Intuitive understanding does not require language, but: language does not exist without understanding

Intuitive understanding does not require language, but:

On a unified understanding of natural language and the language of musical texts from the perspective of a probabilistic model of meanings

On a unified understanding of natural language and the language of musical texts from the standpoint of a probabilistic model of meanings. Is the probabilistic model of meanings (PMS) based on the idea of ​​a continuum? elementary semantic elements over which a weight function p(?) is specified, which

TOPIC 1. LANGUAGE NORMS

Exercise 1. Formulate a definition of literary language and name its characteristics. Compare your definition with existing ones:

1) “A normalized language that serves the diverse cultural needs of the people, a language fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government agencies, schools, etc.” ( D.E. Rosenthal);

2) “It represents a form of social (sociocultural) existence of the national language, accepted by its speakers as exemplary.” ( IN AND. Maksimov);

3) “The modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as the language from A.S. Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. It is constantly changing and therefore needs to be rationed.” ( E.N. Shiryaev);

4) "This codified subsystem; it is characterized by a more or less stable norm, uniform and generally binding for all speakers of a literary language, and this norm is purposefully
cultivated" ( Belikov V.I., L.P. Krysin)

Based on these definitions of a norm, list its main features. Write them down. What other signs could you name?

Answer: Literary language is a normalized, generally accepted language system, which is characterized by certain specifics: it has certain norms in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Subject to change and covers all areas of human activity. Signs: 1: presence of stable rules. 2: stability of the structure 3: multifunctionality (use in various fields of activity) 4: communicative expediency 5: availability of oral and written speech.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks in the table. Determine the relationships between linguistic units:

Exercise 3. Name the basic units of language and give them a definition. Determine which language level the speech errors in the sentences belong to:

A. Phonetic. (sounds, stress) B. Lexical. B. Morphological. (declensions, numerals)

G. Syntactic

1. According to Pechorin’s stories, noble society is filled with hypocrisy, malice, and lying BBB. 2. As for the artistic means used by Pushkin to recreate the impression of authenticity of the depicted reality. The story is a memoir. YYY 3. Anna Sergeevna was the kind of person who allowed VVV.4 to express her opinion in front of him. This is a free novel from all the framework and norms of literary style.BBB 5. The timbre of our life far exceeds the timbre of the life of our ancestors.BBB 6. True artists of words create grandiose epic canvases on the pages of their works.BBB 7. Looking at him, an image of rudeness and negligence. 8. The president himself came to the opening of the German language center. AAA 9. Events take place in the village that turned the hero’s entire worldview upside down. BBB 10. Initially, it was not conceived as a single composition, but was created and published in parts. BBB

Answer: Basic units of language:

1) phoneme- the smallest unit of language and speech, having form but not content; serves to identify or distinguish words and morphemes.

2) morpheme- a non-independent unit of language, a significant part of a word, having both form and content.

3) word (lexeme)- a central independent unit of language that has a form, as well as unity of lexical and grammatical meanings.

4) offer- the basic syntactic unit of language, which is a means of forming, expressing and communicating thoughts, as well as a means of transmitting emotions and expression of will.

Exercise 4. In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, enter the types of norms in the table:

Exercise 5. Determine which norms are violated in the sentences:

1. Onegin belongs to the category of people of noble society. 2. He achieved such results by presenting the novel to us in the form of notes from Grinev’s diary. 3. Pecherin indulges in passion with the wild Bella. 4. The author is trying to guide readers into a slightly different direction. 6. As MK has written more than once, the current pyramid of Russian power is tailored to Putin. 7. Guest worker Ira Filippova, who came from Ukraine to work concert numbers in one of the many St. Petersburg tents. 8. Apparently at these speeds, matter will cease to be itself and disintegrate. 9. It was also surprising that the multi-colored threads with which the image was embroidered had not faded or lost their strength for more than five centuries. 10. In the language of actors, “number” meant the ability to sing, act, tell, improvise, imitate someone. 11. In Novosibirsk State Technical University The People's Faculty has been operating since 2002.

Exercise 6. Determine which subsystem of the language is represented in the texts and by what linguistic means.

1) - And they will. Look, how are the Basques... Suddenly God will give them wealth. That's a lot! Evo! - says Jigsaw, pointing his hand at the large house.

Perhaps. Are we going to live together?

Otherwise, we’ll call Matryona.

I would like to ask...

Pila became sad. Now it seemed to him that he had no relatives at all, except for Sysoika, and the guys disappeared. It's a pity!

At the market he bought three loaves of bread and a liver. Sysoiko was carrying bread. I drank liver. They again approached the bishop's fence.

Let’s go there,” Sysoiko said.

AND! Gee, that's where everyone is going.

And there are the barge haulers.

They won’t let us in, they’ll put us in prison.

However, they entered the fence, climbed onto the porch and wanted to enter the church. They were driven out again... They went to the barges.

Move! devils!.. - the pilot shouted at them.

The barge was already sailing. Pila, Sysoika and three other barge haulers were put on shitik.

Are the guys here? Peel asked the pilot on the barge.

Wait for your guys!

Why did you leave them?

Yes, they stayed in the church, they didn’t find it... What a disaster!

Paulie, this is the first time they've been staring there!

(Reshetnikov F.M. Between people)

2. The morning that day was sunny, brilliant, but cool - the relative proximity of the South Pole made itself felt. A fresh wind was blowing, and snow-white cirrus clouds rushed across the sky, presenting graceful fantastic patterns. Swaying smoothly, our clipper flew with the full wind under the topsails into one reef, under the foresail and mainsail, running away from a passing wave.

Shutikov stood on the main-channel, secured with a hemp belt, and learned to throw a boat, having recently replaced another sailor. Proshka was also close to him. He was cleaning the weapon and stopped from time to time, admiring Shutikov, how he, having made many circles of the lot-line (the rope on which the lot is attached), deftly throws it back, like a lasso, and then, when the rope stretches out, again with quick, deft movements selects her..

Suddenly a desperate cry was heard from the quarterdeck:

Man overboard!

(Stanyukovich K.M. Man overboard)

3. What a warm spell,” Aunt Dunya remarked when I came home with lake water in two buckets, “the “netniks” don’t like the big sun, except for “joke”, and round dance girls in the water.” I already knew that “netchiks” are absent, absentees, but the presence of “netchiks” constantly has to be reckoned with: these are various kinds of undead, evil spirits, benevolently playful or insidious, harmful. (Akhmadulina B. Despair. Diary)

4. An exhausted young man, who looked to be about seventeen years old, in patent leather boots, a Hungarian jacket with a tourniquet and a new cap on the back of his head, knocking the bottom of a vodka glass on the table, convincingly proved something to a small, disheveled man:

Listen, you...

So what are you listening to? What are you listening to? We worked together, and half of ourselves...

It’s half and half!.. You’re a backer, I’m a screener, you’re a shoveler, and I’m a tank... There are two red ones in a shovel!..

The tank is walking half a hundred, probably the anchor...

Fail, I went beyond the quadruple...

Fill it up!

Pra-word! To die!

Where are they?

Lived! Here are the patent leather skates, here is the cap... Not a penny in your pocket!

Look, Oska, what a creep has crawled in!

The drunken young man looked at me, and I heard him whisper:

Aren't you a frog?

You imagine all the Frogs... No! It's just a shaky trick.

(Vl. Gilyarovsky. Moscow and Muscovites)

D/Z: Prepare answers to the questions:

1. What is meant by language codification?

2. What norms are called codified?

3. What is the danger of establishing only rigid, unshakable norms?

4. Give examples of historical variability in norms.

5. What is the main task of speech culture.

Noah and educational literature. This the consolidation of norms is called codification. Therefore, the literary language is called not only standardized, but also codified. Codification of a language is carried out on the basis of a thorough study of the patterns and trends in the development of language, real linguistic material.

The purpose of codification is the assessment, selection and consolidation of linguistic phenomena,

included in the norm. Evaluation means distinguishing between correct and incorrect phenomena, and if there are two options, indicating the more preferable one. But a logical question arises: who gives this very assessment? Codification is carried out by learned linguists specializing in this area, and other native speakers give them the authority to do so. Currently, the most authoritative codifying publication, along with dictionaries, is “Russian Grammar”, edited by N.Yu. Shvedova (1982), containing comprehensive information about phonetic, word-formation and grammatical norms. Only non-literary varieties of language (territorial dialects, jargons, etc.) are not subject to codification, although corresponding dictionaries (they are called non-normative), reflecting dialectal, vernacular and slang vocabulary, exist.

5.5. Types of dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries

The level of general and speech culture of a person is largely determined by how this linguistic person knows how to use dictionaries (for more details, see lecture No. 3). In our country, hundreds of dictionaries of various volumes and targeted areas are published (large, small, short; academic, school, etc.). But according to the target setting, the selection of material and its presentation, they are all divided into two groups: encyclopedic dictionaries And linguistic (language) dictionaries. The similarities and fundamental differences between these types of dictionaries are given in Table. 5.12.

Table 5.12

Comparative characteristics of encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries

Types of dictionaries

I. Similarities

1. Dictionary entry as the main one compositional-semantic unit

2. The role of the title (heading word) in a dictionary entry

3. Concise presentation of information in a dictionary entry

4. Alphabetical principle of arrangement of dictionary entries

II. Differences

1. The object of description is reality : object, arrange- 1. The object of description is a linguistic unit: a word,

Types of dictionaries

Note: * The internal form of the word is the feature underlying the name. For example, the noun animal, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, is formed in it from the word belly (synonymous with Russian life).

Which dictionaries lack information about the lexical meaning of a word?

In which linguistic dictionary does a dictionary entry consist of only one word? Why?

What are the similarities and differences between the dictionary foreign words and an explanatory dictionary?

What are the similarities and differences between a dictionary of foreign words and an etymological dictionary?

The branch of linguistics that studies the systematization and description of linguistic units in dictionaries is called lexicography, and the compilers of dictionaries are called lexicographers. The dictionaries themselves are of great value not only for science, but also for the whole society. But, despite the existing diversity of linguistic dictionaries (see Table 5.13), in the minds of most native speakers, the word-term dictionary is still primarily associated with explanatory (lexical) dictionary. It is explanatory dictionaries, the purpose of which is to explain the lexical meaning of words using words of the same language, to show the conditions for their correct use, that are the most commonly used.

It can be argued that everyone knows the so-called. Dahl's Dictionary, the full name of which is “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” (for more information about V.I. Dahl, see lecture 1, §1.2.). The phrase Dahl's Dictionary is a kind of precedent text, and even those who have never held it in their hands know about the existence of this dictionary. All his life V.I. Dahl worked on compiling a dictionary from the age of nineteen almost until his death. And, despite the fact that about 150 years have passed since the first edition, and its compiler did not set himself the goal of codifying lexical norms, the dictionary has not lost its relevance. Why?

Firstly, in this largest dictionary by V.I. Dal (unlike his predecessors) sought to include all Russian words known to him: bookish, colloquial, dialectal and terminological in nature. He characterized over 200,000 words, some of which the compiler selected from already published dictionaries, and a significant part (about 80,000) collected by himself.

Secondly, the dictionary contains valuable material about existing Russian trades and crafts, about folk beliefs, customs, and rituals. The uniqueness of the dictionary lies in the illustrative material used: phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, riddles (there are more than 30,000 of them in the dictionary), figuratively and at the same time visually conveying the Russian linguistic mentality. (About the essence of the concept language mentality see lecture No. 4, § 4.2.).

And finally, the Dahl Dictionary contains encyclopedic information in separate dictionary entries. For example, in the article mushroom, along with the characteristics of this concept

(the plant is more or less fleshy, without branches, without leaves, without color; consists of a root or pistil with lobes and a cap ), contains an exhaustive list of types of mushrooms, and even the Latin terms corresponding to each Russian name are given. And in

The dictionary entry stove not only lists the types of stoves, but also describes in detail the structure of the Russian stove.

True, it should be noted that a feature of the Dahl Dictionary, which can somewhat complicate searches in it the right word: it is not built according to the alphabetical principle, like other dictionaries, but according to an alphabetical nested one (the reasons for this are mentioned in lecture No. 1, § 1.2.). Let's say, in vain we will look for the word bathhouse as a headword: it is located in the dictionary entry with the headword bath (wash, clean with water); within the framework of the same article the words are characterized bath, bathhouse, bathhouse attendant and other similar words.

Among modern explanatory dictionaries, the most famous and popular is the explanatory dictionary “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegova, as well as “” created on its basis S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova. Comparative characteristics of the most famous modern explanatory dictionaries are presented in Table 5.14.

As mentioned above, the compositional and semantic unit of any explanatory dictionary is dictionary entry. What elements does it consist of? This is not only the word itself and its lexical meaning. The sequence of structural and semantic elements of the article and a brief description of each of them is presented in table. 5.15.

Note: *Illustrative material is present in most dictionary entries. It is not used: a) when interpreting terminological vocabulary; b) when referring in a dictionary entry to a word with the same root (see.

table 5.16).

In addition, in individual academic dictionaries, addressed primarily to specialists, the following elements may also be present: information about the origin of borrowed words; information about words with the same root, as well as the name of the dictionary in which this word was recorded for the first time.

There are several ways to interpret the lexical meaning of a word, in table. 5.16 shows the most used ones.

Table 5.16

Ways to explain the lexical meaning of words

Conceptual

Combined

Burlap - a rough and durable fabric (for bags, packaging, etc.) Naushnichat - secretly slander someone; snitch Doing nothing- idleness, idle pastime Completely - without a trace, completely

Dreamer - one who loves to dream, who is inclined to indulge in dreams Approving - containing approval; expressing approval. Impudent – ​​characterized by impudence; impudent

As illustrative material, the dictionary entry uses quotes, sayings (phrases or short sentences compiled by the authors of the dictionary), as well as (as in V.I. Dahl’s dictionary) folklore material.

What dictionaries do you have at home? Which one do you turn to most often?

Using an orthoepic dictionary (dictionary of stresses, dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language), prove the existence of variable norms in the Russian language.

Which of the methods of interpreting lexical meaning seems to you the most inconvenient for the user?

Try to give an interpretation of the lexical meaning without the help of a dictionary some thing or object in your room. What method of interpretation will you resort to? What difficulties will you experience? Then compare your interpretation with that given in the explanatory dictionary.

Modern Russian literary language;

Language norm: Formation and functioning

literary language. Speech norms.

Sidorova M.Yu., 2002

Russian and other languages ​​of the world;

Lecture 10.

The world in dictionaries and the world of dictionaries;

Lecture 12.

Language game.

Sidorova M.Yu., 2005

The linguistic norm, its role in the formation and functioning

development of the literary language.

Chernyak V.D.

Dictionaries and speech culture;

The history of the development of norms of the Russian literary language

Norms of modern Russian speech.

Educational manual-dictionary. Terminological and conceptual field “Normative aspect of culture”

1. Borunova S.N. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, A.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; edited by R.I.Avanesova.- M.: Rus.

2. Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties of the modern Russian language / K.S.Gorbachevich.-SPb,: Norint, 2003.

3. Graudina L.K. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech: stylistic dictionary of variants / L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya. – M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2004.

4. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: in 4 volumes / V.I. Dal. – St. Petersburg: LLC

“Diamant”, LLC “Golden Age”, 1999 (or any other publication).

5. Dyachenko G. Complete Church Slavonic Dictionary / G. Dyachenko - M.: Otchiy Dom, 2001.

6. Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of paronyms and antonyms of the Russian language / N.P. Kolesnikov.- Rostov/n/D: Phoenix, 1995.

7. The latest dictionary of foreign words and expressions. – M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”, Mn.: Har-

8. Novikov A.B. Dictionary of periphrases of the Russian language (based on newspaper journalism) / A.B. Novikov. – M.: Rus. lang., 2004.

9. Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1999.

10. Dictionary of combinability of words of the Russian language; edited by P.N. Denisova, V.V. Morkovkina. – M.:

Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2002.

11. Thematic dictionary of the Russian language; edited by V.V. Morkovkina. – M.: Rus. lang., 2000.

12. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late twentieth century. Language changes; under. ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. – St. Petersburg: Folio Press, 1998.

13. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language; edited by A.I. Molotkova. – St. Petersburg: Variant, 1994.

14. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the Russian language: in 2 volumes; P.Ya.Chernykh. – M.: Rus.