Types of control over the financial and economic activities of organizations and enterprises. Organization of control over the financial and economic activities of the enterprise Implementation and control of economic activities

Business development and opening branches in the regions increases the company’s importance in the Russian market. However, expanding the branch network and increasing sales volumes is simultaneously accompanied by an increase in costs. And the issue of control over financial and economic activities becomes relevant. To control costs and increase the rational use of material and monetary resources, large enterprises create internal audit and control services. This benefit will help practical help in organizing an internal audit service, monitoring business processes and using data obtained as a result of audits. Recommendations for the preparation of reporting documentation. The publication is aimed at company managers, employees of internal audit and internal control services, and specialists from the economic security service of enterprises.

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The given introductory fragment of the book Internal audit and control of the financial and economic activities of the organization (I. N. Pashkina) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Chapter 1. The role of internal audit and control of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

1.1. The place of internal financial and economic control and audit in the management structure of the organization

Any activity in an organization occurs within two systems. First is an operational (organizational) system, it is based on achieving specified goals. Second is a control system components which will be policies, budgets, rules, instructions, accounting and reporting systems aimed at ultimately ensuring that the company achieves its goals.

Audit– activities aimed at controlling profits. Auditors should use audit methods that would allow them to spend as little time as possible on conducting the audit, while the quality of the audits should not be low.

The peculiarities of the audit are that the auditor must confirm in all material respects the reporting, its reliability, and provide reasonable confidence to users in the absence of significant distortions in it.

Risk-based audit– this is a type of audit in which the audit is carried out selectively, based on the operating conditions of the company. To spend as little time as possible on the audit, audit work should be carried out in the area where the highest risk is possible. It is believed that this may be more cost effective.

Internal control is a process aimed at achieving company goals. Internal control is the result of management’s actions in organizing, planning, and monitoring the activities of the organization and its structural divisions.

Internal control is organized by the management of the enterprise and determines the legality of business transactions and their economic feasibility. This is the first and main difference between internal control and other types of control. An independent audit is carried out by an independent auditor, who also establishes the forms and types of final actions.

The audit is carried out by a full-time auditor of a department, the procedure for which is also established by that department.

Internal control- this is a system of measures that are used by the management of the enterprise for the most effective performance by all employees of their duties when carrying out business transactions. Internal control determines the legality of these transactions and their significance for the enterprise.

First of all, company managers must set goals and define the tasks of the organization and individual divisions, then build the structure of the organization. To achieve their goals and solve problems, the organization's managers need to ensure the functioning of an effective documentation and reporting system and separation of powers.

Before talking about the results of control, it is necessary to know its goals. Internal control is useful only when aimed at achieving certain goals.

The stages of the organization's activities - supply, production, sales - are objects of internal control.

The performance by employees of an organization of their job responsibilities is the most important function of internal control.

When implementing internal control, various methods are used, they include elements such as:

1) financial accounting (inventory and documentation, accounts and double entry);

2) management accounting (distribution of responsibilities, cost regulation);

3) audit, control, revision (checking documents, checking the accuracy of arithmetic calculations, checking compliance with the rules of accounting for individual business transactions, inventory, oral questioning of personnel, confirmation and tracking);

4) management theory.

All of the above methods are unified system and are used for enterprise management purposes.

Internal control data helps enterprise management and management personnel quickly obtain complete information about deviations from normal conditions carrying out business transactions.

Conducting internal control is mandatory for every enterprise. At large enterprises, special internal control units can be organized - internal audit departments.

Information obtained during internal control is used within the enterprise. It is necessary for leaders and managers of the organization.

Control includes checking compliance with the requirements of economic laws, the optimal proportions of distribution and redistribution of the value of the gross social product and national income; budget preparation and execution (budget control); financial condition and effective use of labor, material and financial resources of enterprises and organizations, budgetary institutions, as well as tax control; other directions.

Control should be carried out not only on poorly functioning organizations, but also on enterprises that have normal operating results.

The word “audit” comes from the Latin audio, meaning “listener” or “listener.” It is based on the results of the audit that the economic condition of the enterprise, branches, banks, etc. is determined.

Internal audit– a control system used within the organization, responsible for the correctness of accounting and the implementation of internal control. Internal audit is carried out by employees of this company. For outside large organizations, internal auditing can be entrusted to an audit commission or an audit firm on the basis of a contract.

According to the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 119-FZ “On Auditing Activities” auditor is an individual who meets the qualification requirements established by the authorized federal body and has a qualification certificate as an auditor.

The objects of internal audit may be different. It depends on the characteristics of the organization and the requirements of its management. Internal audit is part of the firm's management control. Internal audit may report to external founders rather than to the executive body of the organization.

Management does not have the opportunity to engage in day-to-day control of the enterprise's activities. Therefore, there is a need for internal audit. It confirms the accuracy of the reports of the organization's managers. Based on the results of the internal audit, the necessary changes are carried out within the enterprise.

To internal audit functions relate:

1) checking accounting and operational information, studying individual reporting items, account balances;

2) checking the accuracy of accounting and internal control, recommendations for improving these systems;

3) checking the activities of various management structures;

4) checking compliance with laws and requirements accounting policy, decisions and instructions of the organization’s management;

5) checking the availability, condition and safety of the enterprise’s property;

6) assessment of the implementation of internal control;

7) study and evaluation of control checks at subsidiaries;

8) control over individual elements of the internal control system;

9) assessment of the software used by the enterprise;

10) special investigations of individual cases, for example, suspicions of embezzlement, theft, abuse of power;

11) development of proposals to eliminate identified deficiencies and recommendations for the management structure. All of the above functions determine the auditor’s standards of conduct.

The auditor is responsible for the work performed to the management and owners of the organization.

When conducting an internal audit, control is carried out not only over the availability of assets, but also over the policies and quality of management.

According to the Rule (standard) “Review of the work of internal audit”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 23, 2002 No. 696 “On approval of federal rules (standards) of auditing activities”, when achieving an understanding and assessing the effectiveness of internal audit functions, the following important ones must be taken into account criteria:

1) organizational status, that is, the specific status of the internal audit service in the structure of the audited entity and the impact of this status on the ability of such a service to be objective (in an ideal situation, the internal audit service reports to the senior management of the audited entity and is exempt from other management accountability; any restrictions imposed management of the internal audit service should be carefully studied, in particular, internal auditors should be able to freely communicate with the external auditor);

2) the scope of functions, that is, the nature and scope of assignments performed by the internal audit service (the external auditor also determines whether the management of the audited entity follows the recommendations of the internal audit service and how this is confirmed);

3) professional competence (whether the internal audit is performed by persons who have adequate professional skills and experience sufficient to work as internal auditors, for example, the external auditor can review the principles and specific procedures for hiring and training internal auditors, their experience and professional level);

4) due professional integrity (whether the internal audit is properly planned, controlled and documented, that is, the availability of adequate audit manuals, work programs and working documents should be considered).

1.2. Goals and objectives of internal control and audit

Let's consider the goals and objectives of auditing activities. As stated earlier, the main purpose of an audit is to provide accurate, reliable information about the organization being audited. Auditing represents an independent analysis of the financial statements of an enterprise. Purpose of audit is to determine the reliability of financial statements, their completeness and compliance with current legislation and requirements for accounting and financial reporting.

To achieve the main goal, you must adhere to the following requirements for conducting audit activities:

1) drawing up a plan and program for conducting an audit;

2) independence and objectivity when conducting inspections;

3) confidentiality;

4) professionalism, competence and integrity of the auditor;

5) use of statistical methods and economic analysis;

6) application of new information technologies;

7) the ability to make rational decisions based on audit data;

8) goodwill and loyalty towards clients;

9) the auditor’s responsibility for the consequences of his recommendations and conclusions based on the results of audits;

11) expressing an opinion based on the audit results on the reliability of the financial statements.

The objectives of internal control at the enterprise are:

1) implementation of effective activities of the enterprise;

2) ensuring compliance with management requirements by each employee of the enterprise;

3) ensuring the safety of the enterprise’s property.

To achieve the above goals, a necessary condition is the consistency of the accounting system and the internal control system, since the double entry system underlying any accounting system (including automated accounting systems) determines the procedure for recording business transactions and provides certain control.

Accounting includes data collection, recording and processing. Organizations, at their discretion, choose the method of conducting such procedures: manually or using computers.

A computer system usually includes both manual and computerized procedures. It is the interaction of the two methods that ensures the registration of data on business transactions from the very beginning until entry into the General Ledger. Accounting is ensured by the automated accounting program “1C Accounting. 7.7".

Efficient system accounting should provide:

1) reflection in the accounting of all factors of economic activity without exception;

2) the inadmissibility of discrepancies between a business transaction and the fact of business activity when reflected in primary documents;

3) accuracy of assessment of the value of assets, liabilities and business transactions in monetary terms (Russian currency);

4) reflection of business transactions at the time of their completion and attribution of facts of economic activity to this moment;

5) timely generation of external and internal reporting.

The above tasks establish that there is an inextricable link between financial accounting and management accounting with the internal control system.

A manual accounting system can be used to process invoices for product sales. The purpose of using this system is control over the implementation process if:

1) all invoices and shipping documents were pre-numbered;

2) missing or inappropriate documents were identified and corrected by persons who are not involved in the shipment or preparation of invoices;

3) Control personnel have reviewed and approved the above procedures.

Internal control system- this is a very complex and subtle organism, integral parts of which are absolutely all divisions of the enterprise, all areas of its activity and the activities of each employee of the enterprise.

Depending on the organizational structure of the enterprise, the number of personnel, the presence of subsidiaries, the degree of centralization of accounting and other reasons, the degree of complexity of internal control is determined.

1.3. Internal control in the accounting regulatory system

The management of the enterprise exercises control over its property, resources and employees at the level of laws. So, according to Art. 295 Civil Code Russian Federation(Civil Code of the Russian Federation) the owner of property under economic management, in accordance with the law, resolves issues of creating an enterprise, determining the subject and goals of its activities, its reorganization and liquidation, appoints a director (manager) of the enterprise, exercises control over the intended use and safety of property belonging to the enterprise property.

With the approval of the State program for the transition of the Russian Federation to an accounting system accepted in international practice (approved by Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation dated October 23, 1992 No. 3708-1 “On the state program for the transition of the Russian Federation to an accounting and statistics system accepted in international practice in accordance with the requirements development of a market economy"), a number of regulatory documents, creating the necessary prerequisites for the introduction of various internal control means into the practice of Russian enterprises. These documents address both accounting issues in general and its control function in particular.

Currently, there is a certain system of regulatory regulation of accounting. The significance of regulatory documents is determined by the Federal Law “On Accounting” and is represented at three levels.

1. Legislative level includes the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Accounting” and the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

The above documents are intended to ensure uniform accounting of business transactions, as well as to establish uniform principles of internal control in the organization.

According to the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 12, 1993 No. 121 “On measures for the implementation of the State program for the transition of the Russian Federation to the accounting and statistics system adopted in the international program in accordance with the requirements development of a market economy") The main objectives of accounting are:

1) generation of complete and reliable information about the activities of the enterprise and its property status, necessary for internal users of financial statements - managers, founders, owners of the organization’s property, as well as external users of financial statements (investors, creditors, etc.);

2) providing information necessary for internal and external users of accounting statements to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility, the presence and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, regulations and estimates;

3) preventing negative results of the organization’s economic activities and identifying internal reserves to ensure it financial stability.

Based on this, the accounting functions of monitoring the activities of all officials who participated in business transactions and the economic life of the organization are assigned.

2. Regulatory level includes regulations, guidelines and recommendations regulating accounting issues (documents of the Russian Ministry of Finance). The Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n) belong to the same level.

3. At the managerial level generally accepted rules of accounting and internal control are specified in the accounting policies of the organization.

The accounting policy of an enterprise is the basis for organizing internal control at the enterprise.

According to the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, when forming an accounting policy, the following are approved:

1) a working chart of accounts, containing the accounts used in the organization, necessary for maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting;

2) forms of primary accounting documents used for registration of business transactions, for which standard forms of primary accounting documents are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting;

3) methods for assessing certain types of property and liabilities;

4) the procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities;

5) document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information;

6) the procedure for monitoring business transactions, as well as other decisions necessary for organizing accounting.

Consolidated accounting documents are compiled on the basis of primary documents. The creation of such accounting documents is necessary to exercise control in the organization.

According to clause 26 of the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting in the Russian Federation, in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial reporting, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and valuation are checked and documented.

In accordance with the Methodological Guidelines for Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 No. 49), the main objectives of the inventory are:

1) identification of the actual availability of property;

2) comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data;

3) checking the completeness of reflection in the accounting of liabilities.

According to clause 5.1 of the Regulations on Documents and Document Flow in Accounting, the movement of primary documents in accounting (creation or receipt from other enterprises, institutions, acceptance for accounting, processing, transfer to the archive - document flow) is regulated by a schedule. The work on drawing up a document flow schedule is organized by the chief accountant. The document flow schedule is approved by order of the head of the enterprise (clause 5.2 of the above regulations). The schedule should provide for the optimal number of units and executors through which each primary document will pass, and determine the minimum period for its presence in the unit. The document flow schedule should help improve all accounting work at the enterprise, strengthen the control functions of accounting, increase the level of mechanization and automation of accounting work (clause 5.3 of the Regulations on documents and document flow in accounting).

In accordance with clause 1.3 of the Regulations on accounting for long-term investments (approved by letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1993 No. 160), the purposes of accounting for long-term investments are:

1) timely, complete and reliable reflection of all expenses incurred during the construction of objects by type of expense and by the objects taken into account;

2) ensuring control over the progress of construction, commissioning of production facilities and fixed assets;

3) correct determination and reflection of the inventory value of commissioned and acquired fixed assets, land plots, environmental management facilities and intangible assets;

4) monitoring the availability and use of sources of financing for long-term investments.

According to paragraph 3 of Art. 5 of the Federal Law “On Accounting”, organizations, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, regulations of bodies regulating accounting, independently form their accounting policies based on their structure, industry and other features of their activities.

Thus, Russian legislation has currently created objective prerequisites for the formation and development of domestic enterprises modern systems internal control, taking into account previously accumulated experience and established traditions.

It is believed that the application of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) is beneficial only to large companies. An attempt is now being made to dispel this notion. At the same time, special attention is paid to the managerial advantages of the manager and the benefits of improving and improving the quality of accounting information. Here it is necessary to compare the benefits associated with the transition to IFRS with the corresponding costs. Costs include the cost of purchasing and updating computer programs, staff development and various trainings, as well as a possible decrease in competitive advantages due to an increase in the amount of information that becomes available to external users.

The financial and economic activities of an enterprise are associated with the formation and expenditure of funds, and therefore affect the interests of the state, employees of the enterprise, shareholders and all possible counterparties of the enterprise. Control is manifested through the analysis of the financial performance of the enterprise and measures of influence of various contents (for example, analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise in order to improve it, control over the payment of taxes to the budget and the application of penalties, control over the targeted expenditure of provided financial resources, etc.) .

There are internal and external financial controls. Internal financial control bodies at an enterprise are the financial department or financial directorate, accounting department, and audit commission. External control bodies include the tax inspectorate, an audit firm, tax police bodies, bodies of state extra-budgetary funds, banking institutions, departments of the federal treasury, departments for insolvency (bankruptcy) cases. The goals, objectives and functions of control bodies are regulated by relevant legislative acts.

The main tasks of organizing the finances of an enterprise are the rational allocation of funds, their effective use and the search for long-term sources of financing.

Necessary conditions for the effective functioning of finances are:

ü Diversity of forms of ownership;

ü Availability of markets for goods, labor and capital;

ü Self-financing of entrepreneurship;

ü Freedom of entrepreneurship and independence in decision making;

ü Market (free) pricing and competition;

ü Regulation of state intervention in the activities of enterprises and organizations;

ü Availability of legal support for rules of economic behavior, etc.

TOPIC 2. PROCEDURE FOR FORMATION AND LIQUIDATION OF AN ENTERPRISE.

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, entrepreneurial activity can be carried out by individuals (citizens without the formation of a legal entity from the moment of state registration as an individual entrepreneur) and legal entities.

Legal entity an organization that has passed state registration is recognized, which has separate property in ownership, economic management or operational management and is liable for its obligations with this property, can, in its own name, acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, bear responsibilities, be a plaintiff and defendant in court. Legal entities must have an independent balance sheet or estimate.

Legal entities can be commercial and non-profit organizations.

Commercial organizations The main goal of their activities is to make a profit. Commercial organizations are created in the form of business partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Non-profit organizations can be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public or religious organizations (associations). Charitable or other funds, as well as in other forms provided by law.

In accordance with the law “On enterprises and business activities in the RSFSR” dated December 25, 1990:

Company- is an independent economic entity created to conduct business activities, which are carried out for the purpose of making profit and meeting public needs.

The entire variety of entrepreneurial activities can be classified according to various signs:

· Type of activity

· Forms of ownership

· Number of owners

· Organizational and legal forms

· Organizational and economic forms

· Degree of use of hired labor, etc.

By type or purpose business activities can be divided into production, commercial, financial, advisory, etc. All these types can function separately or together.

By forms of ownership the property of enterprises can be private, state, municipal, and also owned by public associations (organizations). At the same time, the state cannot establish in any form restrictions or advantages in the exercise of property rights depending on the location of the property in private, state, municipal property or the property of public associations (organizations).

By number of owners entrepreneurial activity can be individual and collective. At individual In entrepreneurship, property belongs to one individual. Collective property is property owned simultaneously by several entities with the determination of the shares of each of them (common ownership) or without determining the shares (joint ownership). Possession, use and disposal of collectively owned property is carried out by agreement of all owners.

Among organizational and legal forms– business partnerships and societies, cooperatives.

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 66 business partnerships And societies commercial organizations are recognized with a division into shares (contributions) of founders (participants) by authorized (share) capital.

Unitary enterprise- a state or municipal enterprise that is not vested with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it.

Production cooperative is a voluntary association based on membership for joint economic activities based on the personal participation of members of the production cooperative.

To the main organizational and economic forms entrepreneurship can include: concerns, associations, consortia, syndicates, cartels, financial and industrial groups.

The formation of new enterprises and expansion of existing ones is determined by the following factors:

· Presence of unsatisfactory demand for products (services);

· Availability of resources necessary to organize production of products;

· Level of development of science and technology in the relevant industry.

The determining factor is the demand for products.

Already from the moment the decision is made to organize an enterprise, there is a need to strictly comply with a set of legal requirements on the procedure for creating new enterprises.

The list, as well as the content of the constituent documents, depends on the organizational and legal form of the future enterprise chosen by the entrepreneur.

For state registration of an enterprise, a decision on the establishment of an enterprise and its charter are submitted to local authorities. In this case, the founder’s statement with a request to register the enterprise is equivalent to the decision. The decision is made at the meeting of founders and recorded in the minutes. In Minutes No. 1 of the meeting, it is necessary to indicate the last name, first name, and patronymic of each founder present at the meeting. At the founders' meeting Typically, three main questions are considered:

1. About the organization of the enterprise and its name

2. On the adoption of the company’s charter

3. Selection of the director of the enterprise and the chairman of the audit commission.

The minutes should set out the founders' proposals on the issues discussed, and the dispositive part should reflect the results of voting on the agenda items. The protocol is signed by the founders of the enterprise.

Drawed up and signed memorandum of association - it regulates the relationship between the founders as future owners of the enterprise.

Charter is an important legal document and should be drafted with the utmost care. When developing a charter, one should proceed from the requirements of legislative acts in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, which determine property rights, as well as the rights and obligations of enterprises in the process of carrying out economic activities. The charter regulates the relationship between the enterprise and the state.

The charter of the enterprise states:

· Full name

· Legal address

· Its organizational and legal form is determined

· Information about the founders

· The procedure for the formation of property, including the right of ownership of the property of the enterprise

· The main goals of the activity are formulated

· The amount of authorized capital and the procedure for its formation are indicated

· Procedure for distribution of profits and covering losses

· The rights and obligations of the founders are determined

· The structure of the enterprise and the procedure for managing its activities are indicated.

· Provides provisions on the procedure for liquidating a company, on the procedure for amending the charter

· On the liability of the enterprise for its property obligations.

On title page of the charter, the date of its approval is indicated in the upper corner, and the founder must sign it. If the charter is approved by a decision of the meeting of founders, its date and protocol number are indicated. Before submitting for state registration, the charter must be updated.

Registration is carried out local authorities. Refusal of registration is possible only in case of violation of current laws, as well as in the event that the constituent documents do not comply with the requirements imposed by current legislation.

State registration of enterprises is a paid service, therefore a receipt for payment of the state duty is attached to the set of constituent documents.

If the state registration of an enterprise has taken place, the applicant (founder or person authorized by the founders) receives temporary registration certificate, which is valid for 30 days from the date of issue. During these 30 days, the applicant must carry out all those activities that are necessary for the newly created enterprise to obtain the status of a legal entity.

These activities include the following:

· Obtaining OKPO, OKONH codes from the State Statistics Committee

· Registration with the tax office at the place of registration. Copies of constituent documents and orders for the appointment of a director and chief accountant are submitted here. The tax office opens a file in which the financial statements of the enterprise are stored, an inspector is appointed who will supervise this enterprise, a taxpayer identification number (TIN) is assigned, and a certificate of registration is issued for submission to the bank for the purpose of opening a current account. Tax registration card.

· Obtaining a certificate from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on the inclusion of a registered enterprise in the State Register

· Opening a current account in a bank and depositing 50% of the authorized capital into this account. Sample signatures of the company's managers and samples of seal impressions, certified by a notary, are submitted to the bank. Application forms are filled out for the enterprise and its founders and managers. A service agreement is concluded, which is signed by both parties. A checkbook is issued.

· Obtaining permission from the police to make a seal

· Order and production of stamps

· Registration: with the Pension Fund, Fund social insurance, Employment Fund, Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, Road Fund, Military Registration Office, Environmental Fund.

· A document confirming payment of at least 50% of the authorized capital of the enterprise specified in the decision to create the enterprise or in the constituent agreement.

After 30 days from the date of receipt of the temporary certificate, the applicant must return the temporary certificate with all the necessary marks and certificates to the authority that registered the enterprise and will receive a permanent certificate of registration of the enterprise in its place. From this moment on, the enterprise becomes an independent legal entity with all the ensuing consequences of legal capacity and legal capacity.

If an enterprise is created as Joint-Stock Company, then its founders will also have to subscribe for shares. With an open subscription, the founders publish a notice of the upcoming subscription, which states the subject, goals and terms of activity of the future joint-stock company, the composition of the founders and the date of the founding conference, the planned size of the authorized capital, the number and types of shares, their par value, the start and end dates of the subscription for shares and other required information. Those who subscribe to the shares are required to contribute at least 30% of the nominal value of the shares before the convening of the founding conference. If all shares are distributed among the founders, then the contribution must be at least 50%. The shareholder is obliged to fully redeem the shares no later than one year after the registration of the joint-stock company.

Then a founding conference is held. Its task includes resolving the following issues:

· On the creation of a joint stock company

· Approval of the JSC Charter

· About the size of the authorized capital after the completion of subscription to shares

· Selection of the governing bodies of the joint-stock company, etc.

· After the successful completion of the founding conference, the newly created joint stock company is registered. And it can begin to function.

There are practically no restrictions on the types of activities and the range of goods sold, on the process of pricing and use of profits. The exception is those types of activities that are subject to mandatory licensing.

Licensing.

Executive authorities establish a list of activities that require a license.

Licenses are issued in blank form. License forms have the degree of security at the level of securities and are classified as strict reporting documents.

The license specifies the following mandatory details:

· Name of the authority that issued the license;

· Name and legal address legal entity - license holder;

· Full name and passport details of an individual;

· Type of activity, the implementation of which is permitted by the license;

· License validity period;

· Conditions for carrying out licensed activities;

· License registration number and date of issue.

To obtain a license, the enterprise sends it to the licensing authorities the following documents:

· Statement

· Copies of constituent documents, certified by a notary

· A copy of the certificate of state registration of the enterprise

· Document confirming payment for consideration of the application

· A certificate from the tax authority regarding registration or a certificate of registration of an individual as an entrepreneur with a stamp from the tax authority

The fee charged for considering the application and issuing a license goes to the budget, which funds the body authorized to conduct licensing activities.

The application shall indicate the name and organizational and legal form of the legal entity, address, current account number and the corresponding bank, type of activity, and the requested period of validity of the license.

The decision to issue or refuse is made within 30 days. Additional examination may be required to issue a license. In this case, the period increases to 60-90 days.

The validity period of the license depends on the specifics of the type of activity, but cannot be less than three years. The license is not transferable to another enterprise. The licensee's branches receive certified copies of licenses.

The procedure for re-issuing a license during the reorganization of an enterprise is similar to obtaining it.

The license may be suspended or revoked by decision of the licensing authorities.

The issuance, registration, suspension and cancellation of licenses is reflected in the registers maintained by the bodies authorized to conduct licensing activities.

In addition to the need to fulfill all legal requirements in the process of creating a company, a beginning entrepreneur must also solve a number of organizational and economic issues related to ensuring normal operating conditions for enterprises (premises; necessary equipment; stocks of raw materials and materials necessary to start activities; energy supply; provision of necessary labor resources , including hired personnel, if necessary).

The created company can operate indefinitely, and if necessary, changes and additions can be made to its charter and other constituent documents.

Decision on liquidation or reorganization of an enterprise, as well as its creation, is decided by its owner or the arbitration court if the enterprise turns out to be bankrupt.

The reasons for cessation of activity or radical restructuring of the enterprise may be as follows:

· Absence or sharp drop in demand for manufactured products;

· Unprofitability of production;

· Environmental hazard of the enterprise for the environment and population.

· The ability to use buildings, structures, equipment and other means of the enterprise to organize the production of products that are more economically profitable or more necessary for consumers.

In all cases, when liquidating a company, the following procedure must be followed: first, all claims of hired personnel are satisfied (wages and other types of remuneration stipulated by labor legislation or a contract with the hired employee are paid), then the company’s obligations to government bodies (tax service, special funds) are satisfied ) and, finally, and last but not least, property and monetary claims of third-party commercial organizations (creditors).

Upon liquidation of an enterprise in mandatory is created liquidation commission, and the announcement of the liquidation of the enterprise, indicating the deadline for filing relevant claims against the enterprise, is published in the press.

The liquidation commission determines the sources of satisfaction and the order of repayment of all obligations of the enterprise (cash balances on the current account and in the cash register of the enterprise, collection of accounts receivable and the sale of property owned by the company - tangible and intangible assets). The funds remaining after the liquidation of the enterprise and satisfaction of all property claims against it are transferred to the owners of the company and distributed among them in the manner specified in the charter or other document executed in the proper manner.

To exclude an enterprise from the State Register, the liquidation commission submits the following documents to the tax authority:

· A copy of the minutes of the meeting (order), the decision of the court or other authorized body on the decision to liquidate the enterprise;

· Act of the liquidation commission;

· Liquidation balance;

· Notifications from the Pension and Road Funds, the Employment Fund, and the Statistics Department about deregistration and cancellation of codes; Medical insurance, social insurance, military registration and enlistment office;

· Act of inspection by a tax inspector of the financial and economic activities of a liquidated enterprise;

· Certificate from a bank or credit institution confirming account closure;

· A document confirming the destruction of the seal and stamps;

· The first copy of the tax registration card and inclusion in the State Register;

· A document confirming the delivery of documents to the archive (acceptance and transfer certificate for state storage).

Both in theory and in practice, the point of view still prevails according to which an audit is a more comprehensive and deeper control of financial and economic activities than any documentary audit.

This issue becomes particularly relevant in the field of criminal proceedings when establishing the presence or absence of non-payment of taxes.

Unlike the previously used Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation in force since July 1, 2002 does not say anything about documentary checks or audits of financial and economic activities, however, acts of audits and documentary checks can be admitted as this type of evidence in a criminal case , as “other documents” (part 2 of article 74 and article 84 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation).

Let us note that the previously effective Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR also did not establish the procedure for conducting audits and inspections. It secured not the right of appointment, but the right to demand the production of audits and inspections (in practice, attention was rarely paid to this). Accordingly, the Regulations on the procedure for interaction of the control and audit bodies of the Ministry of Finance of Russia with the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the FSB of Russia when appointing and conducting audits (inspections), approved by the joint Order of the above departments dated December 7, 1999 N 89n/1033/717<*>, did not establish any special rules for the production of audits and inspections: on the most important points, the Regulations either reproduced the norms of the criminal procedure law or referred to it.

<*>Russian newspaper. 1999. N 340.

In regulatory legal acts, the difference between audits and inspections is indicated only at the departmental level - in the orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Such acts, in particular, are:

• Instructions on the procedure for conducting audits and inspections by the control and audit bodies of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated April 14, 2000 N 42n<*>;

<*>Financial newspaper. 2000.

Audits and inspections of financial and economic activities of state (municipal) institutions

N 213.

• Instructions on the procedure for conducting audits and inspections of accounting, use and storage of precious metals and precious stones in organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 15, 1999 N 68n<*>.

<*>Russian newspaper. 2001. N 213.

According to paragraph 4 of Instruction No. 42n, an audit is a system of mandatory control actions for documentary and factual verification of the legality and validity of economic and financial transactions carried out in the audited period by the audited organization, the correctness of their reflection in accounting and reporting, as well as the legality of the actions of the manager and chief accountant (accountant) and other persons who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, are responsible for their implementation. It also states that an inspection is a single control action or study of the state of affairs in a certain area of ​​activity of the organization being inspected.

We are talking about the main criterion for the difference between an audit and an inspection - the volume of issues being checked. Let us note that the wording used in the Federal Law “On the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation”—“comprehensive audits and thematic inspections”—indicates that the legislator in this law distinguishes between an audit and an inspection precisely according to this criterion.

Representatives of NIFI of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation justify the relationship between audit and inspection as follows: “An inspection, including an audit, differs from an audit in that it is selective in nature and thereby obviously assumes the possibility of missing... any circumstances that could affect the result both the inspection itself and the activities of the subject being inspected"<*>.

<*>Danilevsky Yu.A., Ovsyannikov L.N. Audit in state financial control // Accounting. 2001. N 16. P. 58.

It is interesting that the vast majority of authors agree on one thing: an audit is also a check, but it does not mean a form of control activity, but a means of conducting an audit. However, what prevents us from considering an audit as a comprehensive documentary check, and a documentary check as a thematic (incomplete, partial, etc.) audit? In addition, is it in principle possible for an audit or documentary check to cover absolutely all issues of control over financial and economic activities?

Currently, the requirements that should be taken into account when checking financial and economic activities are dispersed in acts of various branches of legislation - legislation on accounting, legislation on taxes and fees, civil legislation, legislation on currency regulation and foreign exchange control, legislation on banks and banking activities, insurance legislation, etc. It is simply impossible to take into account all these requirements when checking financial and economic activities, which should constitute an audit according to the criterion under consideration. By the way, if it is assumed that the auditor is a universal specialist, then it should be noted that the control event that he conducts is called an audit, not an audit.

Taking into account the above, it seems that the volume of issues being checked cannot be a criterion for distinguishing between an audit and a documentary check.

The point of view is often expressed according to which, within the framework of an audit, predominantly documentary control methods are used and, unlike an audit, the methods of so-called actual control cannot be fully used. However, an analysis of the regime established by legislative and other regulatory legal acts for conducting documentary checks of compliance with legislation on taxes and fees does not allow us to agree with this point of view.

Practice shows that actual control methods are used equally both when conducting audits and when conducting inspections. Accordingly, the degree of use of these methods also cannot be a criterion for distinguishing between an audit and a documentary check.

It seems that an analysis of current legislation allows us to talk about a new criterion that defines the differences between an audit and a documentary check.

The efficiency of financial and economic activities of the non-state sector in a market economy is not regulated by the provisions of regulatory legal acts, as was previously the case in the Soviet economy.

Accordingly, there is sufficient reason to believe that the main difference between the two forms of control, such as audit and inspection, is the purpose of the control activity being carried out. In the event that only compliance with the law when carrying out financial and economic activities is checked, then an audit takes place, and if, in addition to compliance with the law, the feasibility and effectiveness of financial and economic activities (or individual operations) is also checked, then an audit takes place.

Summarizing the above, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Audit as a form of financial control is applicable only in certain, strictly defined areas.
2. A significant difference between an audit and an inspection is that during the latter, compliance with the law during economic activity is monitored, and during an audit, along with legality, the feasibility and efficiency of economic activity are also monitored.
3. Monitoring compliance with legislation on taxes and fees is directly provided only through documentary checks - tax audits; inspections carried out by internal affairs bodies and the prosecutor's office; audits. Despite the fact that the rules of criminal proceedings allow the possibility of using both audit acts and acts of documentary checks as evidence in criminal cases of tax crimes, an audit is an action that is less relevant in this area than a tax audit.

Modern large corporations have a whole system of control over the financial and economic activities of the company, the purpose of which is to ensure the rights of shareholders (participants) and potential investors of the company. This system may include, along with traditional control mechanisms in the form of the activities of the audit commission and the involvement of external audit, also the functioning of the audit committee of the board of directors and the creation of a control and audit service as an independent structural unit of the company.

Internal control in a business company

The internal control of the company in the Code of Corporate Conduct means control over the implementation of the financial and economic activities of the company (including the implementation of its financial and economic plan) by the structural divisions and bodies of the company. Internal control procedures include procedures for carrying out transactions within the framework of the financial and business plan, as well as procedures for identifying and performing non-standard transactions. Internal control procedures also include risk management (clause 1.1.1, clause 1, chapter 8 of the Code of Corporate Conduct).

Audit committee

The leading role in the implementation of internal control belongs to the audit commission (auditor). In a joint stock company, the audit commission is a mandatory control body. In a limited liability company, an audit commission is formed if this is provided for by the company's charter.

Election of the Audit Commission

The election of members of the audit commission is carried out in the manner prescribed by law for the formation of other bodies of the company. By general rule the election of members of the audit commission is carried out at the annual general meeting of shareholders or the next general meeting of participants. In accordance with the letter of the Federal Securities Commission of Russia dated February 28, 2000 N IK-07/883 “On the terms of office of the audit commission”<1>The audit commission must be re-elected annually at the annual general meeting of shareholders, its term of office expires on the day of the next annual general meeting shareholders, regardless of whether she is elected at this meeting. It seems that the corresponding norm should be included in the Law on JSC to ensure its legitimacy<2>.

<1>Bulletin of the Federal Securities Commission of Russia. 2000. N 3.

<2>Note that the Federal Securities Commission of Russia, in accordance with clause 2 of Art. 47 of the Law on JSC may establish additional requirements for the procedure for preparing, convening and holding a general meeting of shareholders. It seems that regulation of the terms of office of the audit commission is the prerogative of federal law.

The election of members of the audit commission and the early termination of their powers falls within the exclusive competence of the general meeting, i.e. this issue cannot be referred for decision either to the board of directors of the company or to its executive body (clause 2 of article 48 of the Law on JSC, clause 2 of article 33 of the Law on LLC). Such a decision is made by a majority vote of shareholders - owners of voting shares of the company taking part in the meeting (clause 2 of Article 49 of the Law on JSC), and in a limited liability company - by a majority vote of the total number of participants in the company, unless the charter provides for the need for a larger number votes (Clause 8, Article 37 of the LLC Law). At the same time, shares owned by members of the board of directors of the company or persons holding positions in the management bodies of the joint-stock company cannot participate in voting when electing members of the audit commission (clause 6 of article 85 of the Law on JSC).

Such regulation of the procedure for electing members of the audit commission in a joint-stock company causes criticism from specialists, especially with regard to the non-participation in voting of members of the board of directors, who are, in fact, representatives of shareholders called upon to ensure the exercise of their rights. One of the real guarantees of the rights of shareholders is control over the financial and economic activities of the company, carried out by the audit commission, which means that the board of directors should influence the formation of its composition. There is common sense in this opinion.

Competence of the Audit Commission

The competence of the audit commission is determined by the charter of the company (in relation to JSC - on issues not provided for in the Law on JSC itself). The procedure for the activities of the commission is regulated in a JSC by an internal document, in an LLC by the charter and internal document of the company (clause 2 of Article 85 of the Law on JSC, clause 4 of Article 47 of the Law on LLC).

In accordance with the Law on JSC, an audit (audit) of the financial and economic activities of the company is carried out based on the results of the company’s activities for the year, as well as at any time on the initiative of the audit commission itself, the decision of the general meeting of shareholders, the board of directors or at the request of the shareholder (shareholders) of the company, owning in the aggregate no less than 10% of the voting shares of the company (clause 3 of Art.

Differences between an audit of financial and economic activities and a documentary audit

85). According to the LLC Law, the audit commission of the company must review the annual reports and balance sheets of the company before they are approved by the general meeting of the company's participants. The general meeting of the company's participants does not have the right to approve the annual reports and balance sheets of the company in the absence of conclusions from the audit commission (clause 3 of article 47).

It should be noted that the subject of auditing the financial and economic activities of a company is much broader than the prevailing misunderstanding of an audit only as a check of compliance with the requirements of accounting and reporting legislation. The scope of control over the financial and economic activities of the company includes, among other things:

— use of the company’s profit funds;

— compliance with the requirements of the credit policy adopted in the company;

— execution of estimates of general business expenses;

— compliance with cash discipline;

— formation of purchase prices for raw materials, supplies and sales prices for products (works, services);

— compliance with raw material consumption standards;

— use of fixed production assets and compliance with schedules for scheduled maintenance;

— organization of contractual legal and claims work.

Audit Committee of the Board of Directors

To carry out internal audit of the financial and economic activities of the company, an audit committee may be created within the board of directors. Like other committees of the board of directors, the audit committee is not an independent body of the company. He carries out auxiliary functions in preparing information, materials, projects, conclusions and submits them for consideration by the board of directors.

Control and audit service

Among the recommendations contained in the Code of Corporate Conduct in the field of ensuring effective control over the financial and economic activities of the company, there is also the creation of a control and audit service as an independent structural unit and the assignment to it of the tasks of conducting a daily internal audit (preliminary or subsequent) of business transactions (clause 1.1.1 clause 1 of Chapter VIII of the Code of Corporate Conduct).

Those financial and economic operations of the company that are carried out within the framework of the financial and economic plan are subject to subsequent control. The Code of Corporate Conduct calls transactions carried out by the company outside the financial and economic plan non-standard and recommends that preliminary control be exercised in relation to them. Based on the results of the audit of each non-standard operation, the control and audit service must prepare a conclusion for the board of directors regarding the advisability of such an operation.

External control

External control over the financial and economic activities of the company is carried out by an audit organization (auditor).

Audit concept

Law on Auditing<1>defines audit activity or audit as a business activity for independent verification of accounting and financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs. The purpose of the audit is to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Reliability is understood as the degree of accuracy of financial (accounting) reporting data, which allows the user of these reporting, based on its data, to draw correct conclusions about the results of economic activities, financial and property status of the audited entities and make informed decisions based on these conclusions (Article 1 of the Law on Auditing activities).

<1>Federal Law of August 7, 2001 N 119-FZ “On Auditing Activities” (as amended on November 3, 2006) // SZ RF. 2001. N 33 (part 1). Art. 3422; 2006. N 45. Art. 4635.

Auditing activities can be carried out by audit organizations or auditors with the status of individual entrepreneurs. In accordance with the requirements of the Law, mandatory audits are carried out only by audit organizations (clause 2 of Article 7 of the Law on Auditing). The independence of the auditor is ensured by the absence of any connection with the audited business company and members of its management bodies: property, organizational, official, etc.

Mandatory audit

The following are subject to mandatory audits in relation to business companies in accordance with Russian legislation:

— open joint-stock companies;

- any business companies that have a volume of revenue from the sale of products (performance of work, provision of services) per year in excess of 500 thousand times the minimum wage established in Russia or if the amount of the company’s balance sheet assets at the end of the reporting year exceeds 200 thousand times the established minimum wage;

— credit, insurance organizations, mutual lending societies, investment funds and other investment institutions.

Thus, the involvement of an independent auditor in closed joint stock companies and limited liability companies (except for those operating in the areas indicated above) is carried out at the discretion of the company itself.

In addition to the mandatory audit, an open joint-stock company can also conduct an audit on its own initiative. Such an inspection can be carried out by decision of the general meeting of shareholders, the board of directors, the audit commission, as well as at the request of a shareholder (shareholders) who collectively own at least 10% of the company's voting shares.

Procedure for approval and payment for auditor services

The auditor of a joint-stock company is approved by the general meeting of shareholders, and the amount of payment for his services is determined by the board of directors of the company (Article 86 of the Law on JSC). In a limited liability company, an audit may be carried out by a professional auditor of his choice, who must meet the requirements of independence from the company and members of its management bodies. In the event of such an audit, payment for the auditor’s services is carried out at the expense of the company participant at whose request it is carried out. The expenses of a company participant for paying for the services of an auditor can be reimbursed to him by decision of the general meeting of company participants at the expense of the company (Article 48 of the LLC Law).

Audit report

Based on the results of the audit of the financial and economic activities of the company, the auditor draws up a conclusion, which should contain:

— confirmation of the reliability of the data contained in reports and other financial documents of the company;

— information about facts of violation of the procedure for maintaining accounting records and submitting financial statements established by legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as in carrying out financial and economic activities.

Consulting firm Astor concludes contracts for:

— Mandatory audit(according to Article 7 of the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 N 119-FZ “On Auditing Activities”,

— Proactive audit - at the request of the owners (assessment of business efficiency and compliance with the rights of the owner (shareholder), etc.).

We will conduct an audit in your company if you are:

- an organization or individual entrepreneur with a revenue volume not exceeding 50 million.

Chapter II. AUDIT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

rubles per year or if the amount of assets on the balance sheet exceeds 20 million rubles at the end of the year;

- a state unitary enterprise, a municipal unitary enterprise based on the right of economic management.

Cost of audit services

The cost of audit services depends on the following factors:

- volume of document flow,

- state of accounting,

— number of operations performed

— level of accounting automation,

— systematic inspections carried out throughout the year,

— completeness of availability of primary documents

— timing of the inspection

The pricing policy that exists in our company is implemented based on one of the basic principles of work - the establishment of long-term partnerships.

The approximate cost of the auditor's services is calculated based on the time spent: cost of 1 person/day = 5,000 rubles. (VAT not region)

Methods of conducting financial and economic activities with high
tax risk

1. General issues of obtaining unjustified tax benefits using shell companies.

The use of “fly-by-night” companies in the economic activities is one of the most common ways of obtaining unjustified tax benefits. Conceptually, the essence of the scheme comes down to the inclusion in the chain of economic relations of persons who do not fulfill their tax obligations. There are two main directions for obtaining unjustified tax benefits using fly-by-night companies:

1.1. The use of “fly-by-night” companies to create fictitious expenses and obtain deductions for indirect taxes without the corresponding movement of goods (works, services). In this case, an organization (wishing to receive an unjustified tax benefit) enters into business agreements with a person who does not fulfill its tax obligations, and the activities of a fly-by-night company, as a rule, are directly or indirectly controlled by the recipient of an unjustified tax benefit, transfers to him the amount specified in the agreement (in including the amount of indirect taxes). On the part of the counterparty, the terms of the contract are not actually fulfilled; only the necessary primary documents confirming the completion of transactions are presented. That is, the formal requirements for documentary evidence of expenses incurred and the deduction of indirect taxes are met.

1.2. The use of fly-by-night companies in order to increase the added value of goods and reduce the tax burden on production units. This scheme for building economic ties is typical for the sale of low-cost goods. The manufacturer (importer) sells products at a price close to cost to a person who does not fulfill his tax obligations. Next, the “one-day” company sells the same product with a significant markup to the person who sells it to end consumers. In the situation under consideration, the main tax burden falls on the “fly-by-night” company, while the manufacturer and the final seller have a minimal tax burden.

In the described case, the recipient of an unjustified tax benefit can be, depending on the actual economic conditions, both the manufacturer and the final seller.

2. Application of schemes for obtaining unjustified tax benefits during sales real estate.

Attention real estate agencies and investors, insurance companies.

The use of schemes for obtaining unjustified tax benefits has a negative effect both on the volume of budget revenues and has a number of other socially negative consequences. The established practice of selling real estate and the schemes used to transfer ownership are aimed, on the one hand, at obtaining unjustified tax benefits, and on the other, at infringing the rights of consumers - individuals, buyers of real estate.

Group- a set of persons operating in the real estate market, which includes a real estate agency, as well as interdependent organizations, a number of which are fly-by-night companies;

Real estate agency- one of the main production divisions of the group, can act as an investor, issuer of securities used for settlements when purchasing real estate;

Dependent organizations— persons who are formally investors in construction or issuers of bills of exchange, who, as a rule, do not fulfill their tax obligations.

One of the most common schemes for selling real estate is as follows: persons wishing to purchase an apartment contact a real estate agency and enter into an investment agreement for the construction of housing. Settlements under the agreement are carried out with bills of exchange purchased from organizations dependent on the real estate agency, or investment agreements are concluded with companies dependent on the real estate agency, and payment is made with bills of exchange from the real estate agency. Bill payments, in this case, are not determined by a reasonable economic sense; apartment buyers, turning to a real estate agency, initially have no intention of purchasing any securities, their acquisition is associated exclusively with payments for apartments and is imposed by the real estate agency. The fact that the tax obligations of persons interdependent in relation to the real estate agency are not fulfilled in full (most often these organizations are fly-by-night companies) allows the group as a whole to illegally minimize its tax obligations.

Using the above scheme sharply increases the risk of not receiving property.

The above scheme for obtaining tax benefits in real estate transactions is not the only one that is associated with increased tax risks. A very common scheme is mandatory insurance of investment risks. In this case, the cost of the apartment is divided into two parts, the first is the cost of the investment contribution, the second is the amount of the insurance premium. A person wishing to purchase an apartment is forced to insure investment risks. At the same time, the risk of third parties is insured - the risk of the real estate agency. The occurrence of an insured event in such a situation is initially impossible. The investment component in contracts for the purchase of apartments, as a rule, is close to the cost of the apartment, and an economically unjustified insurance premium is not included in the income tax base of a real estate agency, that is, the real estate agency underestimates the cost of apartments for tax purposes by the amount of the insurance premium. Organizations providing insurance have a number of signs of dishonesty, which in a systematic relationship with the procedure for selling apartments allows us to conclude that the activities of the insurance organization are carried out in the interests of the real estate agency. For consumers, the negative effect of using such a scheme appears when the investment contract is terminated, in which case it is practically impossible to reimburse the amount of the insurance premium.

Schemes for obtaining unjustified tax benefits with the involvement of unscrupulous insurance organizations are actively used not only in the sale of real estate (rent, leasing).

3. Scheme for obtaining unjustified tax benefits in the production of alcohol and alcohol-containing products.

Attention manufacturers of alcoholic and alcohol-containing products.

Schemes for obtaining unjustified tax benefits by organizations engaged in licensed activities, in particular the production of alcohol and alcohol-containing products, have certain specifics.

Persons participating in the scheme are:

Taxpayer- an organization that has the necessary licenses and technological equipment, engaged in the production ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products;

Provider- an organization that supplies alcohol-containing products to the taxpayer.

The specificity of these schemes is associated with a number of technological features of the production of alcoholic beverages (vodka). According to the current provisions of regulatory legal acts, both ethyl alcohol and alcohol-containing products - brew distillates, alcoholized infusions, etc. can be involved in its production. In the case of the production of alcoholic products (vodka) from ethyl alcohol, the excise tax burden is significantly higher than in the production of the same products from beer distillates, alcoholized infusions or other alcohol-containing products. This fact is associated with the difference in the amount of excise tax subject to deduction by the manufacturer on purchased products (for alcohol-containing raw materials, a deduction is applied at the excise tax rate of 173.5 rubles, for alcohol - 25.15 rubles).

When applying the scheme, one or a number of organizations located in the chain of suppliers of alcohol-containing products do not fulfill their tax obligations.

An essential feature of the application of a scheme for illegal reimbursement of excise tax amounts from the budget is the absence of real business transactions for the taxpayer to purchase alcohol-containing products used, according to the documents submitted by the organization, as the basic raw material in the production of alcoholic products.

At the same time, supplies of alcohol-containing products are reflected only in formally executed shipping documents.

Evidence of the application of the scheme is also the lack of the supplier (manufacturer) of alcohol-containing products with the technical base for the production of the volume of sales reflected in the accounting (there is no necessary technological equipment, communications, qualified personnel, raw materials for the production of products). Cash flows in such cases, as a rule, do not correspond to the business transactions stipulated by the contracts (in particular, payments are made to the accounts of third parties not related to the supply or production of alcohol-containing products). The reporting indicators of the scheme participants do not correspond to the real indicators of financial and economic activity.

Thus, the identification of these signs in their systemic relationship indicates the use of a scheme, the purpose of which is to obtain an unjustified tax benefit.

4. Scheme for obtaining unjustified tax benefits using disabled people.

For the attention of organizations applying the benefit under subclause 2 of clause 3 of Article 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Persons participating in the scheme are:

Taxpayer- an organization in which the number of disabled people is at least 50%, and their share in the wage fund is at least 25%;

Outsourcer company- an organization providing qualified personnel.

An organization that formally meets the requirements for VAT exemption, as an organization that includes disabled people, is engaged in the production of products using personnel attracted under outsourcing agreements. The employees on staff are not able (due to health status and (or) qualifications) to ensure the production of products sold. In this case, the VAT benefit applies to the entire volume of products produced by the taxpayer.

The taxpayer artificially creates conditions for the application of the above benefits for products produced with the involvement of third party personnel, since the involved personnel are not taken into account when determining the average number of employees of the enterprise and the wage fund.

Thus, the taxpayer abuses the right to use the benefit provided for in subparagraph 2 of paragraph 3 of Article 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

5. A scheme for obtaining unjustified tax benefits by including intermediaries (both Russian and foreign) in the economic turnover, whose activities are reduced to creating the appearance of carrying out real financial and economic activities.

To the attention of taxpayers who use fictitious intermediaries in their business activities

Schemes for obtaining unjustified tax benefits may be associated with the involvement of unproductive intermediaries, who, although not fly-by-night companies, do not actually carry out work or provide services. An example of such schemes are relationships associated with the formal involvement of agents or other intermediaries.

Persons participating in the scheme are:

Principal is a Russian taxpayer on whose behalf and at whose expense the Agent acts;

Agent - a person formally acting in the interests of the Principal under an agency or other similar agreement;

Buyer - a person purchasing goods, works, services of the Principal.

The scheme for obtaining an unjustified tax benefit in this case may look like this.

The Principal, as part of his main activity, nominally engages the Agent to perform certain tasks, in particular, to find clients. The agency fee is related to the income received in connection with the execution of contracts with customers found by the Agent. In this case, the actual search for customers, preparation of contracts, and negotiations with the customer are carried out by the Principal’s officials. The Agent’s function actually comes down to creating a document flow confirming fictitious costs for paying agency fees. The presented scheme leads to the Principal receiving an unjustified tax benefit in the form of unjustified inclusion in expenses of expenses under fictitious agency agreements and understatement of corporate income tax.

6. A scheme for obtaining unjustified tax benefits through the acquisition of fictitious investment instruments.

For the attention of professional participants in the securities market, as well as persons involved in the sale of securities.

Along with the use of fly-by-night companies in financial and economic activities, there is a widespread scheme for obtaining unjustified tax benefits in connection with the acquisition of securities.

Persons participating in the scheme are:

the taxpayer is a Russian organization;

owners of securities (as a rule, are not residents of the Russian Federation).

The scheme for obtaining an unjustified tax benefit involves the purchase of securities. The issue of securities in such cases is carried out by a company, as a rule, registered in offshore territories and not conducting financial and economic activities and not having assets to secure the issue, bank guarantee, guarantees of third parties. At the same time, the volume of securities issued can be significant.

Issued securities are sold to a predetermined circle of persons with significant installment payments, while payment for securities is provided later than the date of their redemption. That is, the placement and subsequent sale are not aimed at raising funds.

Subsequently, these securities are included in the authorized capital of actually operating Russian organizations. In turn, the Russian organization sells the received securities to fly-by-night companies at a loss, including as expenses for the purposes of calculating corporate income tax the cost of the securities according to the tax accounting data of the transferring party.

In this case, an unjustified tax benefit arises due to a decrease in tax base for corporate income tax in the amount of the resulting loss.

7. A typical method of obtaining an unjustified tax benefit in the form of VAT evasion when carrying out transactions with precious metals in bullion.

For the attention of credit institutions, as well as persons purchasing precious metals.

The considered scheme has two implementation options:

First option.

Persons participating in the scheme are:

Bank - credit organisation, having a license for operations with precious metals, performing the functions of an agent in the sale of precious metals;

Principal - an organization that has the characteristics of a fly-by-night company, the owner of the precious metal, transferring it to the Bank for sale;

Buyer - a person interested in purchasing precious metals.

The essence of the scheme is as follows: an agreement for the purchase and sale of precious metals is concluded between the Buyer and the Bank, while the sale of metal is carried out with VAT.

Subsequently, the funds received as payment for the precious metal are transferred by the Bank to the Principal, who in turn sends part of the amount received to purchase precious metal under compulsory medical insurance agreements without paying VAT, the amount of unpaid VAT is transferred abroad or cashed out.

Second option.

Persons participating in the scheme are:

Bank is a credit organization licensed to operate with precious metals;

Borrowers - organizations that receive precious metal from the Bank's vault, have the characteristics of "fly-by-night" companies;

The actual buyer is a person interested in purchasing precious metals for use in production purposes.

The essence of the scheme is as follows: the Bank enters into precious metal loan agreements with the Borrowers. In this case, the metal is physically removed from the Bank’s storage facility.

Audit of financial and economic activities of schools

Since the operation is formalized by a loan agreement, metal leaving the Bank’s storage facility is not subject to VAT. The loan is repaid by offsetting the borrower's counterobligations without actually returning the metal to the Bank's storage facility.

Subsequently, the metal received under the loan agreement is sold through a chain of “fly-by-night” companies, while the sale of the metal occurs with the accrual of VAT, without the corresponding payment of tax. The amount of unpaid VAT is cashed out or transferred abroad.

The metal is delivered directly from the Bank's storage facility to the address of the Actual buyer.

Introduction

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Meaning, types and methods of financial control

1.1.1 The importance of financial control

1.1.2 Types and methods of financial control

1.2 Organization of financial control

1.2.1 State financial control

1.2.2 On-farm financial control

1.2.3 Banking supervision

1.2.4 Audit control

2. Practical part

2.1 Calculation of basic financial reporting ratios

2.1.1 Grouping of balance sheet assets by the degree of their liquidity

2.1.3 Liquidity ratios

2.1.4 Financial leverage ratios (debt, leverage)

2.1.5 Business activity ratios

2.1.6 Profitability ratios

2.2. Budgeting cash flows using the indirect method

2.2.2 Accounts receivable forecast

2.2.3 Forecast of upcoming operations

2.2.4 Net profit forecast

2.2.5 Net cash flow forecast

2.2.6 Let’s create a Du Pont chart using the obtained net profit values

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Monitoring the state of the economy and the development of socio-economic processes in society is an important area of ​​management activity. One of the links in the control system is financial control. Its significance lies in facilitating the successful implementation of the state’s financial policy, ensuring the processes of formation and effective use of financial resources in all spheres and levels of the national economy. The role of financial control during the transition to a market increases many times over.

Financial control is a form of implementation of the control function of finance. It determines the purpose and content of financial control. At the same time, the content of control and its focus change depending on the level of development of the productive forces and production relations of society. Thus, the expansion of the economic rights of an enterprise, their independence in carrying out financial activities, the emergence of various organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship significantly enriches the content of financial control. Financial control is a set of actions and operations to verify financial and related issues of the activities of business entities and management using specific forms and methods of its organization. To carry out financial control, special control bodies are created. Their rights, duties and responsibilities are strictly regulated, including by law.

This work consists of two parts. In the first part of the work, we will directly consider the concept, types and methods of financial control of business activities. In the second part, based on the available data of the OJSC Olympia enterprise, we will make a practical calculation of the main financial reporting ratios and draw up a cash flow budget using an indirect method.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that financial control, unlike other types of control (environmental, sanitary, administrative, etc.), is associated with the use of cost categories. The subject of inspections are such financial (cost) indicators as: profit, income, profitability, cost, expenses, circulation, value added tax, deductions for various purposes and funds. These indicators are synthetic in nature, therefore control over their implementation, dynamics, and trends covers all aspects of the production, economic and commercial activities of enterprises, as well as the mechanism of financial and credit relationships. The object of financial control is monetary and distribution processes in the formation and use of financial resources, including in the form of funds of funds at all levels of the national economy.

The purpose of this work is to consider the main forms and methods of financial control of business activities.

In the process of work, we will consider such forms of financial control of economic activities as: state financial control and non-state financial control (intra-business, public, audit). As well as the methods by which this control of economic activity is carried out.

When writing the work, significant assistance in the research was provided by the works and publications of economists O.V. Filatova, E.G. Margulis, T.F. Ryabova, O.V. Semenova. Also on this topic, educational and periodical literature by such authors as Borisova E.F., Salimzhanov I.K., Burtseva V.V., Adamova N. and other scientists were studied.

1. Meaning, types and methods of financial control

1.1 The importance of financial control

Financial control is understood as the activity of state, municipal, public and other business entities regulated by legal norms to verify the timeliness and accuracy of financial planning, the validity and completeness of the receipt of income in the relevant funds of funds, the correctness and efficiency of their use.

Financial control - the most important means ensuring legality in financial and economic activities. Financial control prevents mismanagement and wastefulness, identifies facts of abuse and theft of inventory and funds. The effectiveness of financial control carried out by various entities - state authorities, local governments, auditors, audit organizations - is decisively determined by their interaction, including with law enforcement agencies.

1.2 Types and methods of financial control

Financial control is carried out in various types and forms, using various methods of its implementation.

Depending on the time of control financial control has the following forms (methods of specific expression and organization of control actions):

- preliminary financial control. It is carried out before any financial event is carried out, for example, checking the correctness and legality of documents that serve as the basis for receiving or spending money. This form of control is carried out by higher-level economic management bodies and institutions of the financial and credit system when considering financial (credit, cash) plans, estimates and transfers of budget funds;

- current(operational) financial control is carried out daily by financial services to prevent violations of financial discipline in the course of the enterprise’s activities. This form of control is based on operational and accounting data, inventories and visual observation. It serves to prevent financial irregularities. The object of current control primarily becomes documentation directly related to the payment or receipt of funds. Operational control is carried out by comparing costs with current standards;

- subsequent financial control is an integral component of external (departmental and non-departmental) and intra-economic (accounting) control. This form of control comes down to checking financial and economic transactions for the past period for the legality and appropriateness of the expenses incurred, the completeness and timeliness of the receipt of funds provided for by the budget. It is carried out through the analysis of reports and balances, as well as checks and audits directly on site - at enterprises, institutions and organizations. Subsequent control is characterized by an in-depth study of all aspects of economic and financial activity, which makes it possible to reveal the shortcomings of two other forms of financial control - preliminary and current.

Depending on the legal nature of the subjects , Carrying out control activities, financial control is divided into the following types:

State;

On-farm;

Financial and credit authorities (banking control);

Public;

Independent (auditing).

There are several methods of financial control :

- observation– this is a general acquaintance with the state of the financial activities of the control object;

- examination addresses the main issues of financial activity and is carried out on site using balance sheets, reporting and expense documents to identify violations of financial discipline and eliminate their consequences;

- examination is carried out in relation to individual aspects of financial activity and is based on a wider range of indicators, which fundamentally distinguishes it from an audit. The survey uses techniques such as surveys and questionnaires. The results of the survey, as a rule, are used to assess the financial situation of the control object, the need to reorganize production, etc.;

- analysis, like previous methods, is aimed at identifying violations of financial discipline. It is carried out on the basis of current or annual reporting and is distinguished by systematic and factorial research, as well as the use of traditional analytical tools: average and relative values, groupings, index method, etc. Financial control cannot be reduced only to analytical activities. Specific techniques of financial and economic analysis can only be used to a limited extent;

- audit is carried out with the aim of establishing legality and financial discipline at a specific facility and is the main method of financial control. The legislation provides for mandatory and regular audits. It is carried out on site and is based on checking primary documents, accounting registers, accounting and statistical reporting, and the actual availability of funds.

There are a wide variety of revisions. Therefore, they are classified based on different principles.

Depending on the content, audits are divided into documentary and factual. Documentary audits include checking various financial documents. Based on their analysis, it is possible to determine the legality and appropriateness of spending funds. During the actual audit, the presence of money, securities and material assets is checked.

Based on the time of implementation, audits are divided into planned and unscheduled. Basically, audits are carried out in accordance with a plan drawn up by higher authorities, ministries and departments. Scheduled audits in the production sector are carried out at least once a year, and in the non-production sector - at least twice a year.

Based on the period of activity under review, audits are divided into frontal and selective. During a frontal (full) audit, all financial activities of the entity for a certain period are checked. A selective (partial) audit is an audit of financial activities only for a certain short period of time.

Depending on the volume of audited activities, audits are divided into comprehensive, during which the financial activities of a given entity are checked in various areas (auditors of several bodies simultaneously participate in them), and thematic, which are reduced to an examination of a certain area of ​​financial activity.

2. Organization of financial control

2.1 State financial control

State financial control is carried out by federal legislative bodies, federal executive bodies, including specially created ones. The legislation provides for complex audits and thematic checks of the receipt and expenditure of budget funds in federal executive bodies, as well as in enterprises and organizations using federal budget funds, to be carried out at least once a year by the relevant control and financial bodies.

Objects of control:

Execution of the federal budget and the budget of federal extra-budgetary funds;

Organization of money circulation;

Use of credit resources;

The state of state internal and external debt, state reserves;

Providing financial and tax benefits and advantages.

In accordance with the division of functions and powers established by law, the subjects of state financial control are:

Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation;

Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBRF);

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (Federal Treasury, federal Service Financial and Budgetary Supervision, Federal Tax Service);

State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation;

Federal Service of Russia for Currency and Expert Control;

Control and audit bodies of federal executive authorities;

Other bodies exercising control over the receipt and expenditure of funds from the federal budget and federal extra-budgetary funds.

State control is also exercised by the bodies of representative (legislative) and executive power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2.2 On-farm financial control

On-farm control is control of financial and economic activities carried out by the economic services of the enterprise or organization itself. The object of this control is both the enterprise as a whole and its individual structural divisions.

The most important functions of on-farm control:

Formation of accounting policies;

Accounting;

Drawing up reliable financial statements in a timely manner;

Control over the movement of property and fulfillment of obligations;

Ensuring compliance of all business operations carried out by the enterprise (institution) with the legislation.

On-farm control is carried out by accounting, the financial department and some other economic services. The key link in the system of internal control is the chief (senior) accountant. When performing his functions, the chief accountant reports directly to the head of the enterprise (institution), by whose order he is appointed and dismissed.

The chief accountant, together with the head of the enterprise, signs all documents that serve as the basis for the acceptance and issuance of inventory and cash, settlement, credit, financial obligations and business contracts. The named documents without the signature of the chief accountant are considered invalid and are not accepted for execution.

The chief accountant does not accept documents for execution and execution on transactions that contradict current legislation and violate contractual and financial discipline. If he receives an illegal order, he is obliged to notify the first manager in writing before executing it. Upon receipt of written confirmation of the execution of these documents, the chief accountant executes it. In this case, full responsibility for the completed operation falls on the head of the enterprise. The responsibility of the chief accountant is also to exercise preliminary financial control over the correctness and legality of spending funds.

2.3 Banking supervision

The banking system plays a vital role in a market economy. There is a two-way relationship between a well-functioning economy and the banking system. Since banks are elements of infrastructure modern society, then supervision of banks acquires special importance.

The main objectives of supervision of commercial banks are:

Protection of small investors from bad management bank and fraud;

Protection of clients from systemic risk (if one bank goes bankrupt, several banks may go bankrupt and thereby undermine confidence in the entire system);

Ensuring confidence in those banks that act as lenders in the international banking market;

Protecting the economy from negative phenomena in banking system.

Monetary authorities are called upon to ensure the stability of monetary circulation and the national currency, which is impossible without limiting the credit expansion of banks, which theoretically can “create” any amount of means of payment.

Supervision is built on the principle of taking precautionary measures to reduce possible risks when commercial banks invest funds in banking and non-banking structures.

The protection of shareholders and unitholders is usually not the responsibility of supervisory authorities.

A satisfactory supervisory system involves a complex web of financial, legal, economic and administrative connections. The most important are the following:

A codified set of laws relating to economic entities and property, including banking legislation;

Development of adequate and clearly established accounting and reporting standards;

The system of supervisory authorities, their functions, powers;

The essence of supervision practice, its consistency;

System of corrective measures and economic sanctions;

Disclosure of bank statements to the general public.

The most important prerequisite for effective supervision is the existence of requirements for the accounting system. They represent the rules that commercial banks and businesses must follow when preparing their balance sheets. Balance sheets, income statements, etc. play an important role for lenders, investors and commercial partners. They contain information about the enterprise. Banks need reliable reporting from borrowers in order to carry out credit analysis. The reporting standard must be uniform so that the bank can compare the advantages of one borrower over another. For banking supervisors, standard bank reporting is necessary not only for the financial assessment of individual bank clients, but also for making comparisons between different banks, including foreign ones.

Typically, supervision of commercial banks is carried out either by internal audit (audit services of a commercial bank) or external audit (audit organizations performing independent audits).

Methods of banking supervision may include documentary control, inspection, audit, economic analysis, registration (issuance of licenses), etc.

2.4 Audit control

Audit control is a relatively new area of ​​financial control. Auditing is a form of business activity of auditors (audit firms) to carry out independent non-departmental audits of accounting (financial) statements, payment and settlement documentation, tax returns and other financial obligations and requirements of business entities, as well as to provide them with other audit services.

Audit control – independent financial control. It can be carried out both by individual individuals who have passed state certification and registered as entrepreneur-auditors, and by audit firms (including foreign ones), which can have any organizational and legal form provided for by Russian legislation, except for an open joint-stock company. After receiving a license to carry out auditing activities, they are included in the State Register of Auditors and Audit Firms. Audit firms and auditors do not have the right to simultaneously engage in any other business activity.

The main objectives of audit control are to establish the reliability of accounting and financial statements and the compliance of financial and business transactions with the regulations in force in the Russian Federation; verification of payment and settlement documentation, tax returns and other financial obligations and requirements of the inspected economic entities. Audit services can also provide other services: setting up and maintaining accounting records; compilation accounting statements and income statements; analysis and forecasting of financial and economic activities; training employees of accounting services and consulting in matters of financial and economic legislation; elaboration of recommendations received as a result of audits.

All services of audit organizations are paid. As a rule, the relationship between the auditor (audit firm) and the client is formalized by an agreement with payment for services at negotiated prices. If an audit is carried out on the basis of instructions from the judicial authorities in the presence of a criminal case accepted for proceedings or a case under the jurisdiction of an arbitration court, then payment for audit services is made at the expense of the audited organization at tariffs approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, and in case of financial insolvency - at the expense of budget, with subsequent compensation from the property of the inspected organization declared bankrupt by the court.

An audit can be mandatory or proactive. If an initiative inspection is carried out by decision of the economic entity itself, then a mandatory inspection is carried out in accordance with the established procedure in all cases provided for by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 7, 1994. Banks, insurance organizations, stock exchanges, extra-budgetary funds created through mandatory contributions are subject to mandatory auditing; charitable foundations; enterprises created in the form of an open joint-stock company, regardless of the number of shareholders and the size of the authorized capital, as well as enterprises that have a share in the authorized capital owned by foreign investors.

In addition, enterprises (with the exception of municipal and state ones) whose individual financial indicators exceed the criteria established by the Government are subject to annual audit control. A mandatory audit can also be carried out on behalf of government bodies - the prosecutor's office, the treasury, the tax service and the tax police. Evasion of an economic entity from conducting an inspection or obstructing its implementation entails the collection of a fine by court decision.

The result of the audit is formalized in the form of an auditor’s (audit firm’s) report. This document has legal force for all legal entities and individuals, government and judicial authorities. There are four possible conclusions:

Conclusion without comments - the auditor confirms the reliability of the financial statements and balance sheet;

A conclusion with comments (reservations), indicating a general positive opinion of the auditor about the reliability of the financial and accounting statements, but he identified certain omissions that are set out in the analytical section of the report;

A negative opinion is drawn up in cases where, in the opinion of the auditor, the accounting does not comply with the requirements of regulatory legislation, and the financial statements do not give a reliable picture of the financial position of the audited enterprise;

A conclusion is not drawn up if the auditor was unable to express his opinion on the quality of accounting and reporting due to failure to receive sufficiently convincing evidence from the audited entity.

There are two types of audit – external and internal.

In-house audit carried out by an in-house audit service operating both at the level of the central management of the company and at the level of branches, subsidiaries, etc.

Intra-company audit is aimed at increasing the efficiency of management decisions to improve the financial and economic activities of the enterprise in order to maximize profitability and profit. Its tasks include: checking compliance with accounting principles and rules in the preparation of annual reports; elaboration of recommendations of external auditors; advising the company's management on all issues of the company's financial strategy; checking the timeliness, reliability and accuracy of financial information prepared for the management of branches of central authorities; analysis of the adequacy and effectiveness of measures to ensure the safety of assets; identifying reserves for saving liquid funds; determining the efficiency of the financial and economic activities of the company and its branches, etc.

External audit are carried out by special audit firms under an agreement with state tax and other authorities, enterprises, other users - banks, foreign partners, shareholders, insurance companies, etc. Their main task is to establish the reliability of the financial statements of the objects being inspected, as well as to develop recommendations for eliminating existing shortcomings in the activities of economic entities and improving their financial and economic activities.

To achieve the assigned tasks and goals, audit firms carry out: financial examinations; inspections and audits of financial, economic and commercial activities of enterprises and organizations; control over the correct determination of income subject to taxation; preventing their understatement and the possibility of avoiding the collection of penalties; consulting on organization of accounting and management, reporting, taxation issues; checking the correctness and effectiveness of intra-company financial control and audit.

In general, the field of audit services is very significant. It can also include: setting up and organizing accounting; preparation of documents necessary for the creation of joint ventures and joint stock companies; mediation in concluding trade transactions; preliminary and subsequent control over concluded agreements and contracts; assistance to domestic and foreign partners in negotiations on cooperation, founding, clarification of issues of financial and banking, tax, insurance and other types of legislation, etc.

From the list of services, the preventive nature of the control activities of audit firms is clearly visible, consisting in the prevention of any financial and economic violations and failures.

There are several audit stages. The initial or preparatory stage includes the actions of the auditor to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the analysis: selection and systematization of the necessary materials, checking the comparability and interrelation of various reporting indicators. At the second stage, a large number of different analytical calculations are performed. The third stage comes down to summarizing the results and formulating an expert audit assessment.

Carrying out the audit procedures provided for by the program, professionals check the completeness of the reflection of the most important business transactions in accounting and reporting; timeliness and correctness of recording the results of the inventory of fixed assets (funds), material assets, cash and settlements, safety during the established period of primary accounting and other types of supporting documents confirming the completion of business transactions and their reflection in accounting records. Verification of the data contained in the reporting is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of special tests.

Based on the inspection and analysis of the financial condition, auditors must formally attest to an informed opinion about the final results of the activities of controlled economic entities for a certain period.

3. Practical part

3.1 Calculation of basic financial reporting ratios

Based on the available data from the balance sheet (Appendix 1) and the Profit and Loss Statement (Appendix 2) on the economic activities of the enterprise, we will calculate the main financial reporting ratios for the following subsections: grouping balance sheet assets by the degree of their liquidity; grouping balance sheet liabilities according to the degree of urgency of their payment; liquidity ratios; financial leverage ratios (debt, leverage); business activity ratios; profitability ratios; Du Pont diagram.

3.1.1 Grouping of balance sheet assets by the degree of their liquidity

Balance sheet assets, depending on the degree of liquidity, i.e. the rate of transformation of property into money, are generally divided into the following groups:

The most liquid assets (A1), which are defined as:

A1 = Cash + Short-term financial investments;

Quickly realizable assets (A2) – receivables, payments for which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date (short-term receivables), i.e.:

A2 = Short-term accounts receivable;

Slow-moving assets (A3), which consist of inventories, VAT on acquired tangible assets, receivables for which payments are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date (long-term receivables), and other assets:

A3 = Inventories + VAT + Long-term debtor. debt + Other turnover. assets

Hard to sell assets (A4):

A4 = Non-current assets.

The grouping of balance sheet assets by the degree of their liquidity is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Grouping of balance sheet assets by the degree of their liquidity

3.1.2 Grouping of balance sheet liabilities according to the degree of urgency of their payment

Balance sheet liabilities are grouped according to the degree of urgency of their payment:

The most urgent obligations (P1) - these include accounts payable, namely:

P1 = Accounts payable;

Short-term liabilities (P2), which include:

P2 = Short-term borrowed funds + Debt to participants for payment of income + Other short-term liabilities;

Long-term liabilities (P3), consisting of:

P3 = Long-term liabilities + Deferred income + Reserves for future expenses;

Permanent liabilities or stable (P4) – the organization’s own capital, i.e. Section III “Capital and Reserves”:

P4 = Capital and reserves.

The grouping of liabilities of the Balance Sheet of OJSC "Olympia" according to the urgency of their payment is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Grouping of balance sheet liabilities according to the urgency of their payment

3.1.3 Liquidity ratios

In practice, the following relative indicators of balance sheet liquidity (firm solvency) are used:

- general indicator of liquidity (solvency). It is used for a comprehensive assessment of the liquidity of the balance sheet as a whole - the ability to cover all liabilities (short-term and long-term) with all its assets.

K OP = (A1 + A2 + A3 + A4)/(P1 + P2 + P3) > 1.

- absolute liquidity ratio:

K AL = A1/(P1 + P2).

Shows what part of short-term liabilities can, if necessary, be repaid immediately using cash and short-term financial investments. The normal value of this indicator, depending on the industry, is as follows: K AL > 0.1 – 0.7.

The absolute liquidity ratio characterizes the solvency of the enterprise as of the balance sheet date.

- current ratio:

K TL = (A1 + A2 + A3) / (P1 + P2).

Gives a general assessment of asset liquidity, showing how many rubles of current assets account for one ruble of current liabilities. The value of the indicator can vary by industry and type of activity, and its reasonable growth in dynamics is usually considered as a favorable trend. The value of K TL = 1.5 is considered acceptable, the optimal value of K TL = 2 – 3.5

- coefficient of “critical assessment (liquidity)”:

K CL = (A1 + A2) / (P1 + P2).

This ratio characterizes the expected solvency of the enterprise for a period equal to the average duration of one turnover of receivables. An acceptable value is KCL = 0.7 – 0.8, preferably KCL = 1.

The results of calculations of liquidity (solvency) ratios are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Liquidity (solvency) ratios of OJSC Olympia

3.1.4 Financial leverage ratios (debt, leverage)

Debt ratios are coefficients showing the share of borrowed funds in the total amount of financial sources (liabilities).

Ratio of borrowed and own sources of funds (DER) :

At the beginning of the period:

At the end of the period:

The value of the ratio of borrowed and own sources of funds shows that

At the beginning of the reporting period, for every ruble invested, the owners (shareholders) accounted for 1.51 rubles. financial resources of creditors;

At the end of the reporting period, for every ruble invested, the owners (shareholders) accounted for 0.88 rubles. financial resources of creditors.

Debt ratio (DTAR):

At the beginning of the period:

At the end of the period:

The debt ratio performs the same functions as the ratio of debt and equity sources of funds (equity). It identifies that part of the assets that is financed by borrowed funds. Thus, 47% of the assets of Olympia LLC are financed by borrowed funds, and the remaining 53% are secured by equity capital. Theoretically, if the company is liquidated now, then in order to fully pay off creditors, its assets must be sold for at least 45 kopecks per ruble of nominal value.

3.1.5 Business activity ratios

Business activity ratios allow you to analyze how efficiently a company uses its funds. As a rule, this group includes various turnover indicators.

In financial management, the following turnover indicators are most often used:

Asset turnover ratio:

Asset turnover = Revenue / (Average amount of assets for the analyzed period) = = 1.3846.

This coefficient shows that during the reporting period (6 months), 1.38 monetary units of sold products were brought in by each monetary unit of assets.

Accounts receivable turnover ratio(To OBD):

K OBD = Revenue / (Average amount of accounts receivable for the analyzed period) = = 6.84.

This ratio shows the number of turnovers (conversions into cash) of the amount of receivables during the year.

Duration of receivables turnover in days(or average receivables maturity(P OBD)):

P OBD = (180 days) / K OBD = 180/6.84 = 26.3.

The average number of days from the moment of sale of the goods to the moment of receipt of payment for it was 26.3 days.

Accounts payable turnover ratio(To OBK):

TO OBK= [Cost of sold products (goods) + (–) increase (decrease) in inventories] /

/ (Average amount of accounts payable for the analyzed period) = = 2.3.

Duration of accounts payable turnover in days(or average repayment period of accounts payable(P OBK)):

P OBK = (180 days) / K OBK = 180/2.3 = 78.3 days.

Inventory turnover is characterized by inventory turnover ratio(To OMPZ):

TO OMPZ= Cost of products sold (goods) / (average cost of inventories for the analyzed period) = = 2.73.

Duration of inventory turnover in days(P OMPZ):

P OMPZ = (180 days) / K OMPZ = 180 / 2.73 = 66.0.

Operating cycle OPT is a period of time calculated from the moment (date) of the acquisition of raw materials and materials until the moment (date) of receipt of money for goods sold (products, works, services).

Operating cycle = P OMPZ + P OBD

The operating cycle is a period of time calculated from the moment (date) of the purchase of raw materials and materials until the moment (date) of receiving money for sold products.

OPT = P OMPZ + P OBD = 66 +26.3 = 92.3 days;

Cash turnover(ODS) - the duration of the time interval between the actual payment of invoices from suppliers of raw materials and materials needed by the organization and the receipt of funds from buyers for the goods (products, works, services) sold to them.

ODS = P OMPZ + P OBD – P OBK = OPTs – P OBK = 92.3 – 78.3 = 14 days.

Equity capital turnover is characterized by equity turnover ratio(To USC).

To USC = = 2.97.

The total turnover of assets (or capital) is characterized by asset turnover ratio(To OA) or capital turnover ratio:

The asset turnover ratio shows the relative efficiency of using the company's assets to generate revenue - 1,385 rubles of revenue per 1 ruble of invested capital.

3.1.6 Profitability ratios

Profitability indicators (ratios) are divided into two groups: return on capital and profitability of products (return on sales). Taken together, both types of coefficients characterize the overall efficiency of the company.

Return on sales – the ratio of profit from sales to revenue (net) from sales and shows how much profit is per unit (ruble) of products sold.

Gross Margin Ratio(GPM):

(GPM)=

Net profitability ratio (NPM):

The net profitability ratio characterizes the profitability of the company, taking into account commercial, administrative expenses and income tax. He imagines net profit (profit from sales of products – income tax) companies for every ruble of revenue.

Return on investment in assets - reflects the ratio of profit and total investments in the company’s assets.

Rate of return (profitability) on investment in assets(ROI), or asset return (profitability) ratio(ROA):

In 1919, the Du Pont Company first used an original version of the method of analyzing financial ratios to assess the performance of a company (factor analysis). She offered , equal to the ratio:.

To reveal the essence of this method, consider the indicators defined above, namely:

- capital turnover ratio:

- net profitability ratio (NPM :

Work NPM And To OA will allow us to get :

Thus, the product of the net return on sales ratio and the turnover of total assets is equal to the return on assets ratio, or the capital productivity of total assets.

Return on equity (shareholder) capital (ROE):

Multiplying ROE by the ratio, we get:

– equity multiplier (equity (shareholder) capital ratio).

Let us denote the ratio:

equity multiplier (equity (shareholder) capital ratio).

Then return on equity (shareholder) capital (ROE) will be determined by the dependence:

ROE = NPM K OA M SK = 10.6963 1.3846 2.43 = 35.9885 ≈ 36.0.

To explain the concept of the equity multiplier, we calculate the return on equity capital at the end of the period:

The debt/equity ratio discussed above at the end of the period is financial leverage:

Consequently, the multiplier (M SK) is a modified financial lever.

Therefore, in the future, when considering the analysis scheme (diagram) developed by the Du Pont company, the concept of “financial leverage” was introduced, Table 4.

Table 4. Du Pont diagram

3.2 Budgeting cash flows using the indirect method

To draw up a cash flow budget using the indirect method, the following initial data are available:

Balance sheet (budget according to the balance sheet) - Appendix 3;

Forecast budget of income and expenses for operating activities for the period 01/01/200X-07/01/200X - Appendix 4;

Initial data on current assets for the BBL forecast - Appendix 5;

Budget of income and expenses for the previous period 07/01/200(X-1)-01/01/200X - Appendix 6.

Based on the available data, we will perform the following calculations: forecast of inventories; accounts receivable forecast; forecast of upcoming operations; net profit forecast; net cash flow forecast; Let's create a Du Pont chart using the resulting net profit values.

3.2.1 Forecast of inventories

To forecast the balances of inventories of the i-th type (MPI), we apply the turnover ratio of MPI i, determined for the past period (in our case, this is the period from 07/01/200(X-1) to 01/01/200X), Appendix 5:

Then the projected balance of the inventory as of 07/01/200X will be equal to:

Based on these dependencies, we calculate the predicted balances as of 07/01/200X, i.e. S K i. We take the cost of products sold from Appendix 4.

Let's determine the turnover ratio of inventory 1 inventories (raw materials and materials) according to the data of the previous period (07/01/200(X-1)-01/01/200X):

Let's determine the turnover ratio of inventory 1 of work in progress according to the data of the previous period (07/01/200(X-1)-01/01/200X):

We find C K1-01.07.200X according to the dependence:

Let's determine the turnover ratio of inventory 1 of finished products and goods according to the data of the previous period (07/01/200(X-1)-01/01/200X):

We find C K1-01.07.200X according to the dependence:

We enter the obtained calculated values ​​into Table 5. We also enter the value C K-01.07.200X in the Balance (budget according to the balance sheet), Table 6.

Table 5. Forecast of MPZ i

Table 6. Balance (budget according to the balance sheet)

3.2.2 Accounts receivable forecast

To forecast accounts receivable, we apply the accounts receivable turnover ratio:

Then the projected balance of accounts receivable as of 07/01/200X will be equal to:

Based on these dependencies, we calculate the predicted balances as of 07/01/200X, i.e. From K-01.07.200X.

Table 7. Accounts receivable forecast

The accounts receivable turnover ratio according to the previous period is equal to:

Then the predicted balance of accounts receivable as of 07/01/200X, accurate to whole numbers, will be equal to:

We enter the obtained calculated values ​​into Table 7. We also enter the value C K-01.07.200X in the Balance (budget according to the balance sheet), Table 6.

3.2.3 Forecast of upcoming operations

Forecast No. 1 “Purchase of short-term financial investments.”

Initial data:

Balance at the beginning of the period, Appendix 3, C Н-01.01.200Х = 7 million rubles;

Receipts forecast for the period OB D = 15 million rubles. (balancing amount);

It is predicted to be disposed of during the period OB K = 12 million rubles. (book value).

Calculation of the balance at the end of the period C Н-01.07.200Х is calculated according to the dependence:

S Н-01.07.200Х = С Н-01.01.200Х + OB D – OB K = 7 + 15 – 12 = 10 million rubles.

The value of the value C K-01.07.200X is entered into the Balance (budget according to the balance sheet), table 6.

Forecast No. 2 “Cash flow from short-term investments”:

Initial data:

SFV= 20 million rubles;

Expense (book value of disposed financial investments), see forecast No. 1, C FV = 12 million rubles.

The profit from the sale of financial investments is calculated using the formula:

P PV = SFV– C FV = 20 – 12 = 8 million rubles.

We enter the value of the profit from the sale of financial investments P FV in Table 8.

Table 8. Continuation of the forecast budget of income and expenses for the period 01/01/200X-01/07/200X

Forecast No. 3 “Purchase of fixed assets”:

Initial data:

Balance at the beginning of the period, Appendix 3, С Н-01/01/200Х = 40 million rubles;

It is planned to calculate the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, Appendix 4:

the amount of depreciation of fixed assets for production purposes A OSB = 11 million rubles;

the amount of depreciation of fixed assets for production purposes A OSU = 6 million rubles;

total depreciation of fixed assets:

A OS = A OSP + A OSU = 11 + 6 = 17 million rubles;

It is planned to receive fixed assets during the period in an amount equal to OB DOS = 23 million rubles. (balancing amount);

is planned for disposal during the period of fixed assets in an amount equal to the OB of the waste disposal plant - 10 million rubles. (book value).

Let's calculate residual value fixed assets - balance at the end of the period, depending on:

S K-01.07.200Х = S Н-01.01.200Х +OB DOS – OB KOS – A OS=40+23–10–17= 36 million rubles.

The value of the value C K-01.07.200Х is entered into the Balance sheet (budget according to the balance sheet), table 6, italicized and underlined.

Forecast No. 4 “Cash flow from the sale of fixed assets.”

Initial data:

Income (revenue) from the sale of financial investments - incoming cash flow SOS= 4 million rubles;

Expense (book value of retired fixed assets), see forecast No. 3, COS= 10 million rubles.

Let's calculate the profit from the sale of fixed assets using the formula:

POS= SOS – COS= 4 – 10 = – 6 million rubles.

The value of profit from the sale of fixed assets POS put in table 8.

3.2.4 Net profit forecast

We determine profit before tax according to Table 8, namely:

R DN = R OP +PFV+ R OS= 38 + 8 – 6 = 40 million rubles.

We calculate income tax according to the dependence (the income tax rate is taken on the basis of Chapter 25 “Income Tax” of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) accurate to two decimal places:

HP =CHP* R DN / 100= 24 * 38 / 100 = 9.6 million rubles.

We find the organization’s net profit using the formula accurate to two decimal places:

NPW O= R DN – NR = R DN + (NR)= 40.0 – 9.6 = 30.4 million rubles.

The values ​​of certain quantities are entered in Table 8.

We determine retained earnings as of 07/01/200X, provided that all net profit remains at the disposal of the organization OB K = 30.4 million rubles, according to the following dependence:

S K-01.07.200X = S N-01.01.200X + OB K = 15.00 + 30.4 = 45.4 million rubles.

We enter the value C K-07/01/200X of retained earnings in Table 6.

After all operations have been completed, the Forecast balance (budget according to the balance sheet) has the following form, table 9. Column 4 has been added to the balance sheet, showing deviations From K-01.07.200X - From N-01.01.200X for each balance sheet item.

Table 9. Forecast balance (budget according to the balance sheet)

We combine Appendix 4 with Table 8. As a result of combining these tables, we obtain a forecast budget of income and expenses in the following form, Table 10.

Table 10. Forecast budget of income and expenses for the period 01/01/200X-01/07/200X

3.2.5 Net cash flow forecast

We will formulate the Cash Flow Budget using the indirect method in tabular form, Table 11.

Table 11. Cash flow budget forecast

3.2.6 Let’s create a Du Pont chart using the obtained net profit values

Calculated data:

Table 12. Du Pont diagram

Conclusion

Financial control is a set of actions to verify financial and related issues in the system of business entities. Financial control is one of the methods for managing the activities of business entities. Financial control reflects the movement of financial resources in the economic system of the state and completes the stage of financial management. Financial control at the same time is a necessary condition for effective management. Monitoring the state of the economy, the development of socio-economic processes in society are common system control, the most important element of which is financial control. Finance objectively has the ability to express all aspects of production activity in any field, therefore, financial control must be comprehensive and continuous. The control function is a property of finance, and financial control is a function of the relevant financial authorities. The object of financial control is financial indicators. They regulate the process of formation, distribution, redistribution and use of financial resources (indicators of cost, profitability, profitability). The purpose of financial control is to study and analyze financial indicators and options for the effective use of financial resources. A necessary condition for the effectiveness of financial control is correct accounting. State financial control applies only to parts of the public finance system. Financial control, which is carried out in the sphere of material production and private enterprises, is carried out by the owners of these enterprises themselves. In this case, financial control is very strict, since the result of the enterprise’s activities depends on it. An independent element of financial control is audit control, which is carried out by qualified accountants and auditors. In the Russian Federation, audit services are united into an association of auditors. There are internal and external audits. Intra-company audit is aimed at increasing the efficiency of making management decisions to improve the economic activities of the enterprise. Its goal is to increase the profit of the enterprise. External audits are carried out by audit services under contracts with the State Tax Inspectorate, banks, insurance companies, and foreign partners. The objectives of audit control are as follows:

Conducting financial due diligence;

Conducting inspections and audits of financial and economic activities;

Control over income subject to taxation;

Accounting consulting for companies.

The purpose of audit control is to prevent economic violations. Audit services guarantee confidentiality and preservation of trade secrets. In case of violation of the law, the auditor is obliged to report this to the relevant services. Audit firms are economically independent from the state. An audit firm is required to obtain a license to conduct its activities. Each audit firm has its own charter, and their activities are coordinated by the Audit Chamber of Russia.

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Annex 1

Aggregated balance sheet of OJSC "Olympia" (Budget according to the balance sheet)

Appendix 2

Profit and loss statement of OJSC "Olympia" (budget of income and expenses)

Gross profit from sales of products (works, services):

PV = Revenue - Cost = 270 - 175 = 95 million rubles.

Profit from sales of products (works, services):

PR = PV - (Commercial expenses + Administrative expenses) =

95 - (22 + 35) = 38 million rubles.

Appendix 3

Balance (budget according to balance sheet)

Appendix 4

Forecast budget of income and expenses for operating activities for the period 01/01/200X-01/07/200X

Appendix 5

Initial data on current assets for the BBL forecast

Appendix 6

Budget of income and expenses for the previous period 07/01/200(X-1)-01/01/200X

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Nelyubova N.N., Sazonov S.P. Finance. - Volgograd: Publishing house. VolSU, 2001. - P. 18.

Shidlovskaya M.S. Financial control and audit: Textbook. Mn.: Higher School, 2001 – P. 142.

Audit and revision. Ed. Bely I.N. – Minsk: MISANTA, 1994. - P. 195.

Milyakov N.V. Finance: Textbook. - M.: INFRA_M, 2004. - P. 49.

Milyakov N.V. Finance: Textbook. - M.: INFRA_M, 2004. - P. 56.

Terekhov A.A., Terekhov M.A. Control and audit: Basic methodological techniques and technology. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1998. - P. 244.

Milyakov N.V. Finance: Textbook. - M.: INFRA_M, 2004. - P. 57.

Anikeev I.M., Anikeeva I.S. Fundamentals of financial audit. – Mn.: Belmarket, 1995 – P. 14.

Labyntsev N.P. Audit: theory, methodology and practice. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1998. - 244 p.

Milyakov N.V. Finance: Textbook. - M.: INFRA_M, 2004. - P. 58.