Presentation of Ln Tolstoy's Sevastopol stories. Presentation on the topic "Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories"

History of creation “Sevastopol Stories” was created by Tolstoy in the wake of recent events. Tolstoy found himself in Sevastopol for the first time at the very end of 1854, a few months after the siege of the city by Anglo-French troops began. In January 1852, Tolstoy decided to enlist in military service, in the artillery. For two years he served in the Caucasus, and these years - the years associated with strong new impressions and the beginning of serious literary work - left him with the best memories. In 1854, shortly after the Russian-Turkish War began, Tolstoy petitioned to be transferred to the Danube Army. For some time he served at the army headquarters in Chisinau, traveled around Moldova, Wallachia and Bessarabia, and observed the siege of the Silistria fortress. In November and December 1854, he traveled to besieged Sevastopol several times. He expresses a desire to transfer to the Crimean army, to be closer to the most important and decisive events, and to directly take part in them.

Defense in Sevastopol In March 1855, the unit in which Tolstoy served was transferred to Sevastopol, to the most dangerous place in Sevastopol. He writes in his diary: April 2 - “I live in Sevastopol. Our losses are already up to five thousand, but we are holding out not only well, but in such a way that this defense should clearly prove to the enemy the impossibility of ever taking Sevastopol. I wrote two pages of “Sevastopol” in the evening: April 3-7 - “On the third day I spent the night on the 4th bastion. Occasionally a steamship shoots at the city. Yesterday a cannonball fell near a boy and a girl who were playing with horses on the street: they hugged each other and fell together. The girl is the daughter of a sailor. Every day he goes to the apartment under cannonballs and bombs...

Defense in Sevastopol on April 12 - “4th bastion. I wrote Sevastopol day and night and, it seems, not bad, and I hope to finish it tomorrow. What a glorious spirit the sailors have!..”; April 13- “The same 4th Bastion, which I’m starting to really like, I write quite a lot. Today I graduated from Sevastopol day and night and wrote a little about Youth. The constant charm of danger, observing the soldiers with whom I live, the sailors and the very image of war are so pleasant that I don’t want to leave here, especially since I would like to be at the assault, if there is one...”

On May 23, 1855, the famous writer Leo Tolstoy, on the 4th bastion in besieged Sevastopol, witnessed a bloody battle between the Russians and the French, which gave him material for the story “Sevastopol in May.”

Sevastopol Stories These diary entries of Tolstoy are evidence that is very significant and important for understanding the vital and artistic nature of “Sevastopol Stories”. And not only them alone. What Tolstoy writes about in his war stories, he writes not from hearsay, not from the outside, but as a person who himself experienced everything and own experience all-knowing. The reader of his works cannot help but notice and feel this. Hence the special trust that we, readers, have in Tolstoy.

L.N. Tolstoy was a direct participant in the defense of Sevastopol, he saw how Russian soldiers fought and how they died. These people became the heroes of the stories “Sevastopol in December” (1854), “Sevastopol in May” (1855), “Sevastopol in August 1855” (1855). Tolstoy writes about them in his essay “How Russian Soldiers Die.” In one of the stories we read: “This epic of Sevastopol, of which the Russian people were the hero, will leave great traces in Russia for a long time.”

“Sevastopol Stories” a cycle of three stories written by Leo Tolstoy and published in 1855 by Leo Tolstoy 1855 “Sevastopol Stories” a cycle of three stories written by Leo Tolstoy and published in 1855 by Leo Tolstoy 1855 The story depicts a moment of some weakening and slowing down military actions between the bloody battle of Inkerman on November 5, 1854 and the battle of Yevpatoria on February 17, 1855. We comment on fragments of the story: description of the Furshtat soldier; visiting the hospital and operating room; description of the 4th bastion; author's conclusion: "...conviction in the impossibility...to shake the strength of the Russian people anywhere." And the “Furshtat soldier”, and the “officer in impeccable white gloves”, and the “sailor who smokes while sitting on the barricade”, and the “working soldiers with a stretcher”, like many others, are simply “doing their job, whatever it may be.” was".

Conclusion. In the story, Tolstoy shows military actions without embellishment, in blood and suffering, causing our rejection of any war. The author admires the courage of the Russian people defending their Motherland. In the group portrait of participants in the Sevastopol defense by artist V.F. Timm we see privates: Afanasy Eliseev, Pyotr Koshka, Fyodor Zaika, Aksentiy Rybakov, Ivan Demchenko. There is so much determination, courage, wisdom and sadness in their faces!

Discussion of the story “Sevastopol in May” In May 1855, a bloody battle of the garrison took place against the entire enemy army. We comment on the following fragments of the story: discussions about infantry officers; the scene when the officer reproaches the soldier; description of the wounded; truce scene; a description of a boy picking flowers on the battlefield among the dead; Author's conclusion: “And these people... won’t suddenly fall to their knees... and hug like brothers with tears of joy and happiness?”

August is the most terrible month of the long siege of Sevastopol, which ended with the fall of the city on August 27, 1855. Sevastopol fought heroically for 349 days. We comment on fragments of the story: description of the soldiers; description of the battle site; reasoning about the nature of the feat; battery description; a story about Melnikov, the Kozeltsov brothers; people's behavior; assault pages; author's reasoning: “Almost every soldier, looking from the northern side at the abandoned Sevastopol, sighed with inexpressible bitterness in his heart and threatened his enemies.” “At the bottom of everyone’s soul lies that noble spark that will make him a hero; but this spark gets tired of burning brightly, the fateful moment will come, it will burst into flames and illuminate great things.”

THE MAIN CHARACTER OF THE SEVASTOPOL EPIC IS THE SIMPLE PEOPLE, TRUTHFULLY SHOWN AS FAT. THERE IS ONLY ONE HISTORICAL FIGURE IN THE STORIES, VICE ADMIRAL V. A. KORNILOV. THE WAR IN THE STORIES IS GIVEN IN ITS PRESENT EXPRESSION “IN BLOOD, IN SUFFERING AND DEATH”, WITHOUT A DESIRE TO SCARY THE READER AND WITHOUT EXCLAMATIVE PHRASES, BUT INSPIRING HIM WITH COURAGE AND PERSISTENCE. THE SPECIFICITY OF THE RUSSIAN NATIONAL CHARACTER IS THAT, SLOW IN LIFE, HE ACTS WITH CONFIDENCE IN CONDITIONS OF DANGER. TOLSTOY IS SURE: FINALLY, THE PEOPLE, THE MASSES, DECIDE THE ROOT ISSUES OF HISTORY AND DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF THE STATE. THESE ARE THE BASIC POSITIONS THAT WILL LATER BE REFLECTED IN THE NOVEL “WAR AND PEACE.”

The people and war in “Sevastopol Stories” by L.N. Tolstoy Completed by E.M. Podkovyrina, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School in the village of Kokshaga The people and war in “Sevastopol Stories” by L.N. Tolstoy Objectives: To give an idea of ​​the historical situation in Russia during the defense Sevastopol. To develop skills in working with literary text, students’ thinking, the ability to use various sources to obtain information, and summarize facts. Based on stories, show the true heroism of Russian soldiers and sailors in the defense of Sevastopol. To foster interest in the history of the country, a sense of patriotism, to promote the manifestation of feelings of empathy, sympathy, kindness, denial of violence, rejection of evil. “Out of duty of conscience and a sense of justice, I cannot remain silent about the evil that is openly being committed in front of me and entailing the death of millions of people, the destruction of the strength and honor of the Fatherland.” L.N. Tolstoy I. Aivazovsky “Sevastopol” Crimean War (Eastern War), Russian-Turkish for dominance in the Middle East. Since February 1854, Turkey has been in alliance with Great Britain, France, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (since 1855). 1853-1856 Main events: 1853: entry of Russian troops into Moldova and Sevastopol on the eve of the Crimean War. Lithograph of Wallachia, victories in the Caucasus, destruction of the Turkish fleet at Sinop; 1854: Allied landing in Crimea, blockade of the Baltic Sea, beginning of the Sevastopol defense 1854-1855; 1855: diplomatic isolation of Russia, fall of Sevastopol, virtual cessation of hostilities. The military and economic backwardness of feudal Russia led to its defeat. 1856: Peace of Paris. L. Tolstoy - participant in the defense of Sevastopol In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army, in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). “He was, in the full sense, the soul of the battery... He was a rare comrade, an honest soul...” P. Biryukov, a comrade in the Sevastopol defense, spoke of Tolstoy. L.N. Tolstoy is an artillery lieutenant. Photo from 1854 “Sevastopol Stories” “Sevastopol Stories” is an artistic reflection of the historical defense of Sevastopol. This is a cycle of three stories: “Sevastopol in December”, “Sevastopol in May”, “Sevastopol in August 1855”. The combination of all three stories reveals the idea of ​​the greatness of the people, the heroism and steadfastness of the Russian soldier who stood up to defend his land. The main value of the stories is in the realistic depiction of the war. War is shown here for the first time not as a beautiful spectacle with “music and drumming, with fluttering banners and prancing generals, but in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death.” “Sevastopol Stories” by Tolstoy can be considered an excellent prologue to the true and great epic of the patriotic struggle of the Russian people against their enemies - the novel “War and Peace”. Publication of “Sevastopol Stories” in the magazine “Sovremennik” Defenders of Sevastopol. Photo “Sevastopol Stories” “Sevastopol in December” “Sevastopol in May” “Sevastopol in August 1855” “Sevastopol in the month of December” ... The spirit in the troops is beyond all description. During the times of ancient Greece there was not so much heroism. Kornilov, going around the troops, instead of: “Great, guys!”, He said, “You need to die, guys, will you die?” And the troops shouted: “We will die, Your Excellency, hurray!” And this was not an effect, but on everyone’s face it was clear that this was not a joke, but for real, and 22,000 fulfilled this promise... L.N. Tolstoy November 20, 1854 Admiral Kornilov ...This epic of Sevastopol, of which the Russian people were the hero, will leave great traces in Russia for a long time... L.N. Tolstoy “Sevastopol in December” Admiral Nakhimov Conclusion: The author admires the courage of the Russian people defending their Motherland. He is convinced of “...the impossibility of shaking the power of the Russian people anywhere.” But the writer cannot resist condemning the war as such: you “... will see the war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, ... but you will see the war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death” A .V.Kokorin. On the fourth bastion. Illustration for “Sevastopol Stories” by L.N. Tolstoy. 1953 “Sevastopol in May” ...The moral strength of the Russian people is great. The feeling of ardent love for the Fatherland, which arose and poured out of the misfortunes of Russia, will leave traces in it for a long time. Those people who are now sacrificing their lives will be citizens of Russia and will not forget their sacrifice. L.N. Tolstoy's Diary of the Defense of Sevastopol. Lithograph...The hero of my story, whom I love with all the strength of my soul, whom I tried to reproduce in all his beauty and who has always been, is and will be beautiful, is true. L.N. Tolstoy "Sevastopol in May". Conclusion: Tolstoy shows a true depiction of war in blood and suffering. To show the unnaturalness of war, Tolstoy uses the antithesis: a boy and flowers in the valley of death. “And these people - Christians... will not suddenly fall to their knees with repentance and with tears of joy and happiness and embrace like brothers? No! The white rags are hidden, and again the instruments of death and suffering whistle, honest, innocent blood flows again, and groans and curses are heard.” “Sevastopol in August 1855” ... In a Russian, a real Russian soldier, you will never notice boasting, bravado, a desire to become clouded, or get excited in times of danger: on the contrary, modesty, simplicity and the ability to see in danger something completely different than danger constitute the distinctive features of his character. L.N. Tolstoy "Cutting the Forest". Bombing of Sevastopol by the Allied fleet. Lithograph Almost every soldier, looking from the northern side at the abandoned Sevastopol, sighed with inexpressible bitterness in his heart and threatened his enemies. L.N. Tolstoy “Sevastopol in August 1855” Conclusions: The people and war are the main theme of the stories, and it is connected with the theme of the Russian national character. Main character The Sevastopol events are simple people, truthfully shown by the writer. The war, truthfully shown by Tolstoy, “in blood, in suffering and death,” inspires the reader with courage and perseverance, but it is shown without exclamation phrases. It is the people, the masses, according to Tolstoy, who decide the main issues of history and determine the fate of the state. These are the basic positions that will later be reflected in the novel War and Peace. Reflection - Who is the true hero of Leo Tolstoy’s “Sevastopol Stories”? - What is war in the writer’s understanding? -For what did the soldiers and sailors risk and for what did the “aristocrats”? On whose side does the author sympathize? -What does he see as true patriotism and false patriotism? Homework. Answer the questions: - What impact did the results of the Crimean War have on the further development of Russia? - What role did participation in the defense of Sevastopol play in the fate of L. Tolstoy and his life’s quest? - Read the textbook article p. - Novel “War and Peace”, vol. 1, ch. 1 – 5, “Salon of A.P. Scherer”.

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“Tolstoy’s Bone” - Who did the Wise Reader introduce us to? Vania. Who brought us the letter? Postman Pechkin. L.N. Tolstoy 1828-1910. Where does the bone come from? Lesson progress: Writing. What was the name of the main character of the story? Final questions: Bone.

"Tolstoy Two Brothers" - I'm ready to work. To warm up. Get ready to warm up! Turn right - turn left. Everyone chooses their own path in life. Story Tale Novel Ballad. Without looking back - very quickly. And now walk in place, Left - right, stand once - twice. The head thinks clearly. L.N. Tolstoy participated in the defense of Sevastopol.

“Lesson of Tolstoy’s Childhood” - Chapter “Natalya Savishna”. Lesson topic: The image of the “irretrievable time” in L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood”. "Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! Epigraph: Tears... The sound of the mother's voice and touch... Sleep-dreams-dreams-imagination... Love... Chapter "Childhood". Memories... Checking homework.

“Caucasian captive story” - Lieutenant Tolstoy had to rescue his comrades from captivity. The plot of the story is simple: two Russian officers are captured, one was able to escape, the other could not. Physical education minute. S.Ya.Marshak. Drawing by Khairullina Gulia. The story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” was published in 1872. But Lermontov wrote!

“Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”” - Old Man. Mugamed. Find out the hero by description. Red Tatar. Prisoner of the Caucasus. Kostylin. Meaning of the term. Characteristic. Caucasus. Abdul. The genre of your work.

“Tolstoy captive of the Caucasus lesson” - Capable of betrayal. Kostylin. To captivate – 1) to capture, 2) to seduce, attract, subjugate. 1. Identify the hero by description: “... a girl, thin, skinny, about thirteen years old. He helps everyone, even his enemies – the Tatars. 4. Define the meaning of the term: “Chain of events occurring in a work.”

Lesson type: integrated (literature, history).

1. Create an idea of ​​the historical situation in Russia during the defense of Sevastopol.
2. To develop skills in working with literary text, students’ thinking, the ability to use various sources to obtain information, and summarize facts.
3. Based on stories, show the true heroism of Russian soldiers and sailors in the defense of Sevastopol.
4. To foster interest in the history of the country, a sense of patriotism, to promote the manifestation of feelings of empathy, sympathy, kindness, denial of violence, rejection of evil.

Equipment, visibility: L.N. Tolstoy “Sevastopol Stories”, slide presentation, personal computer, multimedia projector

Methodological techniques for organizing a lesson:

Leading task; posing questions for discussion, preparing reports and messages, selecting reproductions on the topic of the lesson, expressive reading.

Literature teacher I would like to begin our lesson today with the words of Leo Tolstoy: “Out of conscience and a sense of justice, I cannot remain silent about the evil that is openly happening in front of me and entails the death of millions of people, the death of the strength and honor of the fatherland.” We will continue our conversation about the writer and will talk about his “Sevastopol Stories”. After all, it was they who played a decisive role in the development of Tolstoy as a writer. During the lesson, you must find out and answer the questions: Who is the true hero of “Sevastopol Stories” by Leo Tolstoy and What is war in the writer’s understanding.

Note from historians: The goal of Tsar Nicholas I’s foreign policy is to oust Turkey from Europe. The Emperor proclaimed Russia the patroness of the Orthodox peoples under the rule of the Sultan. On June 21, 1853, Russian troops were introduced into the Danube principalities. On October 16, 1853, Türkiye declared war on Russia. Russian diplomacy was unable to foresee and prevent the fact that England, France and Sardinia would come out on the side of Turkey. Europe never wanted to see Russia strong. In September 1854, coalition troops landed in Crimea. In October, the bombing of Sevastopol began. The heroic defense lasted eleven months. The peace treaty signed in March 1856 in Paris was perceived in Russia as a defeat. The Crimean War turned out to be a personal tragedy for Nicholas I: on February 18, 1855, he died.

The work of biographers

In 1851, L.N. Tolstoy went to the Caucasus with his brother Nikolai Nikolaevich, who served as an artillery officer in the active army.

When the war between Russia and the combined military forces of England, France and Turkey began in 1853, Tolstoy submitted a request to be transferred to the active army. He was transferred to the Danube Army, and later to the Crimea, to Sevastopol. “A brave artillery officer, capable of remaining calm under any circumstances, even threatening painful death, not fussy, but persistent” - this was L. Tolstoy, according to eyewitnesses, on the 4th bastion, which was considered the most dangerous place, sometimes fired upon by up to 10 days in a row. Tolstoy arrived in Sevastopol in November 1854. and remained here until the end of the siege.

1. Historians

In September 1854, an Allied army of more than 60 thousand people landed in Crimea and began an attack on Sevastopol, the main Russian fortress on the Black Sea. The city was invulnerable from the sea, but practically defenseless from land.

Admirals V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov, V.I. Istomin took command of Sevastopol. With 22 thousand sailors and 2 thousand guns removed from ships, with the support of the population, they organized a defense. Under hurricane fire they withstood the siege of a 120,000-strong enemy army. The garrison and population of the city were mobilized to build fortifications, the scheme of which was developed by military officers under the leadership of E.I. Totleben. The defenders of the city sank several ships at the entrance to the bay and blocked access to the enemy fleet.

The work of biographers.

On November 7, 1854, Tolstoy arrived in Sevastopol. Strongly impressed by what he saw, he writes a letter to his brother Sergei: “The spirit in the troops is beyond any description. Kornilov, driving around the troops, instead of: “Great, guys!” - said: “You have to die, guys, will you die?” - and the troops shouted: “We will die, your Excellency!” and 22 thousand have already fulfilled this promise. A company of sailors almost rebelled because they wanted to change them from the battery where they had stood for 30 days under bombs. Women carry water to the bastions for the soldiers... I thank God that I saw these people and live in this glorious time.”

The work of artists.

What was Sevastopol like at the moment when Tolstoy arrived there?

(Work based on reproductions by I. Aivazovsky depicting Sevastopol). ( Appendix 1, Appendix 2).

Literature teacher:

Thus, L.N. Tolstoy was a direct participant in the defense, he saw how Russian soldiers fought and how they died. L.N. Tolstoy writes about them in the essay “How Russian Soldiers Die.” In one of the stories we read: “The hero whom I love with all the strength of my soul, whom I tried to reproduce in all his beauty and who has always been, is and will be beautiful - true.” These people became the heroes of the stories: “Sevastopol in December,” 1854; “Sevastopol in May”, 1855; “Sevastopol in August”, 1855.

Help from historians:

The story depicts a moment of some weakening and slowing down of military operations between the bloody battle of Inkerman on November 5, 1854 and the battle of Yevpatoria on February 17, 1855. The Battle of Balaklava on October 13, 1854 turned out in favor of the Russians. But the French came to the aid of the British in time. The battle of Inkerman ended in the defeat of the Russian troops. The war became protracted.

Literature teacher: In the story “Sevastopol in December,” Tolstoy conveyed his first impressions. For the first time Russia saw the besieged city in its grandeur. The author depicts the war without embellishment, without the loud phrases that accompanied the official news about Sevastopol on the pages of magazines and newspapers. He strives to give a complete panorama of the war, realizing that “this epic of Sevastopol, of which the Russian people were the hero, will leave great traces in Russia for a long time.”

Work with the class on the content of the story “Sevastopol in December”

The first group of literary scholars:

The story is a kind of “guide” to the besieged city. This is especially emphasized by the form of the personal pronoun “you” in identifying the person from whom the story is told. This is both the narrator and the reader: “You are approaching the pier...”, “You set sail from the shore...”, “... you see everyday people, calmly busy with everyday business.” The narration is told in such a way that the reader seems to be an eyewitness, a participant in the events, he seems to feel the same as the defenders of the city.

Literature teacher

Appendix 3).

Literary scholars:

The writer noticed many details of military life, many of which were not to the taste of the St. Petersburg censorship of that time. The combat infantry officer has “heels worn in different directions” on his boots, an old overcoat of a strange lilac color, in the dugout there is a dirty bed with a chintz blanket, and from the bundle with “provisions”, when he goes to the bastion, sticks out “the end of soap cheese and the neck of a porter.” bottles of vodka.” An army officer cannot have clean gloves and a brand new overcoat - unlike quartermaster embezzlers and staff dandies.

Artists' information:

On the 4th bastion, ordinary Russian soldiers fought alongside Leo Tolstoy. In 1911, the first Russian cameramen filmed the surviving defenders of Sevastopol, preserving their faces for history. In the group portrait of the artist Tim, among the defense participants you can see privates: Afanasy Eliseev, Pyotr Koshka, Fyodor Zaika, Ivan Demchenko. There is so much determination, courage and sadness in their faces.

Literature teacher

The everyday, seemingly chaotic bustle of the city that became a military camp, a crowded hospital, cannonball strikes, grenade explosions, torment of the wounded, blood, dirt, death - this is the environment in which the defenders of Sevastopol simply and honestly, without further ado, carried out their hard work. “Because of the cross, because of the name, because of the threat, people cannot accept these terrible conditions: there must be another, high motivating reason,” said Tolstoy. “And this reason is a feeling that is rarely manifested, bashful in Russian, but lies in in the depths of everyone’s soul is love for their homeland.”

Academician E. Terle called “Sevastopol Stories” a true historical document; contemporaries perceived them as “correspondence from the theater of military operations.” They were published in the Sovremennik magazine.

What is the name of the genre of literature that involves documentary authenticity? (feature article).

Conclusion: The author admires the courage of the Russian people defending their Motherland. He is convinced of “...the impossibility of shaking the power of the Russian people anywhere.” But the writer cannot resist condemning the war as such: you “... will see the war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, ... but you will see the war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death”

The work of biographers

But the further the siege dragged on, the more obvious Tolstoy felt the internal discord and unpreparedness of the state for war. “...I was more convinced than before,” he writes in his diary, “that Russia either must fall or be completely transformed. Everything is going topsy-turvy... It’s a sad situation for both the troops and the states.” As a true patriot, Tolstoy prepares a note to the tsarist government, in which he writes about the catastrophic situation in the army. But soon the writer becomes convinced of the futility of this measure and decides to tell the truth about Sevastopol to the entire public, using the form of artistic storytelling. This is how two more stories appear: “Sevastopol in May” and “Sevastopol in August 1855.”

Help from historians:

In the spring, the bombing of the city began again. After one of them, especially long and fierce, the allies moved to storm. The French, who attacked the Malakhov Kurgan, managed to reach it from the rear and capture several houses on the Korabelnaya side. The turning point in the course of the battle was brought about by a desperate attack by a company of sappers who happened to be nearby. Reinforcements arrived and the enemy was driven out from the outskirts of the city. The British, going to storm the Third Bastion, were stopped 400 m from the target.

Literature teacher

Tolstoy portrays war as a madness that makes people doubt their intelligence. He judges the war from a moral point of view, shows its influence on human morality. Napoleon, for the sake of his ambition, destroys millions, and some ensign Petrushkov, this “little Napoleon, little monster, is now ready to start a battle, to kill people. A hundred just to get an extra star or a third of the salary.” Thus, in “Sevastopol Stories”, for the first time in Tolstoy’s work, the “Napoleonic theme” appears.

The second group of literary scholars

Tolstoy focuses on the people of the “aristocratic” circle, showing their vanity, which is determined by their environment and upbringing. The subject of Tolstoy's analysis is the contradictions of motives and actions, prejudices and natural morality. We see that the spoiled “aristocrat” Prince Galtsin is capable of experiencing “terrible shame” for himself, suddenly feeling his own wrongness in front of the soldiers silently enduring their suffering.

Work with the class on content (Appendix 3).

Literature teacher

Admiring the heroism of the soldiers, Tolstoy now focuses his attention on identifying the failure of the aristocratic officers and the highest spheres of military leadership. The heroism of the soldiers is simple and ordinary: without pose or panache, they defend their land, because they cannot tolerate foreign violence. Among the officers there are also brave people who are truly devoted to their homeland. But there are few of them. Most officers, especially those of aristocratic origin, are overcome by a sense of vanity and self-preservation. Others are not averse to showing off their courage. But this is ostentatious bravado, explained either by boastful youth or by the desire to receive a reward. Exposing the ostentatious courage and false patriotism of the officers, the writer uses his favorite artistic method of “dialectics of the soul.”

Conclusion: Tolstoy shows a true depiction of war in blood and suffering. To show the unnaturalness of war, Tolstoy uses the antithesis: a boy and flowers in the valley of death. “And these people - Christians... will not suddenly fall to their knees with repentance and with tears of joy and happiness and embrace like brothers? No! The white rags are hidden, and again the instruments of death and suffering whistle, honest, innocent blood flows again, and groans and curses are heard.”

Help from historians:

At the end of August 1855, the last, most fierce bombardment of Sevastopol began. This is the most terrible month of the long siege, which ended with the fall of Sevastopol. 800 guns continuously destroyed the city. The losses of the defenders amounted to 2-3 thousand people per day. On August 27, a general assault began. After the capture of the dominant height - Malakhov Kurgan - further defense lost all meaning. Thus ended the 349-day defense.

The third group of literary scholars

The third of the “Sevastopol Stories” - “Sevastopol in August 1855” - is dedicated to the last period of defense. Again the reader is presented with the everyday and even more terrible face of war, hungry soldiers and sailors, officers exhausted by inhuman life on the bastions. From individuals, thoughts, destinies, an image of a heroic city is formed, wounded, destroyed, but not surrendering: “Almost every soldier, looking from the northern side at the abandoned Sevastopol, sighed with inexpressible bitterness in his heart and threatened his enemies.” “At the bottom of everyone’s soul lies that noble spark that will make him a hero; but this spark gets tired of burning brightly, the fateful moment will come, it will burst into flames and illuminate great things.”

Work with the class on content (Appendix 3).

Literature teacher:

In the third story, Tolstoy shows the war through the eyes of a beginner, because the main thing for him here is the exploration of the soul of a person in war in the face of danger. The story ends with an analysis of the state of mind of the soldiers who were forced to leave Sevastopol after an eleven-month defense. Tolstoy and his comrades cried when leaving Sevastopol. Tears of pain and anger, grief for fallen heroes, a curse on war, a threat to the invaders.

Historians: The main result of the war was that Russia as a whole resisted the blows of the world powers united against it. Despite a serious military defeat, it emerged from the war with minimal damage. The most painful point of the Paris Peace for Russia was the provision that prohibited it from having a navy and fortifications on the Black Sea.

Literature teacher

The writer, admiring the people and their endurance, condemns war as a means of resolving controversial issues between states. Tolstoy denied wars of conquest as a state alien to human nature. War, in his opinion, hardens a person, kills his love for people, without which life is unthinkable. In addition, war deprives a person of the ability to enjoy the world around him, nature, since he is focused only on himself and wants one thing - not to be killed. Finally, war distorts people's moral ideas. In a word, it “is madness,” and if “people do this madness, then they are not at all rational creatures, as for some reason we tend to think.”

And now let’s summarize everything that we talked about in the lesson about “Sevastopol Stories”. Who is the true hero of the Sevastopol epic? What is war in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy?

The work of artists.

This is how the artist Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, a participant in three wars, saw the face of war ( Appendix 4).

He called his painting “The Apotheosis of War.” On the frame there is an inscription: “Dedicated to all great conquerors: past, present and future.” In S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, the word “apotheosis” has two meanings: 1) glorification, exaltation of something; 2) the solemn, final scene of theatrical performances. - In what meaning did you use the word artist? - What idea is the artist trying to convey?

Literature:

1. L.N. Tolstoy Sevastopol stories.
2. Life and work of L.N. Tolstoy Materials for an exhibition at school
3. Russian history. Late 17th-19th century. IN AND. Buganov P.N. Zyryanov textbook for 10th grade
4. Lebedev Yu.V. Russian literature. Textbook for the 10th grade of general education institutions. M., 1996.