Diesel particulate filter: what it is. What is a Diesel Particulate Filter? Can a particulate filter

The rich experience of working with particulate filters gives us full reason to assert that the particulate filter appeared early in Russia. We are not ready for it either technically (poor fuel quality and low level of maintenance of modern diesel engines) or moral (people are not ready to pay for an environmentally friendly car and are not stimulated by the state in this direction). As a result, the particulate filter, unfortunately, only promises problems for owners in Russia, since it is not able to work correctly in our conditions. Replacing a failed particulate filter with a new one does not guarantee the absence of problems during further operation.

Why is there no point in cleaning or rinsing the particulate filter?

This question disappears right away if you see what's inside a clogged particulate filter. The honeycomb design of the particulate filter will not allow liquid to pass through. Try rinsing out a piece of concrete. The Karcher flush is the shearing off of the top layer of the ceramic. We need some kind of really complex technological process that cannot be recreated in a garage. Serious technical centers will not deal with such a procedure. Its cost will be significant. We are not aware of working solutions for such washes.

How long does a new particulate filter take in our conditions?

Unambiguously less than the period calculated by the manufacturer of 100-150 t. Km. Constant driving in traffic jams, increased sulfur content in the fuel, possible faulty condition used cars reduce the life of the particulate filter.

How often does the particulate filter burn?

On the different cars differently. For example, Mercedes, Audi and BMW are constantly regenerating, keeping the particulate filter clean. For Ford, regeneration occurs as the DPF clogging limit is reached, accompanied by a solid amount of white smoke.

Why do diesel particulate filters fail?

The soot particles are trapped by the particulate filter honeycomb without being released into the atmosphere. Everything would be great, but the size of the filter is limited, and the amount of soot increases all the time. The way out is to somehow remove this soot from the filter. The simplest solution is to burn it. To do this, the engine control unit periodically issues a command to burn the particulate filter by injecting diesel directly into the particulate filter. To burn through the soot in the filter, you need a high temperature.

Frequent short city trips cannot warm up the DPF sufficiently. To start automatic regeneration, you need to drive on the highway for a long time so that the temperature sensor of the particulate filter determines the required temperature. Thus, the regeneration does not occur or is of poor quality due to the poorly heated filter. Forcing drivers to purposefully create conditions for starting a burn is problematic.

Poor quality fuel. The amount of soot depends on the sulfur content of the diesel. If the values ​​are too high, the filter clogs up faster. As a result, regeneration occurs more often, and this leads to an increase in the oil level, since part of the fuel flows down the cylinder walls into the sump. Naturally, the properties of such oil deteriorate.

A defective motor can also slow down the regeneration process.

EGR valve error, fuel equipment malfunction, or incorrectly closed plug fuel tank- and there will be no regeneration. In the meantime, the soot continues to accumulate and its removal becomes more and more problematic. It is not possible to completely burn through the soot, the remainder inevitably accumulates. Worn engines tend to eat up oil due to tired piston rings and hardened valve stem seals... Oil from the cylinders enters the exhaust system and settles on the honeycomb of the particulate filter, which intensifies the process of blocking the particulate filter, since additional carbon deposits are formed when the oil burns out.

The first ceramic block section suffers the most from the experience of removing clogged particulate filters.

Why not drive with a clogged particulate filter?

Firstly, due to the transition of the machine to emergency mode. The car does not drive in this mode, but crawls. From experience, there are people who do not drive fast and are ready to keep driving. Self-regeneration after the icon appears Check Engine or the filament can no longer occur. With continued operation, soot quickly builds up, completely clogging the engine exhaust system. Further, the gases will begin to break through any available outlets, which is fraught with breakdowns of the turbine, piston group, EGR valve and crankcase ventilation system. We think that the above is already enough to make the desire to take such a risk disappear. When the first signs of a particulate filter malfunction appear, we do not recommend delaying the visit to the service center.

Why is it not enough to simply knock out the particulate filter with a crowbar and put it back in?

Even if you physically remove the filter correctly, you cannot do without working with the control unit. If the car constantly tries to enter the regeneration mode, it stays in it often and for a long time, since the ECU does not see the result. Since the regeneration is accompanied by a post-injection function, this results in the oil being diluted by the fuel. In turn, a rise in the oil level can lead to cranking of the liners, seizure of the cylinders and pistons.

Replacing the particulate filter with a new one guaranteed to solve the problem?

Replacing a particulate filter is not profitable in terms of money and does not guarantee that the filter will serve for a long time. Some car enthusiasts believe that since a car is released with a particulate filter, it means that without it it can no longer work properly. This is not true.

For example, bmw X5 E70 of the first years of production went to Russia without a particulate filter, and their counterparts from Europe had a particulate filter, American cars came with a particulate filter and AdBlue urea.

The diesel particulate filter and urea injection system are additional systems for improving the vehicle's environmental friendliness. Only with them can machines fit into legal Euro norms 4 and 5 in the countries where they are installed.

In Russia, cars without a particulate filter and urea will easily fit into the existing European standards designed for fuel quality. You cannot have a Euro-4 without the appropriate fuel. Cars with correctly removed particulate filter and AdBlue systems work absolutely exactly according to all factory parameters and behave correctly.

Swirl flaps close off a portion of the intake duct, thereby reducing the duct cross-sectional area. The amount of air passed slightly decreases, while the speed of air movement increases, a vortex is created. This is necessary in order to improve the mixing of air and fuel in the cylinder. All is well, but on most engines, the swirl flaps are not very high quality plastic.

Over time, with runs from 100 t. Km, the build-ups from the USR system deposited on the vortex flaps (after all, no one does the necessary flushing of the USR valve every 60,000 km) together with the temperature make the plastic brittle, it breaks off and is sucked into the engine, followed by the capital repair.

Without vortex flaps, the engine will lose torque in some medium modes, but will never die from bits of plastic getting into the cylinders. The loss of torque can be easily compensated for by chip tuning, while you can save on related work on reprogramming the engine control unit in terms of power and vortex flaps at the same time.

It will not work just to remove the swirl flaps, since often on the runs, the swirl flaps control elements have faults in electronics and mechanics.

What does the EGR system do? Why is it needed?

Air by volume consists of 78% of the inert gas nitrogen, which, under normal conditions, reacts only with lithium. At high temperatures, nitrogen is oxidized, resulting in NOx oxides, and the higher the oxygen concentration, the more nitrogen oxides are obtained.

The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is designed to reduce NOx nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by returning part of the exhaust gases to the intake manifold. The return of a portion of the exhaust gases to the intake manifold reduces the amount of oxygen in the air-fuel mixture and thus reduces the formation of nitrogen oxides. However, this causes a drop in the effective engine power. Removal of EGR in diesel engines is considered acceptable by a large number of people, including environmentalists. Removal of the EGR system results in an increased level of NOx, however hydrocarbon emissions, particulate (soot), carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions are significantly reduced. In addition, removing EGR results in increased fuel economy. Exhaust gas recirculated back into the cylinders adds wear-causing pollutants (soot and tar) to the engine and oxidizes the engine oil faster, affecting engine life.

The introduction in 2005 of the environmental standard EURO-4, which regulates the amount of harmful emissions into the environment by cars with engines internal combustion, forced car manufacturers to apply a technical solution that would significantly reduce emissions of substances harmful and hazardous to human health (soot, nitrogen oxide NOx, carbon monoxide, etc.)

It is for this reason that most modern diesel vehicles manufactured since 2004 are equipped with a soot neutralization system, the main element of which is a “particle filter”.

The name itself - "particulate filter" - explains its purpose: to trap soot particles, which are a product of combustion diesel fuel.

The most widely used particulate filters are: diesel engines:

1) DPF(Diesel Particulare Filter) closed type particulate filters
2) FAP(Filter a Particules) closed-type particulate filters with regeneration function

How the particulate filter works

The diesel particulate filter is a metal cylinder filled with a special heat-resistant ceramic material with a cellular structure, which is able to trap fine particulate particles. The engine control unit monitors the throughput of the particulate filter and, if necessary, starts a regeneration, i.e. the process of cleaning the filter from soot accumulated in it. Regeneration is passive and active. With passive regeneration, soot is burned while the car is moving under load, for example, when driving on a highway, when the temperature in the filter reaches 350-400 degrees and above. When driving around the city or over short distances, in the case when the diesel particulate filter cannot be heated to the desired temperature, and the sensors record that the filter is above normal, the process of active regeneration starts. To do this, after the main portion of fuel, another additional fuel is supplied to the engine cylinders, the EGR valve is closed, if necessary, the turbine geometry control algorithm is changed. The incompletely burnt mixture, through the exhaust manifold, enters the catalyst, which is installed in front of the particulate filter, and it is afterburned there. In this case, the temperature of the exhaust gases passing through the catalyst increases significantly. Further movement of heated gases along the exhaust tract leads to an increase in the temperature in the particulate filter up to 500-700 degrees. The soot begins to burn off. This may be evidenced by black smoke coming out of the chimney. Instantaneous fuel consumption and idle speed are increased.

In the exhaust system of turbo diesel vehicles complying with the Euro-4 standard, there are usually three sensors: a temperature sensor, an oxygen sensor and a differential pressure sensor. If the engine control unit detects incorrect operation of any of the components of the system responsible for controlling the correct mixture formation, an oxygen sensor, a flow meter, an EGR system, a fuel level sensor, a reagent (urea) level sensor, a fuel level sensor in the tank, and some others, this will lead to the impossibility of regenerating the particulate filter. As a rule, in such cases, the emergency operation of the engine is activated (the warning symbol on the instrument panel will light up, the engine will lose traction, the maximum speed will drop to 2500-3000 min-1, the fuel consumption will increase and the smoke of the exhaust will increase) It is important to note that numerous unsuccessful attempts the regeneration of the particulate filter does not pass without leaving a trace for the car. During the regeneration process, the enriched air-fuel mixture does not completely burn out, and some of the unburned fuel still gets into the engine oil, and thereby dilutes it. Over time, you will notice that the oil level has become significantly higher than the “max” mark. This not only reduces the lubricating and protective properties of the oil, which can harm the engine. Low viscosity oil overcomes seals more easily and leaks can be detected in the most unexpected places. And the ingress of oil into the intercooler, and then together with the forced air into the engine cylinders, can cause an uncontrolled combustion process, up to the physical destruction of the engine.

The consequences of operating a car with a clogged particulate filter

Volkswagen Multivan particulate filter clogged, but the car continued to be operated further, which led to the destruction of the filter. Debris from the filter was blocked by the exhaust gas temperature sensor, resulting in a complete blockage of the exhaust system. A high back pressure of the exhaust gases was created in the exhaust manifold, its surface led from the high temperature and pressure and the gases began to break through the exhaust manifold gasket. As a result, the turbine, exhaust manifold and EGR valve had to be replaced. The particulate filter has been removed and the engine management program has been replaced for correct operation without a filter.

Often, a blockage in the particulate filter and high pressure inside the exhaust tract causes the EGR valve to fail in the exhaust gas recirculation system. Conversely, a faulty EGR valve can be the root cause of a DPF failure.

Identifying a DPF Problem

The sooner a DPF problem is identified, the better. Regular diagnostics and timely maintenance will help solve the problem at an early stage.

The symptoms of a particulate filter problem are:

Reduced engine thrust
- periodically appearing increased smoke of exhaust gases
- increased fuel consumption
- unstable idle speed
- increased level engine oil in the engine
- unnatural, hissing sound when engine operation
- warning signal in the form of a DPF filter icon on the instrument panel

What are the “pros” of removing the particulate filter?

Lack of similar problems in the future
- restoration of traction characteristics of the engine
- reduction in average fuel consumption
- there is no need to use expensive motor oils
designed for vehicles with particulate filters
- no need to refuel with reagents (AdBlue, EOLYS, etc.)
- the cost of the removal procedure is many times lower than the cost of a new particulate filter, the service life of which, when operated under our conditions, is significantly lower than that specified by the manufacturer

For your information

The service life of a new particulate filter (FAP / DPF) when using our diesel fuel and when operating in our climatic zone is approximately 20 ... 120 thousand km.

The price of a new particulate filter is in the range of 900… 3000 euro.

If the economic component of repairing your car is important for you, and buying a new particulate filter does not suit you due to the high cost, then the option of prompt removal of the particulate filter is the optimal and most profitable solution for both you and your car.

The particulate filter is an element of the exhaust system of a diesel power unit. The task of this device is to clean the exhaust gases from soot in order to prevent them from entering the atmosphere (about 90% does not pass outside).
The application of the filter began in 2001 in freight transport. But the introduction of the environmental standard "Euro-5" in 2009, without exception, obliged all car manufacturers to install this filter element on cars of any class and type that run on diesel.

Principle of operation

The DPF is designed to prevent / minimize the release of soot into the atmosphere. It is part of the muffler and its main task is to clean the exhaust gases. However, you should not compare this device with a catalyst, because the catalytic converter fights exhaust gases, while the filter only with soot in them.

The particulate filter operates in two stages:

Stage I - capture of soot... At this stage, soot particles are deposited on the walls of the filter element, which in their appearance resemble cells. At the same time, the soot does not remain here completely, but only particles with a size of more than 0.5 microns. The rest of the "trifle" comes out together with gases, although the percentage of such precipitation is small - about 10%.

The particulate filter tends to clog, which negatively affects the power characteristics of the power unit. Based on this, the device should be periodically cleaned / regenerated.

Stage II: regeneration... The laborious process of cleaning the cells of the filter element from soot deposits. The procedure takes place in accordance with the regulations prescribed by the manufacturer.

Interaction with a catalytic converter

On a diesel engine (compared to a gasoline engine), for the most part, a catalyst is not used due to differences in the ignition systems of the engines (there are no spark plugs). But large automobile concerns(VW Group) is actively working in this direction and creating combined diesel particulate filter / catalytic converter circuits.

Combined filter design:

• the sides of the purifier housing are composed of a catalytic material (often titanium). Through this, combustion and oxidative processes of exhaust gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide) occur;
• the inner cells have small-section channels (made of silicon carbide), which do not allow soot particles to enter the atmosphere.

Passive regeneration

It takes place only on a combined device, where the catalytic converter provokes the purification process by means of high temperatures. The diesel particulate filter heats up to 300-500 ° C, at which the soot elements are oxidized and burned.

It happens as follows:

1. In the catalytic converter, nitrogen and oxygen form a chemical reaction. The result of the interaction is the formation of nitrogen dioxide.
2. Nitrogen dioxide reacts with soot to produce carbon monoxide / nitric oxide.
3. Final stage: oxygen forms a chemical reaction with nitrogen monoxide / carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide appear.

So the particulate filter is cleaned, but under the condition of long journeys.

When driving short distances, the desired temperature may not be reached. In this case, forced regeneration is required, which is also provided for the diesel engine.

The cleaning procedure is performed while driving at high engine speeds. Thus, it is possible to achieve heating of the filtration element to approximately 600 ° C. At this temperature, a process similar to the above-described chemical reactions takes place, followed by purification of the cells.

All that the driver needs during forced regeneration is to maintain the required engine speed. Everything else happens under the supervision of the electronic system - information is read from the sensors:

At the end of the cleaning procedure, the pressure returns to its original values, which indicates the completion of the regeneration.

Filter with no catalytic converter and automatic regeneration

The particulate filter may not be compatible with the catalytic converter. In this case, the catalytic converter is located in front of the filtration element, and these two devices do not touch in any way. A similar scheme is used by Ford, Peugeot, Toyota and others.

Here, the purification process takes place differently. At a certain mileage (with an exact frequency of several hundred kilometers), the car electronics independently injects a special additive (based on Cerium) into the heavy fuel:

• when the particulate filter becomes clogged, the injection system delivers the additive to the combustion chambers. When the exhaust gases exit, the filter element inside heats up to very high temperatures (from +650 to + 750 ° C), which makes the device hot;
• the cerium does not interact with the fuel and passes along with the exhaust gases into the filtration device. At the moment of contact of the substance with the filter (mesh), it ignites and raises the temperature to + 900-1000 О С;
• soot particles are oxidized and burned.

This temperature regime contributes to the regeneration of the filter element. The exhaust tract remains intact thanks to the use of high-strength materials.

A special container is reserved for the fuel additive. The additive itself is designed for 100,000 kilometers, although this figure may decrease if the car is operated on low-quality fuel.

Deleting

The diesel particulate filter is for environmental purposes only and can therefore be removed without damaging the vehicle. Then the engine will become easier to work, and environmental standards will drop to the Euro-3 standard - which is not critical. The procedure will require some skill and effort due to the interconnection of the element with the powertrain ECU.

Pros and cons

Pros of removal:

• the absence of errors and the emergency state of the engine due to a clogged filter element;
• there is no need for a regeneration mode (mandatory procedure);
• reduced fuel consumption;
• improvement of the dynamic performance of the car (increase in power);
• stable operation of the power unit;
• there is no need to service the filter element.

• deterioration of environmental performance. The level of soot emissions into the atmosphere increases sharply, although technical inspection is possible;
• operational problems vehicle in countries with a mandatory requirement of the necessary environmental standards (European Union).

Removal methods

1. Re-flashing software. By connecting the programmer, a new software (which does not include a filter element) is installed on the controller. Then the filter itself is dismantled.
   The success of the operation depends on the level of professionalism of the specialists. With an unqualified approach, various failures in the operation of the power unit and unpredictable consequences are possible.
2. "Deception" (emulator). A device that takes the place of a remote filter element and simulates its operation. The setting of the "trick" is controversial: on the one hand, it will become easier for the motor to work, and on the other, the imitation of work will save the need for regeneration in the controller's memory. Fuel consumption will remain the same.

A device such as a particulate filter is available in all diesel cars manufactured since 2011 (as well as on a number of models released after 2000 - then it was not yet a mandatory element, but was already used by some car manufacturers) in the territories of countries belonging to WTO (Euro-5 standard, adopted by the Customs Union).

New particulate filter
Particulate filter after use

The main task of such an element is to maximally clean the exhaust gases from impurities harmful to the environment.

The use of particulate filters has reduced the content of soot particles in the exhaust of diesel vehicles by almost 100% - more precisely, by 99.9%.

What is a car particulate filter for and how does it work?

Currently, there are two types of soot cleaners used in cars:

Diesel Particulate Filter DPF (an abbreviation for Diesel Particulate Filte) for diesel cars traps soot particles up to 1 micron in size, which are formed as a result of fuel combustion. Such a filter is distinguished by the simplicity of the device, but at the same time it requires regular cleaning (regeneration) actions.

A filter type FAP (short for the French expression Filtre A Particules) is a more complex device that does not require regular intervention. Regeneration (purification) occurs here in automatic mode.

The location of the particulate filter (see Fig. 1) is in the exhaust system, behind the catalytic converter. In some cases, it can also be combined with a catalytic converter, and then its location is right behind the exhaust manifold.

This is the place where the flue gases have their highest temperature. In this embodiment, the device is referred to as a "catalytic coated particulate filter".

The average service life of particulate filters is designed for a mileage of 150 thousand km. But this is the European standard. On Russian fuel, according to the reviews of the owners and workers of car services, this figure is reduced by almost three times.

At the moment when the on-board computer generates an error saying that the particulate filter is clogged, the car owner will need to make one of the following decisions:

1. Full replacing the particulate filter... A very expensive undertaking. Of course, the price very much depends on the make and model of the car, but in any case, this action is much more expensive than all of the items listed below. For example, at a BMW it will cost you around 1,500 euros to replace a particulate filter.
2. Physical removal of the particulate filter. The procedure is also not cheap, and has several disadvantages. It is not enough just to take and cut out the filter, replacing it with a pipe section. A number of on-board computer procedures are tied to the data received from the particulate filter sensors, which means that it will be necessary to replace its firmware. Replacing the firmware does not always go smoothly, in some cases errors occur (false alarms of indication, other problems with the on-board computer).
3. Deception of the DPF sensor. It consists in installing a separate device that emulates the normal operation of sensors (falsifies signals) or software removal of the particulate filter from the electronic control unit system. This procedure does not relieve the car owner from cleaning the filter itself. However, it significantly extends its life or allows you to easily remove the particulate filter with the least errors in the operation of the on-board computer.
4. Regeneration. The most correct procedure, because removing the filter increases the emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, despite the fact that even without this element, European cars successfully pass technical inspection in accordance with Russian standards. At the same time, the cost of filter regeneration remains acceptable in comparison with the same removal or replacement, although they require periodic repetition.

VIDEO INSTRUCTION

Regeneration types - cleaning methods

In fact, a particulate filter is a container filled with a substance with a porous structure (most often ceramics are used). When the exhaust gases pass through these "honeycombs", soot and fumes are deposited on the pores of the filler.

Over time, the pores become clogged and the passage of exhaust gases becomes difficult, which leads to an increase in fuel consumption and a decrease in engine power, and the risk of various malfunctions increases.

To restore the filter properties, a regeneration procedure is performed, which can be of two types:

1. Active. Pore ​​cleansing occurs by increasing the temperature inside the filter to 600-1000 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the soot completely burns out.
2. Passive. Here, the removal of soot also occurs due to its combustion, but combustion proceeds at a temperature of about 350 ° C (this is the normal temperature of diesel exhaust gases). To oxidize soot, you need a special catalyst that lowers the reaction temperature - for example, platinum in Volkswagen filters (the same catalytic coated particulate filters that were mentioned earlier).

Active regeneration requires special procedures on the part of the car owner, while passive regeneration takes place without any involvement of the car driver.

If regeneration does not have the desired effect, you can always simply rinse the filter. Flushing the particulate filter is performed after removing it from the vehicle. The unit is placed in a special chemical composition for a while, and then the same composition is passed through a filter under pressure.

How to start regeneration of the particulate filter

You can increase the temperature inside the particulate filter for complete combustion of soot in one of the following ways (active regeneration):

1. The introduction of special additives (most often based on cerium) into the fuel mixture, which, when passing along with the exhaust gases, continue to burn. In this case, the removal of the vehicle assembly itself is not required. The disadvantage of this method is its low efficiency - the method can give a positive effect only at the initial stage of pollution (no more than 2000 - 3000 kilometers from the moment the error indicator on the on-board computer panel is triggered).
2. Starting a special procedure for the engine operation through the electronic control unit of the car. In this case, the air supply is reduced, the fuel is injected at the exhaust stroke (that is, it enters the exhaust system unburned). In some car models, original technologies are used, for example, an additive is additionally introduced, or the outflow of burnt gases is reduced, etc.

If regeneration does not help, it is necessary diesel particulate filter repair.

It will be removed, disassembled and cleaned by hand, or completely replaced in a workshop. Of course, this can be done with your own hands, but it is better to trust the specialists.

The regeneration procedure is started most often without user intervention:

1. The sensor for an increase in the soot level in the filter is triggered.
2. During the movement, the control unit will independently increase the speed, reduce the air flow and clean the particulate filter.

But, if the cleaning attempts are unsuccessful, or the soot level is critical, the control unit will refuse cleaning attempts and display an error.

In this case, you can try to start the procedure yourself through the service menu of the electronic control unit (EBP) and follow the instructions of the system (if the automatic speed control mode is not supported).

It all depends on the car model and the EBP firmware. In some cases, knowledge of service codes or connection of external diagnostic devices may be required.

What liquid will help to regenerate the diesel particulate filter

If you have not become the owner of a car with a diesel particulate filter with a catalytic coating or a built-in automatic regeneration procedure, then you can always resort to using special additives.

You can try to restore the particulate filter, for example, using universal means:

1. Regeneration catalysts from ARDINA - Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Aid (poured into the fuel tank as an additive).
2. Liqui Moly Pro-Line Diesel Partikelfilter Reiniger is a cleaner that requires forced injection, after application it must be neutralized with another solution (Pro-Line Diesel Partikelfilter Spulung).
3. Liqui Moly Diesel Partikelfilter Schutz is another additive that acts as a catalyst.

VIDEO DESCRIPTION

If an original additive is used in the car (for automatic feeding from a special tank in the diesel particulate filter regeneration mode), then it should be ordered from authorized dealers.

What is it needed for particulate filter:

On many cars and trucks with diesel and engine and since 2001 a particulate filter has been used. WITH 2005 (by 2005, most modern diesel engines were equipped with a direct fuel injection system - common rail, CDI, CDTI) application particulate filters became ubiquitous, tk. a new standard for environmental emissions of exhaust gases into the atmosphere was introduced - Euro-4.

This forced the manufacturers of diesel vehicles to apply a new technical solution, which made it possible to achieve a significant reduction in the emission of harmful substances into the environment. A diesel particulate filter has been installed on modern diesel vehicles in 95 percent of cases.

In the photo: a sectional view of the particulate filter

Are common how the particulate filter works(DPF, FAP working principle):

DPF or FAP (Diesel Particular Filter) is a diesel particulate filter (soot) built into the exhaust line behind the oxidation catalyst.
Particulate filter ("particle" filter, DPF, FAP, diesel particulate filter) is always a metal case (looks like a gasoline engine catalyst), filled with a special ceramic material with a cellular structure, impregnated with a catalyst substance, similar to a matrix that is capable of retaining fine particles of soot from combustion products in the engine. The main element particulate filter is a matrix that is made from "ceramics" (silicon carbide). This ceramic matrix has a cellular structure, consisting of cells of small cross-section, closed alternately on one side and the other. The engine ECU continuously monitors the throughput particulate filter and its temperature using special sensors. If necessary (in case of contamination), it starts regeneration, i.e. the process of cleaning the filter from the accumulated soot dirt. The regeneration of the particulate filter is passive and active. When passive regeneration occurs, soot on the "ceramics" is burned while the car is moving and when the engine is running under load, with constant movement, when the temperature in the particulate filter reaches 350-400 degrees Celsius. When the car is moving for short distances or with constant stops (city conditions and traffic jams), when it is not possible to warm up the diesel particulate filter to the temperature required for passive regeneration, and the sensors record that the filter capacity is below normal, the active regeneration process starts. At the same time, another portion is supplied to the engine cylinders, through the injectors, after the main portion of fuel - an additional portion, the exhaust gas recirculation valve closes and, if necessary, the engine ECU changes the turbine geometry control algorithm. The completely unburned mixture flows through the intake manifold directly into the catalyst, which is installed directly in front of the particulate filter, and there the final combustion of the mixture takes place. This significantly increases the temperature of the exhaust gases passing through the catalyst. This leads to an increase in the temperature in the particulate filter up to 500-700 degrees and soot from the filter begins to burn out. During regeneration, black smoke can sometimes be seen coming out of the car's exhaust pipe. During regeneration, in active mode, the fuel consumption increases. It should be noted that any filter can perform a certain number of regeneration cycles and usually requires replacement after several years of vehicle operation.
.Particulate filters are of two types:

DPF (DPF - Diesel Particulare Filter - particulate filter) soot closed filter
FAP (FAP - Filter a Particules) soot th closed type filter with regeneration function

The photo above shows the main components of a particulate filter for diesel engines:

1.Control panel devices
2.Control panel power unit
3.Mixture tank
4.Fuel mixture level sensor in the tank
5.Detail of the fuel mixture pump filter
6.Fuel tank
7.Diesel engine
8.Turbine temperature sensor
9.Turbine
10.Lambda probe
11.Oxidizing catalyst
12.Temperature sensor for diesel engine filter
13. Diesel particulate filter
14.Exhaust gas pressure sensor
15.Muffler
16.Air mass meter

When operating a car in city traffic jams, the service life of the particulate filter is usually decently reduced and, most often, does not exceed 100 thousand km. When particulate filter the car is dirty, the engine may start poorly, idle unstable, lack sufficient traction and consume fuel with increased consumption.

If further efficient regeneration of the particulate filter is not possible and becomes unusable, it should be replaced. Alternatively, disabling the particulate filter from the vehicle equipment (reprogramming the ECU and programmed removal of particulate filter) and further physical removal of the particulate filter.

If the particulate filter was disabled in the ECU control program correctly, then the subsequent physical removal of the filter does not lead to improper engine operation, but on the contrary, the engine operation without the particulate filter becomes more stable and efficient.

By the way, with the introduction of the Euro-5 standard on many modern diesel cars (and not only commercial ones), in addition to the particulate filter, a selective catalyst appeared, which requires constant injection into the system of a special additive - ADBlue ("urea"), which is in the car. in a special tank and is constantly consumed (on average 1-3 liters per 100 km).

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