundamental theoretical and methodological provisions of the special sciences.

The characteristic features of general scientific concepts are:

• a) first of all , the commonality in their content of individual properties, characteristics, concepts of a number of special sciences and philosophical categories;
• b) secondly, the possibility of their formalization, clarification by means of mathematical theory and symbolic logic.

On the basis of general scientific concepts and concepts, the corresponding methods and principles of cognition are formulated, which ensure the connection and optimal interaction of philosophy with special scientific knowledge and its methods.

General scientific or general logical methods are analysis, synthesis, generalization, abstraction, induction, deduction, analogy, modeling, historical method, logical method and classification. The relationship between general scientific methods can be presented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 3).

Analysis- this is the dismemberment, decomposition of the object of study into its component parts. It underlies the analytical research method. Types of analysis are classification and periodization. The analysis method is used in both real and mental activities.

Synthesis- this is the connection of individual sides, parts of the object of study into a single whole. However, this is not just their connection, but also the knowledge of something new - the interaction of parts as a whole. The result of the synthesis is a completely new formation, the properties of which are not only an external combination of the properties of the components, but also the result of their internal relationship and interdependence.

Rice. 3.

Analysis and synthesis are methods for determining the optimal balance of forces and means necessary for the successful functioning of a tourism enterprise. They allow you to establish the elements that make up the effect of staff interaction and give an idea of ​​your capabilities in achieving an economic effect. Analysis and synthesis are used in the study, for example, of the work of a tourist enterprise for a financial year, which is divided into quarters, the relationship between them is established, and then the operations are reproduced as a whole.

Through these methods, the positive aspects of tourism events are clarified and their weak links are identified.

The function of the analysis is to highlight various features in tourism activities that could be taken as a basis for systematizing facts, arranging them in chronological, functional, structural order, characterizing a certain aspect of the development of the event under study.

The function of synthesis is to establish connections between facts and combine them into groups based on identified grounds.

When analyzing, for example, it can be revealed that an increase in prices for petroleum products will entail an increase in prices for gasoline, fuels and lubricants, and this, in turn, will contribute to an increase in the price of tourist packages.

Studying tourism in general or its individual types, the researcher mentally dissects the activities of each individual personnel and at the same time reveals the connection and interaction of elements, properties and aspects of them as a whole.

It should be borne in mind that various types of analysis are used in scientific research: factorial, logical, content analysis, etc.

Main goals factor analysis are reducing the number of variables and determining the structure of relationships between variables. When reducing the number of variables, the resulting variable includes the most significant features of the variables being combined. Classification involves isolating several new factors from variables that are related to each other. In tourism, factor analysis is used in connection with the analysis of consumer demand for tour packages.

Logical analysis is intended to define the range of concepts with the help of which the subject of research is described, the search for outwardly clearly distinguishable signs, i.e., empirical indicators that make it possible to measure the aspects and properties, for example, of a new tourism product. Logical analysis includes procedures such as the interpretation of basic concepts (interpretation of the content hidden in them) and their operational definitions (division of concepts into elements for which empirical indicators can be selected). Ultimately, characteristics are obtained, the measurement of which provides an answer to the customer’s information request.

Content analysis(from English content content) is a formalized method of studying text and graphic information, which consists in translating the studied information in tourism activities into quantitative indicators and its statistical processing. Characterized by great rigor and systematicity. The object of content analysis can be the content of various types of activities in the tourism industry: international and domestic tour operators, competitors in a certain segment of the tourism services market, managers of international and domestic hotel complexes, emergency events affecting the tourism industry, legislative acts of individual countries in the field of the hospitality industry. The content analysis method is used to study documentary sources and as an auxiliary tool in questioning, observation, testing, in mass communications research, and in marketing.

Generalization- this is the process of transition from the individual to the general, from the less general to the more general.

Mental generalization is based on the universality of connections between objects and phenomena of reality, the relationship between the individual and the general in all really existing tourist events. In a particular type of tourism there are not only individual, unique features, but also general, similar features. The formation of generalizing provisions (concepts, laws, conclusions, concepts) is possible through the study of specific ones.

The degree of commonality of facts (events) may vary. Hence the difference in levels of generalization - from establishing the simplest, elementary similarity at the stage of empirical research of facts to the disclosure of the essential, general, underlying the formation of concepts, the disclosure of laws and explanation of facts at the theoretical level of knowledge, when a system of explanatory provisions is created, a coherent concept of what is being studied is formed phenomena.

A complex form of generalization that allows one to distinguish important facts from secondary ones is typification, which consists in the selection of characteristic (typical) facts that express the most important aspect of the phenomenon or group of phenomena being studied in tourism. The selection of characteristic (typical) facts is an important feature of scientific generalization, which brings phenomena closer to the knowledge of latent connections. To reveal the essence of the phenomenon under study, a description is not enough, so generalizations of a higher order are needed and those that reveal the repeatability, necessity, significance and causality of the signs of the event.

The form of generalization of experience in tourism is the conclusions from which a scientific concept and theory are formed, which reveals the characteristic features and essence of the phenomena being studied, the patterns of their occurrence and development.

Abstraction (idealization)- mental distraction from some properties and relationships of the subject being studied and highlighting the properties and relationships that interest the researcher. During abstraction, secondary properties and connections of the object under study are separated from essential properties and connections.

Abstraction Method allows us to identify typical connections and relationships in tourism, abstracting from the whole variety of particulars.

As a result of using the abstraction method, it is possible to obtain abstract knowledge of a general nature about individual patterns of running the tourism business, the common goals of the parties, the causes of events in the studied segment of the tourism services market and their essence.

Induction- this is the movement of thought (cognition) from facts, individual cases to the general situation. Inductive inferences “suggest” an idea, a general idea. With the inductive method of research, in order to obtain general knowledge about any class of objects, it is necessary to examine individual objects, find common essential features in them, which will serve as the basis for knowledge about the general feature inherent in this class of objects.

Deduction- this is the derivation of an individual, particular from some general position; the movement of thought (cognition) from general statements to statements about individual objects or phenomena. Through deductive reasoning, a certain thought is “derived” from other thoughts.

Analogy- this is a way of obtaining knowledge about objects and phenomena on the basis of the fact that they have similarities with others, reasoning in which, from the similarity of the objects being studied in some characteristics, a conclusion is made about their similarity in other characteristics. The degree of probability (reliability) of inferences by analogy depends on the number of similar features in the compared phenomena. Analogy is most often used in similarity theory.

Modeling- a method of scientific knowledge, the essence of which is to replace the subject or phenomenon being studied with a special similar model containing the essential features of the original.

Historical method involves reproducing the history of the object being studied in all its versatility, taking into account all the details and accidents. It involves studying the emergence and development of research objects in chronological order.

The historical represents development in its sequential manifestation, and the logical expresses development in its essence. For example, historically, tourism developed first from walking along developed routes (in a forest park area, near the sea coast), then walking tourism appeared as a therapeutic remedy - a health path.

Historical and logical in tourist activity are two sides of the same phenomenon, in which the logical is its essence, general line, quintessence, and the historical is a diverse manifestation of this basis through a mass of accidents.

Boolean method- this is a logical reproduction of the history of the object being studied, liberation from everything random and unimportant.

The logical method is based on the patterns inherent in reality. In tourism, any phenomenon has a certain logic of its origin, development and transition to a qualitatively new state. For example, previously hotel reservations for tourists were made by telephone in small quantities. In modern conditions, the flow of tourists has increased significantly. Hotel reservations have become possible in real time using the Internet. To provide high-quality customer service, a large number of travel enterprises using information technology have appeared on the tourism services market.

Classification- a method of scientific research and generalization, the essence of which is that the objects, phenomena or processes being studied are ordered into certain groups (classes) based on some selected characteristics.

General scientific concepts most often include such concepts as “information”, “model”, “structure”, “function”, “system”, “element”, “optimality”, “probability”, etc.

General scientific principles and approaches include systemic and structural-functional, cybernetic, probabilistic, modeling, formalization and a number of others.

Such a general scientific discipline as synergetics - the theory of self-organization and development of open integral systems of any nature - natural, social, cognitive (cognitive) - has been developing especially rapidly recently.

The important role of general scientific approaches is that, due to their “intermediate nature,” they mediate the mutual transition of philosophical and specific scientific or particular scientific knowledge (as well as corresponding methods).

The point is that the first is not superimposed in a purely external, direct way on the second. Therefore, attempts to express special scientific content in the language of philosophical categories are, as a rule, unconstructive and ineffective.

3. Specific scientific methods - a set of methods, principles of knowledge, research techniques and procedures used in a particular science corresponding to a given basic form of motion of matter. These are methods of mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology and social sciences.

Thus, methodology cannot be reduced to any one, even “very important method.”

Methodology is also not a simple sum of individual methods, their “mechanical unity”. Methodology is a complex, dynamic, holistic, subordinated system of methods, techniques, principles at different levels, scope, focus, heuristic capabilities, content, structures, etc.

Let's consider the classification of methods depending on the level of knowledge.

Methods at the theoretical level include axiomatic, hypothetical, hypothetico-deductive, formalization, abstraction, generalization, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, historical, method of system analysis.

Empirical level methods include observation, description, counting, measurement, comparison, experiment and modeling (Fig. 4).