The uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov took place in The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

The popular uprising of 1606-1607 led by I.I. Bolotnikova.

The performance was distinguished by its wide public coverage; representatives of both peasant and noble circles, as well as the Cossacks, took part in the uprising. The rebels managed to besiege Moscow in the fall of 1606, but after the noble part of the army went over to Shuisky's side, they were driven back from Moscow and, after a series of defeats, were finally defeated in October 1607 after a 4-month siege of Tula.

Prerequisites

After the overthrow of False Dmitry I and the accession of Vasily Shuisky, part of the population refused to recognize him as the legitimate ruler. Rumors began to spread in the country that “Tsarevich Dmitry” managed to survive, and therefore he was the legitimate ruler. In addition, social contradictions persisted, aggravated during Godunov’s reign. The most significant discontent manifested itself in the southern regions. The Tula, Ryazan and Seversk nobility refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar; in addition, the Volga, Terek and Seversk Cossacks rebelled, and there was also restlessness among the peasantry. At the beginning, the protests were scattered, but later most of the rebels united under the command of Ivan Bolotnikov, the governor of False Dmitry in Putivl.

Progress of the uprising

In the summer, several disparate groups began an uprising against the king. In the summer of 1606, Bolotnikov was defeated by Voivode Nagim near Kromy. However, taking advantage of the inaction of the tsarist troops, Bolotnikov managed to reorganize the army and in September 1606 again moved to Kromy. He managed to defeat the army of Prince Yuri Trubetskoy, who fled to Kaluga. Here, with the help of troops sent by Shuisky, they managed to stop Bolotnikov, but the residents of the city went over to the side of the rebels, after which Trubetskoy and his army retreated to Moscow.

In October 1606, Bolotnikov, united with the noble detachments of Prokopiy Lyapunov and Istoma Pashkov, besieged Moscow. The siege lasted a month and a half, but soon discord began among the rebels and the detachments of Lyapunov and Pashkov went over to Shuisky’s side. In early December, the tsarist army defeated the rebels under the walls of Moscow, after which Bolotnikov retreated to Kaluga. Shuisky's troops unsuccessfully besieged the city for several months, when in the spring of 1607 reinforcements approached the rebels from the south and from Tula. The tsarist troops were defeated and retreated to Serpukhov, while Bolotnikov moved from Kaluga to Tula.

In June, Bolotnikov again moved to Moscow, but was defeated by the tsarist army in the battle on the Eight River. The remnants of the rebel troops retreated to Tula, which was soon besieged by Shuisky’s army. Famine began in the besieged city, but it lasted until October 1607. Then the tsarist troops blocked the Upa River with a dam, which is why the city was partially flooded. On October 10, the exhausted garrison of Tula surrendered to Shuisky, who promised to save the lives of the rebels. Tsar Shuisky, however, did not keep his promise. Bolotnikov was captured and sent to Kargopol, where in 1608 he was first blinded and then drowned.

Results

Despite the defeat of Bolotnikov's uprising, Shuisky's position on the throne was not greatly strengthened. In the fall of 1607, the troops of False Dmitry II invaded Russia. Many surviving “Bolotnikovites” sided with the new impostor.

In artistic culture:

Vladimirov V.N. Rebels. M., 1928.

Dobrzhinsky Gabriel. Serf Ivashka Bolotnikov. M., 1932.

Kamensky Vasily. Three poems: Stepan Razin. Emelyan Pugachev. Ivan Bolotnikov. M., 1935.

Savelyev A.G. Son of the Peasant. M., 1967.

Kulikov G.G. Secret messenger. M., 1971.

Zamyslov V.A. Bitter Bread. Yaroslavl, 1973.

Tikhomirov O.G. Ivan is a servile governor. M., 1985.

Romanov V.I. The path to freedom. Tula, 1988.

Zamyslov V.A. Ivan Bolotnikov. Yaroslavl, 1989.

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was a movement for peasant rights in Rus' at the beginning of the 17th century, led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov.

Prerequisites for the uprising

By the end of the 16th century, a new state economic system - feudalism - was finally formed and consolidated in Rus'. The feudal lords (landowners) completely owned the peasants, could sell them and transfer them to each other, which led to a gradual and inevitable increase in the oppression of the feudal lords over the peasantry. Of course, the peasants did not like this situation, and they began to be indignant and gradually start small skirmishes with the feudal lords in defense of their own rights. So, in 1603, there was a fairly large uprising of peasants and serfs under the command of Cotton Crookshanks.

In addition, after the death of False Dmiriya 1, rumors spread that it was not the real king who was killed, but someone else. These rumors greatly weakened the political influence of Vasily Shuisky, who became king. Accusations that it was not the real tsar who was killed gave “legitimacy” to any uprisings and clashes with the new tsar and the boyars. The situation became more and more difficult.

The peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov occurred in 1606-1607 and became one of the main stages in the struggle of the peasantry against the boyars and serfdom.

Causes of the uprising

• The oppression of the feudal lords, the strengthening of serfdom;
• Political instability in the country;
• Growing hunger;
• Dissatisfaction with the activities of the boyars and the sovereign.

Composition of participants in the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

• Peasants;
• Serfs;
• Cossacks from Tver, Zaporozhye and the Volga;
• Part of the nobility;
• Mercenary troops.

Brief biography of Ivan Bolotnikov

The personality of the leader of the uprising, Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, is shrouded in mystery. To date, there is no single theory about the early years of Bolotnikov’s life, but historians are of the opinion that Bolotnikov was the slave of Prince Telyatevsky. As a young man, he fled from his master, was captured, and then sold to the Turks. During the battle he was released and fled to Germany, from where he heard about the events taking place in Rus'. Bolotnikov decided to take an active part in them and returned to his homeland.

The beginning of the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

The uprising originated in the South-West of the country, where participants of the previous major uprising led by Khlopok lived, as well as opponents of Boris Godunov’s reforms and serfdom. Gradually, the Tatars, Chuvash, Mari and Mordovians began to join the rebellious Russian peasantry.

The uprising began in 1606, when Bolotnikov returned to Russia and led the disgruntled peasants. Having gathered an army, they began a military campaign against Moscow with the goal of removing the current sovereign from the throne and achieving the abolition of serfdom. The first clash with the sovereign’s army took place in August near Kromy. The rebels won and moved towards Orel.

On September 23, 1606, the battle of Kaluga took place, which Bolotnikov won. This made it possible for the rebels to move on to the capital without hindrance. On the way to the capital, Bolotnikov and his comrades managed to capture more than 70 cities.

In October 1606, troops approached Moscow. Bolotnikov decided to raise an uprising in the city itself, for which he sent agitators. However, it was not possible to capture Moscow; Prince Shuisky gathered his army and defeated the rebels in November 1606. At the same time, a number of betrayals occurred in Bolotnikov’s camp, which greatly weakened the army.

After the defeat, new centers of uprising broke out in Kaluga and Tula and the Volga region. Shuisky sent his troops to Kaluga, where Bolotnikov fled and began a siege of the city, which lasted until May 1607, but ended in nothing.

On May 21, 1607, Shuisky again organizes a performance against Bolotnikov, which ends with the victory of government troops and the almost complete defeat of Bolotnikov.

The rebels take refuge in Tula, which is immediately besieged by Shuisky’s army. The siege lasted 4 months, after which Shuisky offered the rebels a peace treaty. Bolotnikov's exhausted troops agree, but Shuisky does not fulfill his promises and takes all the leaders of the uprising prisoner.

Reasons for Bolotnikov's defeat

• Lack of unity in the ranks of his troops. The uprising involved people from different walks of life and they all pursued their own goals;
• Lack of a unified ideology;
• Betrayal of part of the army. The nobility quickly went over to Shuisky's side;
• Underestimating enemy forces. Bolotnikov often forced events, not giving the army the opportunity to accumulate strength.

Results of Ivan Bolotnikov’s speech

Despite the defeat, the rebels managed to ensure that the government finally began to take into account the needs of the lower strata of the population and paid attention to the needs of the peasants. The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was the first peasant uprising in Russian history.

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was a movement for peasant rights in Rus' at the beginning of the 17th century, led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov.

Prerequisites for the uprising

By the end of the 16th century, a new state economic system - feudalism - was finally formed and consolidated in Rus'. The feudal lords (landowners) completely owned the peasants, could sell them and transfer them to each other, which led to a gradual and inevitable increase in the oppression of the feudal lords over the peasantry. Of course, the peasants did not like this situation, and they began to be indignant and gradually start small skirmishes with the feudal lords in defense of their own rights. So, in 1603, there was a fairly large uprising of peasants and serfs under the command of Cotton Crookshanks.

In addition, after the death of False Dmiriya 1, rumors spread that it was not the real king who was killed, but someone else. These rumors greatly weakened the political influence of Vasily Shuisky, who became king. Accusations that it was not the real tsar who was killed gave “legitimacy” to any uprisings and clashes with the new tsar and the boyars. The situation became more and more difficult.

The peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov occurred in 1606-1607 and became one of the main stages in the struggle of the peasantry against the boyars and serfdom.

Causes of the uprising

• The oppression of the feudal lords, the strengthening of serfdom;
• Political instability in the country;
• Growing hunger;
• Dissatisfaction with the activities of the boyars and the sovereign.

Composition of participants in the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

• Peasants;
• Serfs;
• Cossacks from Tver, Zaporozhye and the Volga;
• Part of the nobility;
• Mercenary troops.

Brief biography of Ivan Bolotnikov

The personality of the leader of the uprising, Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, is shrouded in mystery. To date, there is no single theory about the early years of Bolotnikov’s life, but historians are of the opinion that Bolotnikov was the slave of Prince Telyatevsky. As a young man, he fled from his master, was captured, and then sold to the Turks. During the battle he was released and fled to Germany, from where he heard about the events taking place in Rus'. Bolotnikov decided to take an active part in them and returned to his homeland.

The beginning of the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

The uprising originated in the South-West of the country, where participants of the previous major uprising led by Khlopok lived, as well as opponents of Boris Godunov’s reforms and serfdom. Gradually, the Tatars, Chuvash, Mari and Mordovians began to join the rebellious Russian peasantry.

The uprising began in 1606, when Bolotnikov returned to Russia and led the disgruntled peasants. Having gathered an army, they began a military campaign against Moscow with the goal of removing the current sovereign from the throne and achieving the abolition of serfdom. The first clash with the sovereign’s army took place in August near Kromy. The rebels won and moved towards Orel.

On September 23, 1606, the battle of Kaluga took place, which Bolotnikov won. This made it possible for the rebels to move on to the capital without hindrance. On the way to the capital, Bolotnikov and his comrades managed to capture more than 70 cities.

In October 1606, troops approached Moscow. Bolotnikov decided to raise an uprising in the city itself, for which he sent agitators. However, it was not possible to capture Moscow; Prince Shuisky gathered his army and defeated the rebels in November 1606. At the same time, a number of betrayals occurred in Bolotnikov’s camp, which greatly weakened the army.

After the defeat, new centers of uprising broke out in Kaluga and Tula and the Volga region. Shuisky sent his troops to Kaluga, where Bolotnikov fled and began a siege of the city, which lasted until May 1607, but ended in nothing.

On May 21, 1607, Shuisky again organizes a performance against Bolotnikov, which ends with the victory of government troops and the almost complete defeat of Bolotnikov.

The rebels take refuge in Tula, which is immediately besieged by Shuisky’s army. The siege lasted 4 months, after which Shuisky offered the rebels a peace treaty. Bolotnikov's exhausted troops agree, but Shuisky does not fulfill his promises and takes all the leaders of the uprising prisoner.

Reasons for Bolotnikov's defeat

• Lack of unity in the ranks of his troops. The uprising involved people from different walks of life and they all pursued their own goals;
• Lack of a unified ideology;
• Betrayal of part of the army. The nobility quickly went over to Shuisky's side;
• Underestimating enemy forces. Bolotnikov often forced events, not giving the army the opportunity to accumulate strength.

Results of Ivan Bolotnikov’s speech

Despite the defeat, the rebels managed to ensure that the government finally began to take into account the needs of the lower strata of the population and paid attention to the needs of the peasants. The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was the first peasant uprising in Russian history.

When and where did it happen

1606-1607

Komaritsa volost (Ukraine), southern Russia

Causes

Worsening of the situation of the people, increasing dependence (reserved summers, search for runaway peasants, etc.)

The famine of 1601-1693, which led to a mass exodus of peasants to the south of the country.

Political instability in the country: Troubles, the appearance of False Dmitry II.

People's dissatisfaction with the new government.

Goals

The destruction of the emerging serf relations, the elimination of feudal dependence, the fight against the boyars, feudal lords, and all merchants.

The political slogan is the proclamation of “Tsar Dmitry” by the tsar, faith in a good tsar.

driving forces

Cossacks

Enslaved peasants

Serfs

Posad people

Sagittarius of the border cities in the south

Nobles and boyars are opponents of Vasily Shuisky

National composition participants were heterogeneous. Along with the Russians, representatives of the Volga region nationalities spoke: Mari, Chuvash, Tatars, Mordovians.

Leader of the uprising - Ivan Bolotnikov was distinguished by personal courage and bravery. He was a military slave of Prince Telyatevsky, so he knew the basics of military affairs well. Bolotnikov’s fate was difficult: he fled from the prince, was caught by the Tatars, sold into slavery in Turkey, where he was assigned to serve on a galley, and participated in military naval battles in Turkey. In one of the military battles, which Turkey lost, Bolotnikov fled through Germany and Poland to Russia.

In the summer of 1606, having returned to his homeland, he led a popular uprising, proclaiming himself the governor of the legitimate Tsar Dmitry.

Stages of the uprising

August-December 1606

The stage is characterized by a number of serious victories for the rebels, but at the same time, defeat near Moscow and retreat to Kaluga.

January-May 1607

During this period, government troops besieged Kaluga. The rebels are forced to retreat to Tula

June - October 1607

Shuisky's troops besieged Tula. The defeat of the rebels, the capture of Bolotnikov and Ileika Muromets, who posed as “Tsarevich Dmitry.”

Progress of the uprising

An uprising began in the southwest of Rus', where participants in the Khlopka uprising found refuge.

The center of the uprising was Putivl, whose governor helped Bolotnikov organize an army.

Results

The uprising was brutally suppressed.

The captured Bolotnikov was sent to Kargopol, where he was blinded and drowned.

The uprising shook the feudal relations that had begun to take shape and delayed the consolidation of serfdom for 40 years!

Spontaneous character

Lack of a clear program

20-04-2017, 23:07 |

Until now, it is written in history books that Ivan Bolotnikov was the former powerless slave of Prince A.A. Telyatevsky-Khripun. Soon he will lead the most powerful peasant uprising during the Time of Troubles. The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was aimed at Moscow, against the Tsar. According to the Soviet interpretation of peasant wars in Russian history, there were three - the uprising of S. Razin, I. Bolotnikov and E. Pugachev.

The participation of noble regiments in Bolotnikov’s uprising has always been interpreted in history as something accidental. Historiography has consistently assigned this rebellion the status of a peasant uprising. And the participation of nobles and other upper strata in it was supposedly insignificant and caused by temporary tactical considerations. Telyatevsky’s detachment took part in the uprising; in addition, he recognized Bolotnikov as the commander. It looks strange. How did the uprising actually happen, and who was Ivan Bolotnikov himself?

Prerequisites for the Bolotnikov uprising

Although history does not know the subjunctive mood, we can still assume the following. If the outcome of the uprising had been different, that is, victorious, then a completely different person could have been in power and with him another dynasty. However, the outcome was disastrous. But we still don’t know much about the personality of the leader of this uprising.

So, the year is 1606. He died recently, and on May 17 in Moscow, as a result of a conspiracy by Vasily Shuisky, he was already killed. The torn corpse of the impostor was thrown on the execution site and a buffoon mask was put on his face. The mask was supposed to show that the one who called himself a king was actually a nobody, a “creep.” Because of this mask, it was impossible to identify the dead man. Hence the talk that it was not False Dmitry who was killed. The real Tsar is alive and will soon return to Moscow.

According to one version, False Dmitry’s closest associate fled after the massacre of him. He entered into an agreement with the Mnisheks and began to pose as a new impostor - Tsarevich Dmitry. After the assassination of the tsar, a Zemsky Sobor was hastily convened, and the leader of the conspirators was elected tsar. The Council did not vote in full and actually had no political power. Many cities and even regions did not recognize Shuisky as a king.

Since the end of the 16th century. In Russia, the process of enslaving peasants begins, fixed summers are introduced and peasants are prohibited from moving on St. George's Day. Under these conditions, the servant Bolotnikov, having returned from abroad, quickly gathers dissatisfied people. Already in June 1606 he marched on Moscow.

Soviet historiography speaks of Bolotnikov's uprising as a popular movement against the oppressors. The oppression was indeed cruel, but the interpretations turned out to be very simplified. But here the question arises as to whether Bolotnikov was a representative of the people. There are several versions of his origin and the most common one presents him to us as a commoner. The main source about the uprising is the Moscow chronicles of Konrad Bussow. He witnessed the events of the Time of Troubles.

Personality of Ivan Bolotnikov

Bussov's chronicles gave rise to a theory about Ivan's origins as a serf. At first he was a slave, then he became a Cossack, then he was a galley slave among the Turks. After his release, he traveled halfway across Europe to come to his homeland. There is a version that the famous song Kamarinskaya appeared precisely from these events. “The Kamarinsk peasant did not want to serve your Master...” - this is exactly how the famous refrains sounded, telling about the mood of the peasants of the Kamarinsky volost.

Kamarinskaya volost was located in the southern part of Russia, then it was called Severskaya land, because it previously belonged to the territory of the Novgorod-Seversky principality. Peasants also ran here. It was here that a huge number of peasants later accumulated who had a negative attitude towards Shuisky. When these lands were actively distributed to the nobles, landowners appeared there.

When he ruled, the local peasants were freed from all duties; later they joined the army of the impostor. The same thing happened with Bolotnikov. It did not take long to persuade the peasants to join his uprising.

The uprising and origin of Ivan Bolotnikov

According to the official version, Bolotnikov came from serfs, but there are some discrepancies here. A serf is an unfree dependent person serving some master. The term serf itself was not derogatory. After all, any service person was also a serf, but only a serf of the sovereign. But this concept was not applied to the clergy.

The combat serf was an important part of the Russian army. Each nobleman, depending on his land ownership, had to provide several slaves to the army. The Bolotnikovs were poor nobles and lived not far from the Telyatevsky nobles. In such a situation, there is a high probability that Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov went to serve Prince Telyatevsky.

If we look for an image of Bolotnikov’s army, we will most likely find the following images - several commanders with weapons, and mostly the army consisted of simple peasants with scythes and axes. It is not known for certain whether this army actually looked like this. All sources describe this army as a typical Russian army of that time.

1. The backbone of the army were the archers, those who did not recognize Shuisky’s authority, that is, they were professional warriors with arquebuses and sabers.
2. Cossacks, also military professionals, also joined the army. The Cossacks of that time did not cultivate the land, but lived only by being hired for service. Sometimes they did not disdain robbery.
3. In the fall of 1606, Bolotnikov’s command was recognized by a detachment of Tula nobles.
4. Of course, the army of the uprising also included peasants.

Thus, you can see that Bolotnikov’s army did not include only peasants, there were also many representatives of other classes. And the fact that they were ready to recognize Bolotnikov’s supremacy suggests that Ivan was hardly a slave in the sense of a dependent person. He would not have been able to gain such authority among the rest of the population.

Arrival of Ivan Bolotnikov in Russia

In October 1606, the Bolotnikovites united with noble detachments and occupied the village. Kolomenskoye, it was located near Moscow. It would seem that victory is close, but a split occurred in the uprising, some of the nobles went over to the side of the tsar. Near Moscow, Bolotnikov was met by the troops of Skopin-Shuisky - he was a talented commander, a second cousin. He won a beautiful victory over the rebel army, and yet he was not yet 20 years old. Perhaps the nobles left Bolotnikov’s army, precisely because they feared Skopin Shuisky.

Autumn. In 1606, near the village of Kotly, a battle took place between Bolotnikov and Skopin-Shuisky, tsarist army completely defeated the rebels. It is interesting that before this defeat, Bolotnikov won several victories over the tsarist troops. Ivan Isaevich managed to get closer to Moscow, this suggests that, after all, his army was not peasant, but professional.

If Bolotnikov was not a peasant, then what class did he come from and in whose interests did he act? Freed from the Turks, Bolotnikov goes to Russia. But before that, he visited a like-minded person, False Dmitry M. Molchanov, who lived in Poland in the town of Sambir. One can only guess how Bolotnikov introduced himself to Molchanov, but one thing is absolutely clear that he arrived in Poland for a reason.

The beginning of the uprising and the gathering of Ivan Bolotnikov’s troops

From Molchanov, Ivan received a letter with the royal seal stating that he was the commander of the royal army. Bolotnikov himself goes to another important person - Shakhovsky. He gathered nobles and archers in Putivl with the aim of raising an uprising against Vasily Shuisky. It can be assumed that Ivan had the talent of a commander, otherwise why both Molchanov and Shakhovskoy entrusted him with command.

The battle of Kromy in September 1606 speaks about the talent of the commander. Having learned about the approach of Trubetskoy’s tsar’s army, Ivan Bolotnikov hid his people in a devastated village. When the tsar's army lined up for battle, it was suddenly struck by synchronized attacks from both the front and the rear. The royal soldiers fled. And a year later, near Tula, Bolotnikov managed to hold back the onslaught of Skopin-Shuisky with the help of marks, they fired at the troops with bows and arquebuses.

Ivan Bolotnikov called himself the governor of Tsar Dmitry, he even sent out lovely letters to Muscovites calling on them to support him. It’s just unclear who they wanted to put on the throne. After all, there was no news about any impostor in 1606. Many dreamed of overthrowing Vasily Shuisky and gaining some rights and positions. It was necessary to hurry to start an uprising, because Shuisky could strengthen his power in the country.

It can be assumed that the beginning of the uprising happened spontaneously. An opportunity has arisen, some money has appeared, we must quickly organize it before Shuisky becomes popular in society. Vasily issued decrees and sought to please the clergy. And the very moment of the uprising, how it would proceed further, was not entirely thought out. It was necessary to act right here and now.

The end of the uprising and the execution of Ivan Bolotnikov

Bolotnikov had problems with soldiers more than once. They demanded to see the king for whom they shed blood or to show a letter from him. Ivan Isaevich only had a false diploma. But the rebels were not convinced by the letter. However, Bolotnikov continued to claim that there is a tsar, and he himself saw him.

Soon the army of False Dmitry II appeared, but Bolotnikov did not contact him. That is, at one time there were two troops that fought for Tsar Dmitry, but were not connected with each other. Only in the fall of 1607 did False Dmitry II go to Tula to help Bolotnikov, but the uprising had already been suppressed. For whom Bolotnikov fought and his army is still not clear.

The uprising of Voivode Bolotnikov was popular not only among the peasants, but also among other segments of the population. Various groups of nobles joined his army. In the fall of 1607, the remnants of Bolotnikov's army were besieged in Tula. The siege was led by the king himself. But the uprising could not be suppressed immediately; in addition, many Tula townspeople helped the rebels.

When the situation of Bolotnikov’s army becomes unbearable, he decides to surrender personally to the Tsar. He came to Shuisky’s tent in armor and with weapons. Then he was sent to Moscow, and then to Kargopol. He was soon executed.

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov video