Average monthly salary: calculation, formula. How to calculate the average salary Average salary level by year

Each employee during employment has the right to familiarize himself with the system of monetary motivation and remuneration, as well as with the conditions, which stipulate all the rights and obligations of the parties, the amount of wages, the terms of its payment, etc. After reading the terms of the contract, the applicant will know his rights and obligations , what problematic issues may arise and how to behave in various situations (for example,).

Features of labor legislation

Salary calculations in 2016 are regulated by Article 139 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and the Regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2007 (with periodic amendments). In accordance with labor legislation, basic and additional wages are calculated, all payments and compensations are carried out.

The salary (as one of the cost items) should be reflected in the enterprise’s accounting and include the following points:

• payroll (basic and additional);
• deductions from the patch;
• accrual of mandatory contributions to various funds ( social insurance, unemployment, accidents);
• payment of accrued wages to staff;
• deduction of contributions to funds within the time limits specified by tax legislation.

All transactions related to wages are included in the 70th account, all postings are made on the last day of the month.

Key features of payroll accounting:

• The need for continuous maintenance (daily, monthly) of timesheets for each employee (manually, automatically).
• Maintaining a personal account for each employee reflecting all accruals and deductions.
• Maintaining payroll records in which employees sign for receipt of all payments due to them.

List of documents and regulations that regulate the work of an accountant who pays wages to staff:

• internal labor regulations;
• collective agreement;
• provisions on material incentives and remuneration;
• staffing table of the enterprise;
• contract of employment;
• local regulations.

Calculation of the average monthly salary of an employee

Calculation of the average monthly salary of an employee will be required to calculate the following payments according to established formulas:

• average monthly salary in accordance with official salary;
• vacation pay and compensation for unused vacation;
• remuneration during periods of downtime (technological, other), which may arise through the fault of the employer, in the event of force majeure circumstances (natural disasters, fires, etc.);
• severance benefits that must be paid to the employee upon termination of the employment contract, dismissal by agreement of the parties, and other items;
• sick leave and other temporary disability benefits;
• travel allowances

Calculation of the average monthly salary may also be required in cases where an employee personally requests information about the amount of his salary, payments and accruals.

Advice: if you do not want to face the problem of non-payment of wages in the promised amount or other discrimination on the part of the employer, enter into an employment contract with the head of the company where you are employed. This document will provide you with the opportunity to assert your rights in the event of problematic situations.

Payroll formula

In order to calculate an employee's wages, an accountant uses a time sheet to record his working hours. Monetary remuneration can be calculated based on the salary established by the enterprise’s staffing table with additional allowances for length of service, qualifications, labor productivity, or on a piece-rate basis.

Formula for calculating salary based on salary

Salary month = Kd * Sd, Where

• Salary month – monthly salary accrued;
• Kd – the number of working days actually worked (in accordance with the report card);
• SD – daily tariff rate. When calculating the hourly rate, this indicator is multiplied by the number of hours worked per month.

For example, according to an employment contract, an employee must receive 100 rubles per hour for his work. He worked 180 hours, and his remuneration should be 100 * 180 = 18,000 rubles. Salaried employees who have worked for a full month receive 100% of the established rate. If they work fewer days than required under the contract, their wages are adjusted according to the hours actually worked. After calculating the salary, the amount is reduced by 13% of personal income tax and issued to the employee (in cash or on a personal card).

Calculation of average wages (formula)

Average monthly salary = average salary / t average monthly., Where

• t monthly average – is the average number of days of each month;
• Average salary (basic salary for each month + additional salary for each month) / 12/ 29.3) – average daily salary of the employee; Salary basic every month. – basic salary for 12 months (the basic salary includes payment in the amount of the official salary, according to tariffs (hourly tariff rates) or piecework; 29.3 – the approved average number of working days per month; additional salary for each month – additional salary payment for the same period (such a fund includes all kinds of additional payments: allowances, bonuses, remunerations, overtime rates, overtime, night and holiday allowances, etc.).

An example of calculating the salary of an employee who is entitled to vacation pay

Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich worked all 12 months in 2015, and in January 2016 he decided to take a vacation. The accountant needs to calculate the average monthly salary for this employee in order to accrue vacation pay to him. Ivanov works as an engineer, receiving a salary without additional payments and bonuses in the amount of 40,000 rubles. The average approved number of days in a month is 29.3, but since Ivanov has a stable salary without additional payments, we take a rate of 40,000 rubles. Z avg.days = 40,000 / 29.3 = 1365.18 rubles.

The accountant multiplies the average daily earnings by the number of vacation days and thus forms the amount of vacation pay for I.I. Ivanov.

If Ivanov decides to quit after working a period without vacation (although he is already entitled to it), the accountant will have to.

Some features of calculating the average salary

When calculating wages, the average daily wage is calculated, which does not include days of absence from work and days on which social benefits were accrued (sick leave, periods of pregnancy and child care, etc.). If a woman went on maternity leave, then her average monthly salary will be calculated by periods before going on maternity leave.

When calculating many types of benefits to employees, the average salary is used. Let's look at how to calculate the average salary for a year and in what cases it is required.

Why is the average salary needed?

The Labor Code provides for payment “according to the average” in many situations. They can be generally described as deviations from the usual operating procedures. The most common options in which you need to know how to calculate average earnings for the year are as follows:

1. Payment of vacation pay or compensation for unused vacation (Articles 114, 126, 127 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).
2. Off-the-job training (Article 167 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation)
3. Being on a business trip (Article 167 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).
4. Calculation of the amount of severance pay (Article 178 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Regulatory framework and basic calculation rules

A more detailed calculation algorithm, taking into account various situations, is given in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 24, 2007 No. 922.

The main rule of calculation is to use information on income and hours worked for the 12 months preceding the billing period.

All payments determined by average earnings are calculated based on average daily earnings. But the procedure for determining it differs for different categories of payments. There are two approaches to calculation - for vacation pay (vacation compensation) and in all other cases.

To pay vacation pay, if vacation is provided in calendar days, the average annual number of calendar days per month is used - 29.3. There are also two options here:

1. If the billing period (year) has been worked out in full, then the income for the period (payroll) is divided by the established number of days multiplied by 12

SZ = FOT / (12 x 29.3)

1. If the period was partially worked out, then to determine the number of days, the product of 29.3 days is added to the number of “full” months (Mn) and the sum of calendar days falling on “incomplete” months (Dn).

SZ = FOT / (Mp x 29.3 + Dn)

Days falling in partial months are defined as:

Day = 29.3 / Km x Ko, where

Km – number of calendar days in the corresponding month

Ko – the number of calendar days corresponding to the time worked.

If vacation is provided in working days, then the amount of income is divided by the number of working days falling on the period worked, based on a 6-day working week.

In all other cases of calculation not related to vacation pay or compensation for vacation, the total payroll for the period is divided by the number of days or hours actually worked (if hourly accounting of working time):

SZ = FOT / D (H)

Example 1

Engineer Ivanov A.P. in February 2018 I wrote an application for leave. His income for the previous 12 months amounted to 520 thousand rubles. Let's assume that Ivanov A.P. During this period I was not on vacation and was not sick. Then the entire amount of income will be used for calculations and Ivanova I.P.’s vacation pay. will be calculated based on the following average daily earnings:

SZ = 520,000 / (12 x 29.3) = 1478.95 rubles.

Example 2

Now let's use the conditions of the previous example and assume that Ivanov was on sick leave for two weeks during June 2017 and received payment according to sick leave in the amount of 20 thousand rubles. Then the amount used for calculation will be equal to

Payroll = 520 thousand rubles. – 20 thousand rubles. = 500 thousand rubles.

And the number of days must be determined as

D = Dp + Dn = 11 months. x 29.3 + 29.3 / 30 days. x 15 days = 322 days + 15 days = 337 days

SZ = 500,000 rub. / 337 days =1483.68 rub.

The calculation is made in the same way if the employee is on vacation, maternity leave, etc. during the billing period.

What payments and in what order are included in the calculation?

The inclusion of bonus payments is associated with certain features and depends on the period for which the bonus is accrued:

1. For monthly bonuses, no more than one bonus of each type per month is included in the calculation. For example, for a sales manager this could be a bonus for exceeding the revenue plan and for attracting new clients.
2. If the bonus period is more than a month, but less than or equal to the billing period (year), then bonuses are taken into account in the same way as monthly ones, i.e. in full. The same applies to a lump sum payment for length of service. For example, a quarterly bonus is used to determine how to calculate the average salary for 3 months, and an annual bonus is used to determine how to calculate the average monthly salary for a year.
3. If the period for which the premium is accrued exceeds the calculation period, then the monthly part of the premium for each month of the calculation period is taken into account.

In the event that the billing period has not been fully worked out, the inclusion of bonuses depends on the order in which they are calculated. If the bonus was calculated in proportion to the time worked, then it is included in full. If the procedure for calculating the bonus payment does not depend on working hours, then its amount is included in the calculation in proportion to the actual working time.

If during the billing period or payment period there was an increase in wages, payments “on average” are also subject to indexation. The procedure for calculating the average salary for the year in this case depends on the period when the salary increased:

1. If the increase occurred during the reporting period, then income for each month of the period is indexed. The coefficient is defined as the ratio of the increased salary (tariff) to the corresponding indicators of the billing months.
2. If the salary was increased at the end of the billing period, but before the start of the “average” payment period, then it is not the initial data that is indexed, but the final indicator - earnings per day.
3. If the increase occurred after the start of “average” payments, then daily earnings also increase, but not from the beginning of the payment period, but from the date of the increase.

Income not included in the calculation and calculation in the absence of income

The following categories of income are not included in the calculation:

1. Various social payments (material assistance, food compensation, etc.).
2. Payments for the period when an employee, for one reason or another, is released from work with an “average” pay. In this case, not only payments are excluded from the calculation, but also the period:

• being in maternity leave or on sick leave;
• additional days off to care for a disabled child;
• other cases when the employee retains the average salary in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

It is possible that an employee did not receive a salary during the pay period. In this case, the following options are considered sequentially:

1. If the employee had income for the previous 12 months, then this period is used. The procedure for calculating average earnings for 2 years is similar to the calculation for a year.
2. If there was no income either in the calculation period or in previous periods, then income for the current month is taken.
3. If income for the current period has not yet been accrued, then the calculation of payment “on average” is made based on the salary or tariff.

Conclusion

The average salary is calculated in cases where the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for payments in favor of employees for unworked time or when the work schedule changes. In a standard situation, it is calculated on the basis of income and actual time worked over the last 12 months.

At the beginning of 2008, when no one had yet imagined a global economic crisis, ex-president Russia's Dmitry Medvedev mentioned that since the beginning of the new millennium, Russians' salaries have been growing steadily. GDP growth over the same period was much more modest. Not only Dmitry Anatolyevich drew attention to the fact that labor productivity needs to be increased, and the next increase in wages can be delayed. Let us recall that in 2004 it was $242 (6,740 rubles at that time), in 2008 - $588 (17,290 rubles).

However, the question of why wages are so low in Russia was asked then and continues to be asked now. On a direct line with the president - in a unique format of interaction between the head of state and ordinary citizens - issues of the domestic economy (wages, jobs, youth employment) became one of the main topics in 2002, 2005, 2008; in 2014-2017, discussions were held annually. After the crisis and during the period of sanctions, the authorities admitted that wages in Russia are low.

The Hard Nineties

Why are salaries in Russia small and, in general, are they small, objectively speaking? In the nineties, the standard of living of most Russians was determined solely by wages and social benefits; there was no talk of any additional income. And the charts of average salaries (especially in rubles) were distinguished by either rapid rises or crushing falls - a deep economic crisis is evident.

In April 1991, the average for Russians was 495 rubles ($341 at the average annual rate corresponding to the time), in December of the same year - 548 rubles ($101.6 US). For this amount at the beginning of the year one could buy 219 kg of potatoes (at prices then), at the end - 182.6 kg. Further - worse. In 1992 average salary was 5995 rubles or almost $24, in 1993 - 58.6 thousand rubles or $140, in 1994 - 220 thousand rubles or about 67 dollars.

If we talk about the percentage of wages compared to the level of 1991 (before reforms), then in 1992 incomes were about 68%, in 1995 - about 45%. The largest drawdown in the graph was observed in 1999, when the level of wages of the population stopped at approximately 32-35% of income in 1991. Experts say that in the nineties the standard of living of the population decreased by 1.5-2 times - to the levels of the sixties.

Non-payment of wages

At the same time, there were also non-payments of wages. This negative process affected the majority of the population (60% of workers) in all regions of Russia and most sectors of the economy. The maximum level of debt (69%) was observed in the north-west of the country; debts were slightly lower in the Far East (67.9%), in the Urals and North Caucasus (65.7-65.6%), in the Volga region (66%) . In Moscow and St. Petersburg, the debt amounted to almost 32%.

Trend for improvement

The fact that improvements were coming could have been said already at the end of 1998 - beginning of 1999. Demand for domestic goods, production volume increased, exports increased in physical volumes. By the beginning of the new millennium, there was an increase in real incomes of the population. According to official statistics, the number of Russian citizens living below the poverty line has also decreased. If in 2000 this stratum of the population was almost 30%, then by 2009 the poor became 13%.

According to official data, since 1992, wages in Russia have been constantly increasing in rubles (the graph is presented below). But the domestic currency was not stable in its exchange rate. The next decrease in wages in dollars occurred during the global economic year, then in 2012-2014. The last time the decline was due to the global fall in oil prices, the Ukrainian crisis and sanctions against Russia.

Brief overview of average salaries

Today the average salary in Russia (2017) after deduction income tax is 30.8 thousand rubles. The minimum wage since June of this year is 7,800 rubles, the living wage for able-bodied citizens is 10,187 rubles. But Russia is too big a country to talk only about general figures - salaries, the cost of goods, and the standard of living in general vary significantly across regions.

The highest salaries in Russia by industry

In 2015, the highest salaries were in oil and gas industry, financial analysts, mining and transportation industry.

In 2016, the highest average salaries remained in the mining industry - 71 thousand rubles, in the fuel energy sector - 80.9 thousand rubles, and in mining - 51.2 thousand rubles. This, by the way, is the usual salary for a janitor in Germany.

In the transport field, the average monthly remuneration is 42.5 thousand. A driver of special equipment earns about 60 thousand, a loader - 46 thousand, a forwarder - 43 thousand, a mechanic - 40 thousand rubles. The driver's salary is 29 thousand rubles.

Civil servants earn an average of 40 thousand monthly - this applies to department heads and middle managers. Top management can be content with much higher salaries - about 68 thousand - almost like those of specialists working in the mining industry. The salaries of public sector employees in Russia are much lower.

Executives in almost every industry earn above average. So, for example, chief physicians, private doctors and pharmacy directors can count on 65 thousand, senior managers in the hotel and restaurant business - 60-64 thousand rubles, foremen, foremen, construction and dismantling workers - 50-58 thousand rubles.

Other high paying professions:

1. Highly specialized specialists. Workers with a narrow specialization and practical experience find it more difficult to find work, but their salaries are significantly higher than those of ordinary employees. For example, the salary of civil aviation pilots in Russia is almost 300 thousand rubles with a flight time of 85 hours per month.
2. Programmers, system administrators and developers. In the nineties, there was a shortage of such specialists and an outflow of personnel abroad; now the market has not been saturated with highly qualified IT specialists. There is still a shortage of professionals. The average salary of a programmer is from 60 thousand rubles.
3. Internal communications managers. Large companies need such specialists. Their responsibilities include ensuring contact between management and ordinary employees, ensuring loyal relationships between employees, developing a corporate style, project work, and so on. Professionals with experience can receive 100-250 thousand monthly.
4. Accountants are considered highly paid employees, but this requires specialized higher education, three years of work experience, and the ability to navigate the laws. Corporations are ready to pay highly qualified specialists 350 thousand rubles.
5. A young practicing lawyer can count on 35 thousand, more experienced colleagues earn 150 thousand per month.
6. Sales and purchasing managers, logisticians, marketers, auditors. In the first case, it is necessary to understand the psychology of the consumer, the characteristics of the product, in the second, you need to know the customs system and logistics. Any specialist needs experience and professional education. The average salary is 25-50 thousand.

Lowest salaries by industry

The number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level in 2016 amounted to almost 20 million people (13.5% of the country’s population). The average salary of doctors in Russia (as well as social workers and teachers) increased by only 5% in 2016, in agriculture, textile production, forestry and hunting - 10%.

In manufacturing, seamstresses, craftsmen, technologists, and specialists receive from 16 (clothing, textiles) to 32 (pulp and paper industry) thousand rubles. In food products, specialists can count on 28.8 thousand, manufacturers of footwear and leather products - 20.5 thousand, furniture, wooden goods - 22 thousand.

Ancillary workers and some representatives of blue-collar professions earn within the same limits, although here too everything depends on many factors. The salary of a turner in Russia is 15-20 thousand rubles. But a specialist who has clearances and work experience can count on 30-40 thousand or more. The highest paid are considered to be employees (about 60 thousand monthly) who are ready to work in shifts.

You have to be content with small salaries in the hotel and hotel business. Administrators, waiters, receptionists and maids receive from 20 to 25 thousand rubles monthly. Chefs earn a little more - 34 thousand.

Salaries of education workers, medicine, law enforcement officers

The situation in the medical industry is not rosy. Laboratory assistants have to make do with 14 thousand rubles a month, pharmacists and pharmacists - 24 thousand, nurses and junior medical staff - 19-23 thousand. They earn little more in education. The average salary of a teacher in Russia is 26.7 thousand rubles, but this is really very average data.

The salary of a janitor in Russia is on average 15 thousand rubles according to official data, but in practice such workers can receive only 3 to 6 thousand. How much do technicians and some housing office workers earn? In this area, the highest paid job is considered to be the job of managing a homeowners association or housing and communal services - 46-66 thousand rubles.

In the Ministry of Internal Affairs (like many teachers or doctors), the majority of wages are made up of various individual bonuses - for higher education, length of service, having an officer rank, dangerous working conditions, and so on. The average salary of a police officer is 30 thousand rubles. The bonus for conscientious service can be from half the salary or more, for the risk to life and health - up to 100% of the salary, for special conditions (for snipers or cryptographers, for example) - up to 30% of the employee’s salary without allowances.

Thus, the salary of a police officer who conscientiously serves, works in special conditions and has devoted more than 25 years to work, can be about 70 thousand. This is also without taking into account military rank, higher education, professional development and performance indicators. Salaries in the Ministry of Internal Affairs are difficult to calculate statistically, since many variables influence the final amount.

Why is it “bad for everyone”

From the statistics it is clear that the average salary of an ordinary employee allows him to provide him with a normal standard of living. But why then does everyone claim that wages in Russia are low? And why are they so different? official statistics and other data: statistics from open sources, population surveys?

Most likely, the fact is that those who get enough will not speak out much, since everything suits them. But people who have to be content with low salaries speak, as a rule, on behalf of everyone. That’s why one gets the impression that “it’s bad for everyone.” But actually it is not.

Russian and European salaries

They especially like to mention low wages in Russia and European wages. The lowest salaries by European standards are in Romania ($684), Bulgaria ($591), Latvia ($1039), Lithuania ($867), Hungary ($1129). They receive the most in the Scandinavian countries ($4700-5800), France, Belgium, Austria, and Germany. A little less - in Slovenia, Spain, Greece and Cyprus (on average $2,500).

The salary of a police officer in Lithuania (salary only) is more than $800, in France a trainee receives almost $2,000, and in Slovenia - $1,100. By the way, rallies are held quite often in Slovenia. The protesters are demanding a raise and are also dissatisfied with insufficient salaries.

Truck drivers in Scandinavian countries earn $25-30 per hour, while the average driver in France earns $600 or more monthly. The salary of a public bus driver in Germany is a minimum of $1,500. A tram driver receives $3,500, a construction machine driver receives $3,200. The salary of a turner in Germany is 2.5-3.5 thousand dollars.

The monthly remuneration of a pilot in Germany is 5.8 thousand dollars. This is $800 more than the salary of civil aviation pilots in Russia.

Comparison of living standards

When comparing Russian salaries with European ones, another question is often forgotten - the cost of living in Russia cannot in any way be equal to the European one. According to statistics, Russians spend 27.7% of their salaries on food, in practice - half. This is how much the same figure is in different countries Europe:

1. Lithuania, 33.7%.
2. Bulgaria, 33.2%.
3. Croatia, 31.7%.
4. Montenegro, 31.6%
5. Romania, 31.5%.
6. Latvia, 28.2%.
7. Estonia, 27%.
8. Poland, 24.9%.
9. Hungary, 23.5%.
10. Slovakia, 20.7%.
11. Greece, 20.4%.
12. Czech Republic, 20.2%.
13. Italy, 19.5%.
14. France, 16.4%.
15. Spain, 15.1%.
16. Iceland, 14.9%.
17. Slovenia, 14.3%.
18. Sweden, 13.5%.
19. Portugal, 13.3%.
20. Belgium, 13.2%.
21. Germany, 12.8%.
22. Finland, 12.7%.
23. Cyprus, 12.3%.
24. Ireland, 12.2%.
25. Austria, 12.1%.
26. Norway, 11.8%.
27. Switzerland, 11.5%.
28. UK, 11%.
29. Denmark, 10.6%.
30. Netherlands, 10%.

The leader is Luxembourg, whose citizens spend 8.6% of their total monthly income on food.

The cost of living in Europe is much higher than in Russia, and high salaries do not always “cover” all necessary expenses.

Nearest neighbors by GDP

So why are salaries low in Russia? In fact Russian salaries not at all low (there is a constant increase in remuneration for labor), but corresponding to reality. And it is much more reasonable to compare Russia with its closest neighbors, but not even geographically, but in financial terms - with its neighbors in terms of gross domestic product.

According to the International Monetary Fund, GDP per capita in Russia is 26.5 thousand dollars. The indicator provides the Russian Federation with 48th place in the ranking. The closest neighbors in terms of GDP are:

1. Latvia, 24.7 thousand dollars.
2. Greece, 26.3 thousand
3. Hungary, 26.5 thousand
4. Poland, 26.6 thousand
5. Kazakhstan, 24.9 thousand

Malaysia ($26.2 thousand), Antigua and Barbuda ($24.2 thousand), Saint Kitts and Nevis (25.1 thousand), Seychelles (26.3 thousand) and other countries are not taken into account, comparison with which for Russia are at least strange and incomprehensible.

So, in Hungary, for example, with the same level of GDP per capita, the average salary is $600 per month, in Russia the same figure is $589. Hungarians working in the automotive industry earn an average of $1,500, Russians - $750. Low-skilled workers in Hungary can count on $600 per month (just over 35 thousand rubles), highly qualified specialists - on $1,200 (72 thousand rubles).

It would seem that there are higher wages, but here it’s time to remember European prices. In Hungary, for example, you can rent a one-room apartment in the city center for at least 15 thousand rubles in national currency, in a residential area - for 7 thousand. The cost of housing and communal services - from 2 thousand rubles in summer to 10 thousand rubles in winter. The situation is the same with other expenses.

We can conclude that the question of why wages are low in Russia becomes simply incorrect, because if we compare the Russian economy with the economies of European countries that are similar in basic indicators, Russians do not live in poverty at all, but at a quite decent level. Although, of course, one cannot deny that there are problems in Russia.

The average salary indicator allows us to trace the positive or negative dynamics of growth in the well-being of the population in the country.

Although the average statistical calculation cannot reflect the real situation regarding various segments of the population, it makes it possible to compare the existing income with the minimum indicators that are necessary to maintain life and improve everyday life.

Statistics record in 2018 a significant increase in both the average salary in Russia and the entire country’s economy. However, it should be noted that different regions of the country have significantly different figures from each other, which cannot but affect the standard of living of a particular district. Regular calculations of average indicators allow not only to compare data, but also to respond to identified changes.

The average salary in Russia is an unstable indicator; its value is influenced by various factors, both external and internal. A significant increase in this indicator occurred after changes were introduced in the calculation of the average value. Previously, when calculating, only the salary was taken into account, that is, the established basis, which is accrued to workers under any conditions. Now, to obtain the average statistical figure, a more expanded range of data is taken, which also includes allowances and bonuses.

The average salary affects all economically significant values. In addition, minimum size wages and the cost of living are in some way codependent with this indicator.

The dependence is expressed as follows:

1. The state establishes a living wage, which is formed on the basis of the food basket and vital goods, the purchase of which allows one to meet the minimum human needs. The cost of living is set on average for the country, but can be adjusted depending on the region.
2. Based on the PM, the minimum wage is established. It should be mentioned that previously these indicators did not depend on each other, and the minimum wage was often less than the minimum wage. In 2018, they decided to eliminate this difference.
3. The minimum wage is the value below which the employer cannot set when setting wages for employees.

Thus, both the cost of living and the minimum wage directly affect the average wage in the country, although they are not formed only from them. Employers have the right to set their own salaries and tariff rates, but cannot set them below the allowed minimum. PM and minimum wage are regularly indexed to the amounts of established inflation, which also increases the average indicators.

Comparison with salary levels in other countries

According to the results summed up for 2017, Russia is in 66th place in the global ranking of countries in terms of average salary.

The final figures for 2018 have not yet been summed up, but the current trend suggests an increase in the level in this rating by several points. Nevertheless, today, out of those taken by Eurostat, 157 countries of the world Russian Federation is not in the worst position, but, unfortunately, not in a very enviable position either.

Average salaries in the world are as follows (data in US dollars):

1. Switzerland is considered one of the highest paying countries, with an average income per capita of the working population of $6,300.
2. In Norway the average is 4,800.
3. USA – 4,500.
4. Germany – 4,300.
5. Japan – 4,100.
6. South Korea – 2,700.
7. Poland – 1,480.
8. Greece – 1,320.
9. Estonia – 1,280.
10. Slovakia – 1,050.
11. Russia – 700.
12. Belarus – 430.
13. Ukraine – 290.

Most countries of the former CIS exist within the range of 100-400 USD. income per month. And the most difficult situation is observed in African countries, where the standard of living is so low that the average income is $50 per month.

Changes in wages by year

The amount of wages is steadily growing. To monitor the growth rate, let’s compare two indicators - the minimum wage and the average salary in Russia.

Over the past 10 years, the minimum wage has changed as follows:

1. 2009 – 4,330 rub.
2. 2011 – 4 611.
3. 2013 – 5 205.
4. 2014 – 5 554.
5. 2015 – 5 965.
6. 2016 – 6,204, and later 7,500.
7. 2017 – 7 800.
8. From 01/01/2018 – 9,489.
9. From 05/01/2018 it will be increased to 11,163.

Figures for average wages also grew and changed:

1. 2009 – 18,755 rub.
2. 2010 – 20 880.
3. 2011 – 23 370.
4. 2012 -26 820.
5. 2013 – 29 795.
6. 2014 – 32 587.
7. 2015 – 33 876.
8. 2016 – 36 203.
9. 2017 – 37 100.

The planned increase in the minimum wage in May 2018 will significantly affect the increase in the average income of a Russian, but do not forget that prices are rising along with wages. Most often, the inflation rate is not fully compensated by the minimum indicators.

Another significant disadvantage of the increases is the fact that prices rise throughout the year, and compensation is assigned only at the end of the year, which undoubtedly introduces a dissonance between real income and the amount of living expenses.

Salary indicators

Speaking about average statistical data, it is difficult to imagine the situation more specifically, so Rosstat considers these indicators in narrower spectra.

The earnings indicator is affected by:

1. The region of the Russian Federation under consideration.
2. An industry in which employees work.
3. The significance of the city itself, whether it is a regional, district center or an ordinary small village.

Personal qualities of workers and acquired knowledge also affect income levels:

1. The profession often determines the initial minimum income levels, which can subsequently be increased with due diligence.
2. Work experience increases the level of qualification of both the worker and the employee, and therefore can affect payment.
3. Achievements in work also allow you to add additional payments to your existing salary.

The above personal characteristics are difficult to summarize in statistical tables, but, of course, the higher the labor consciousness of citizens and the higher the desire to provide themselves and their children with a decent future, the better the performance of both the individual and the country as a whole.

By industry

Not all industries are highly profitable, and therefore belonging to one or another sector of production often determines the amount of income.

Rosstat provides the following data on industries in the Russian Federation:

1. Fuel energy, including the processing of fuel resources and their direct supply to the consumer, is in the lead with indicators of 80 thousand rubles.
2. Financial activity – 73,000.
3. The extractive industry, which is mostly represented by oil and gas companies, has an average salary of about 70 thousand rubles.
4. Fishing – 55,000.
5. Extraction of other minerals (except oil and gas) – 51,000.
6. Transport sectors occupy fourth position - 43,000.
7. Real estate sector – 42,500.
8. Public sector – 40,000.
9. Electric power industry – 37,500.
10. Manufacturing production – 35,000.
11. Construction – 32,000.
12. Provision of utilities – 31,500.
13. Healthcare – 29,500.
14. Education – 29,000.
15. Trade – 28,700.
16. Hotel and restaurant business – 22,000.
17. Agriculture – 21,700.

The data presented clearly demonstrate that oil workers and financiers can boast of the highest incomes, but Agriculture, unfortunately, is among the most lagging behind, although, undoubtedly, it is no less important for the country.

By region

The Russian Federation is too large to evaluate as a whole.

Regions differ in their weather conditions, population, and industries. All this together affects the level of income of citizens living there. Therefore, all average indicators are often presented not for Russia as a whole, but for individual regions.

At the beginning of 2018, the spread of average wages by region is as follows:

1. In Central Federal District, which includes Moscow and the Moscow region - 49,390 rubles.
2. Northwestern Federal District, including St. Petersburg - 44,178.
3. South – 28,294.
4. North Caucasus - 23,081.
5. Privolzhsky - 28,294.
6. Ural - 44,178.
7. Siberian - 33,878.
8. Far Eastern – 44,178.

Each district covers vast territories, so there are also significant variations in average statistical indicators within.

By city

Official statistics provide calculations of the average salary for each city in the Russian Federation separately, but we will present this data in separate blocks from the richest to the lowest income.

So, the 10 leaders of the Russian Federation in terms of average income are represented by the following cities and districts:

1. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 70,620.
2. Moscow – 66,880.
3. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - 61,930.
4. Chukotsk – 56,100.
5. Magadan – 55,880.
6. Sakha – 53,460.
7. Sakhalin - 51,260.
8. Kamchatka - 50,600.
9. Tyumen – 50 160.
10. St. Petersburg – 45,430.

Lowest incomes in:

1. Dagestan – 17,270.
2. Kemerovo -17,490.
3. Novosibirsk – 17,600.
4. Smolensk – 20,020.
5. Kalmykia and Tver – 20,130.

The data show that the spread of wages across cities varies significantly and Moscow and those regions that are engaged in oil and gas production and fishing are considered the most profitable.

Problem with payments in envelopes

Unemployment and black wages significantly reduce the average income of the population. Often, lack of employment does not mean lack of income; people work unofficially, which undoubtedly harms not only themselves, but also society. Illegal payments of earnings Money Not only do they not allow us to correctly calculate the overall figures, the problem with black and gray amounts is the lack of taxes deducted from them.

It would seem that paying taxes in Pension Fund or not to pay is a personal matter, each person decides for himself whether he wants to think about his old age or not. However, black income is reflected in the overall replenishment of the country’s budget, because employers also do not deduct taxes on these amounts. Interruptions in budget allocations affect all segments of the population, from newborn babies to pensioners. Each socially protected group of the population receives the required support from the budget and the greater the influx of funds into it, the higher the benefits assigned. In addition, people with illegal income cannot obtain a salary certificate, which is often needed when applying for bank loans.

The highest paying professions

The choice of profession often decides a person’s future life. Each era dictates its own conditions, and in different years, different specialties were held in high esteem in the country and in the world.

Speaking about today, we can highlight many professions that are relevant and in demand; of course, the main criterion for assessing them is salary.

The highest paid professions for 2018:

1. Pilot – 62,000.
2. Air traffic controller - 57,000.
3. Web programmer – 47,000.
4. Lawyer – 40,000.
5. Economist - 37,500.
6. Dentist – 37,300.
7. Safety engineer – 37,000.
8. Designer - 36,700.
9. Gasman - 36,500.
10. Shakhtar – 36,400.
11. Chief physician - 33,750.
12. Auditor – 32,400.
13. Translator – 32,300.
14. Welder - 31,000.

These are not all in-demand professions, but they are undoubtedly the most highly paid.

Lowest paid professions

Contrary to popular belief that those who do not have any profession earn the least, this is not always the case.

The lowest paid professions are:

1. Librarian – 11,500.
2. Janitor - 14,000.
3. Watchman - 15,000.
4. Nanny kindergarten – 15 500.
5. Nurse – 20,000.
6. Security guard, courier – 24,000.
7. Loader – 25,000.
8. Seller, teacher - 26,000.

Of course, within each specified profession there are different payment options, but on average the situation with income according to these lines looks exactly like this.

Average salary calculation

The average salary is calculated not only to assess how a particular region lives, how an industry develops, or how the well-being of citizens increases. This indicator is widely used for various calculations.

The most common and striking examples of its application are:

1. Pension calculation.
2. Calculation of alimony.

To calculate pension

In 2018, pension benefits are calculated using the following formula:

Basic (social) part + insurance (earned) pension.

The social pension benefit is adopted as a general figure at the state level. It is calculated based on certain indicators and is regularly increased by a factor that depends on the established inflation level in the country. A citizen cannot influence the basic part with his personal indicators.

The insurance part of the pension is calculated as follows:

The amount of accumulated individual points * for the cost of 1 IPC.

The IPC amount is calculated based on two indicators:

1. Years worked during which insurance premiums were paid.
2. The arithmetic average between the income earned by the employee himself and the level recognized as the average at the time of calculation.

Conversion of average values ​​is carried out as points accumulate.

To withhold alimony

Alimony payments are assigned in two ways:

1. As a percentage of available income.
2. A stable amount.

Both rates are used to assign alimony for:

1. Minor children.
2. Disabled spouses.
3. Parents who are retired or have a disability group.

In practice, percentage deductions of alimony are made only for minor children. The following rates apply.

RIA Rating - 7 Dec. The severity of the problem of social stratification in Russia is quite noticeable. In general, many states face this problem, and Russia is no exception. In many respects, social stratification is a consequence of the difference in the level of income of the population, which is often determined by the differentiation of wages. The difference in the level of labor income is especially pronounced regionally. To determine these differences, RIA Rating experts, based on Rosstat data, conducted a study on the level and distribution of salaries in the regions of Russia and compiled a rating. The share of workers earning more than 100 thousand rubles per month (highly paid workers) was used as the main ranking indicator in the rating. In addition, such indicators as the share of low-paid workers (less than 10 thousand rubles per month), median salary and Gini coefficient were analyzed and presented in the ranking.

High salaries should be sought in the north and Moscow

In Russia as a whole, only 4.1% of workers can boast of a salary (net of personal income tax) of more than 100 thousand rubles per month. Such earnings in almost any situation allow us to talk about at least the average income of the worker, and often even relatively high, although high differentiation is also noticeable here. In the northern, remote regions and Moscow, many goods and services are noticeably more expensive, but even with higher prices, such a salary is decent by Russian standards.

Only 17 regions are characterized by the share of highly paid workers at a level above average, and the median value of this indicator across Russian regions is 1.5%.

The leaders in terms of the share of high salaries were the northern and Far Eastern regions, as well as Moscow. In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (ranking leader), almost 24% of workers earn more than 100 thousand rubles per month, while the share of low-paid vacancies is only 0.6%. The second place was taken by the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, where 21% of workers receive more than 100 thousand per month. Moscow is in third place in terms of the share of high salaries - 17%. In six more regions this share exceeds 10%: Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Kamchatka Territory and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and the Murmansk Region closes the top ten with a result of 8.1%.

Almost all of the leading regions in terms of the share of highly paid workers are remote regions (northern or Far Eastern), as well as the capital. Thus, despite all the economic and social transformations of recent decades, as in the Soviet period, the northern regions are still competitive in the labor market, even despite the loss of a number of Soviet benefits and preferences. The main business here is the extraction of all kinds of natural resources. It allows not only owners to receive high profits, but also to pay relatively high wages to hired workers.

In many ways, high salaries are compensatory, since the price level in the leading regions is quite high. However, not only the high cost of current consumption is compensated, but also the loss in comfort and quality of life due to harsh weather conditions and distance from other regions. High salaries in Moscow have a different explanation. The capital is home to large offices of almost all the largest Russian and foreign corporations; Moscow is the financial center of Russia; in addition, federal government bodies are located here, and companies belonging to areas with high labor productivity (IT, Internet business and others) are widely represented. All this determines that the majority of top managers and the highest paid employees work in the capital. At the same time, Moscow, unlike many other leading regions in terms of wages, is characterized by a relatively high share (1.5%) of workers with low wages (less than 10 thousand rubles per month) for the top five regions. As a result, the Moscow labor market is similar to examples of “American” capitalism - there are quite a lot of rich people here, but there are also a lot of residents who earn modest incomes. That is why Moscow is the leader in terms of the Gini coefficient (0.38), which indicates the maximum stratification of workers by wages among Russian regions.

At first glance, the wide representation of regions from central Russia among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with a minimal share of highly paid workers looks somewhat paradoxical. In addition to the national republics, which are historically characterized by high unemployment and low wages, regions with a minimal share of “rich” workers include: Pskov region, Oryol region, Bryansk region, Tambov region, Ivanovo region and Kirov region. In general, in 12 regions, including the six mentioned above, less than 0.7% of workers can boast of earning more than 100 thousand rubles per month. The absence of a large number of vacancies with high salaries in the regions of central Russia is most likely due to their relative proximity to Moscow. In this case, due to relatively good transport accessibility, the business can be managed from the capital, thus, the central offices are located in Moscow, where management is more comfortable to live, and the bulk of workers, with low salaries, are concentrated in these regions. In addition, many enterprising people who could become a businessman or a major leader have more opportunities to move to Moscow, which somewhat bleeds the surrounding regions. Moreover, in the regions directly bordering the Moscow region (Kaluga region, Tula region, Yaroslavl region, Tver region, Smolensk region and Vladimir region) there is already a process of relatively rapid formation of highly productive businesses focused on the Moscow market, which leads to an increase in the number of highly paid workers, and therefore leads to a higher position of these regions in the ranking.

In 9 regions, more than a quarter of workers receive less than 10 thousand rubles per month

In 9 regions of the country (8 national republics and the Altai Territory), the share of people receiving less than 10 thousand rubles per month exceeds 25%. The leader in the share of low-paid workers was Dagestan - 35%, and the second result was in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (30.5%).

In Russia as a whole, more than 11% of workers earn less than 10 thousand rubles per month. This is a significant social problem. As the results of the study showed, in 22 regions more than 20% of workers receive less than 10 thousand rubles per month.

At the same time, in a number of regions, mainly the Far Eastern and northern ones, there are almost no people who earn less than 10 thousand rubles a month. This is largely due to the fact that food prices and public utilities in the northern and Far Eastern regions are very high, and the possibilities for farming are severely limited by climatic conditions. This imposes certain obligations on employers, since in the case of very low wages, workers may simply die of hunger. Thus, the established minimum wages take into account the regional specifics of pricing.

The stratification of salaries in the regions of Russia is moderate, with the exception of a few regions

RIA Rating experts used the widely used Gini coefficient as an indicator of interregional salary differences. Varying in the range from 0 to 1, the Gini coefficient measures how unevenly income is distributed among different groups of the population, or in other words, how large is the stratification of society by income (in our case, by wages). So, if all citizens in a region receive the same salary, then the Gini coefficient will be zero, and as wage inequality grows, the coefficient will tend to 1.

The study yielded a number of quite interesting results. The undisputed leader in Russia in terms of the minimum value of the Gini coefficient is the Belgorod region. The Gini coefficient in this region is only 0.27, indicating a high degree of wage equality in the region. For comparison, the Republic of Belarus and many developed European countries have approximately the same coefficient. The low Gini coefficient characterizes the Belgorod region on the positive side, as it is observed against the backdrop of relatively rapid economic growth in the region in last years. As a rule, economic growth leads, on the contrary, to greater stratification (an example of this is China), but in this region it is transformed into an improvement in the well-being of a wide range of citizens.

In addition to the Belgorod region, a good level of relative salary equality is observed in the Republic of Mordovia (0.28). And in 9 regions (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Tula Region, Vladimir Region, Penza Region, Republic of Crimea, Tambov Region, Oryol Region) the Gini coefficient does not exceed 0.29. For the most part, with the exception of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, regions with a relatively low Gini coefficient are located at the bottom of the list in terms of the share of workers with salaries above 100 thousand rubles per month, that is, the relative equality of salaries here is explained by the absence of a noticeable number of rich people. This is not as good as if there were no poor in these regions, which the Nenets Autonomous Okrug can boast of. The situation is relatively good (low Gini coefficient with a good median salary) in the above-mentioned Belgorod region and Tula region.

At the other pole, that is, in the area of ​​high values ​​of the Gini coefficient, there are, for various reasons, both rich regions and relatively poor ones. Thus, the highest Gini coefficient for wages, as mentioned above, is observed in Moscow and the Sakhalin region. At the same time, the relatively high inequality of wages in these regions is not so significant by world standards. For comparison, approximately the same or even slightly higher Gini coefficient values ​​are observed in the USA and Turkey. The high Gini coefficient in Moscow is explained by understandable factors that have already been indicated earlier. At the same time, in Sakhalin, the development of oil and gas production in recent years has formed a significant group of workers who receive large salaries, however, redistribution to other sectors (as, for example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) and, accordingly, their workers have not yet occurred, which creates noticeable wage inequality in the region.

In addition to the two named regions of the leaders in inequality, a noticeable polarization of wages is observed in 5 more regions: Krasnoyarsk Territory, Transbaikal Territory, the Republic of Tyva, Astrakhan Region and Kostroma Region. And if in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Trans-Baikal Territory the situation is similar to the Moscow and Sakhalin regions, when there are a large number of highly paid workers and at the same time a significant number with low salaries, then in the remaining three regions (the Republic of Tyva, the Astrakhan region and the Kostroma region) high inequality is explained very a large number of low-paid workers, despite the fact that there are not many rich people there, that is, the situation with inequality in these three regions creates the preconditions for the aggravation of social problems.

The average Russian value of the Gini coefficient is relatively high level(0.37), which is largely explained not by inequality within regions, but by inequality between different regions. In general, wage inequality in Russia, according to the Gini coefficient, is approximately at the level of Japan or England. At the same time, the wage Gini coefficient in Russia as a whole is noticeably lower than the Gini coefficient calculated for income (0.41). This can be explained simply - for very rich people, salary is far from the only source of income; most of the wealth is formed through dividends, income on deposits, income from property ownership, etc. Therefore, the distribution of salaries in our country is both more uniform and, in a sense, more fair than the distribution of income and savings. This situation is generally typical for all countries.

It can be noted that there is a fairly close relationship between wage inequality and the unemployment rate. The higher the unemployment rate in a region, the higher the wage inequality. This can be explained by the fact that in regions with high unemployment, many people looking for work low estimate their chances of finding a good job with decent wages, and therefore agree to virtually any low-paid work. This is clearly visible in the example of the republics North Caucasus, where unemployment has fallen very significantly in recent years, but almost all new jobs are low-paid.

The difference between regions is shrinking

The results of the study showed the scale of territorial material stratification in Russia. The difference in the indicators of the richest and poorest regions of Russia is very large. The leading regions are characterized by a median salary (the level at which exactly 50% of workers in the region earn more than this level, and 50% - less) at the level of 53-59 thousand rubles, and in the poorest regions the average worker can only count on 14-15 thousand rubles per month. Thus, in the Republic of Dagestan, the median average salary is only 13.6 thousand rubles, which is 4.5 times less than the salary of the average worker in the most prosperous region.

In general, there are 14 regions in Russia with a median salary above 30 thousand rubles per month and 33 regions with a median monthly salary below 20 thousand rubles. On average in Russia, the median monthly take-home salary is approximately 25 thousand rubles.

Noteworthy is the ratio of the median wage to the cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services in the region. To a certain extent, this indicator allows us to take into account the difference in prices in different regions when comparing salaries. The minimum value of the ratio was recorded in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (only 1.3), and the maximum in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (3.6). Thus, taking into account the price level, the difference between the average worker in the richest region and the poorest is approximately 3 times.

It is noteworthy that according to this indicator, St. Petersburg (3.5) ranks second, and is noticeably ahead of Moscow (2.9), and the Leningrad region (3.2) is ahead of the Moscow region (2.5). Thus, it is much more profitable for the average worker to live in the northern capital than in Moscow, due to the noticeable high cost in the capital.

It is worth noting that there is a positive trend in reducing the difference between salaries in the regions. According to calculations by RIA Rating experts, over the past 4 years the difference between regions in terms of maximum and minimum median salaries has decreased from 4.6 times to 4.3 times, and the difference in median salaries between the 10th places from the beginning and end of the list has decreased from 2. 5 times to 2.25 times. Thus, inequality has been declining quite noticeably in recent years, but the crisis may have “helped” with this. Firstly, the slowdown in investment growth has increased the demand for labor due to less automation, and secondly, the salaries of highly paid specialists react more flexibly to business activity, while low-paid specialists face regulation (minimum wages, salaries in the social sector in connection with the May 2012 decrees of the year). Therefore, we can expect that when growth resumes Russian economy the difference between regions in wages may begin to grow again.

RIA Rating is a universal rating agency of the media group MIA "Russia Today", specializing in assessing the socio-economic situation of regions of the Russian Federation, the economic condition of companies, banks, economic sectors, countries. The main activities of the agency are: creating ratings of regions of the Russian Federation, banks, enterprises, municipalities, insurance companies, securities, and other economic entities; comprehensive economic research in the financial, corporate and government sectors.

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