GOST 4.494-94 System of product quality indicators. Tires for off-road mining vehicles, tractors, construction, road, material handling, mining and agricultural vehicles. Nomenclature of indicators.

This standard establishes a range of quality indicators for tires for off-road mining vehicles, tractors, construction, road, material handling, mining and agricultural vehicles.

GOST 4750-89 Pneumatic tires for bicycles. Specifications.

Pneumatic tires (tires, tubes and rim strips) black and colored for road, sports and touring, children's bicycles and light mopeds, intended for use on roads of various categories in areas with a temperate climate at temperatures from minus 10 to plus 45 degrees C.

GOST 4754-80 Pneumatic tires For passenger cars mobiles. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to tires (tires and tubes) for passenger cars, light trucks, minibuses and trailers for these vehicles, intended for use in all climatic zones at temperatures from minus 45 to plus 55 degrees. From and for export. The technical level indicators established by this standard are provided for the highest and first quality categories.
1. Types, main parameters and sizes
2. Technical requirements
3. Completeness
4. Acceptance rules
5. Test methods
6. Labeling, packaging, transportation, operation and storage
7. Manufacturer's warranty.

GOST 4754-97 Pneumatic tires for cars, trailers, light trucks and buses of particularly low capacity. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires for vehicles of categories M1, O1, O2 and pneumatic tires with a load-bearing capacity index<=121 для транспортных средств различных категорий во всех климатеческих зонах при температуре environment from minus 45 to plus 55 degrees. Celsius (tires with winter tread pattern - up to 10 degrees C) and for export.

GOST 5513-86 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires (tires, tube and rim tape) for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses intended for use on roads of various categories at ambient temperatures down to minus 45 degrees. C. The standard does not apply to tires with adjustable pressure, as well as to tires specifically designed for use in mines, mines and other special operating conditions.

GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, their trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires for trucks, their trailers, buses and trolleybuses intended for use on roads of various categories at ambient temperatures down to minus 45 degrees. C (tires with a winter pattern - up to plus 10 degrees C). The standard does not apply to tires with adjustable pressure, as well as to tires specifically designed for use in mines, mines and other special operating conditions.

GOST 5652-89 Pneumatic tires for motorcycles, sidecars, scooters and mopeds. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires(tires, tubes, rim tapes) for road motorcycles, sidecars, scooters and mopeds intended for use on roads of various categories in areas with a temperate climate at an ambient temperature of minus 45 degrees. up to plus 45 degrees C.

GOST 5883-89 The tires are massive rubber. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to solid tires for floor-mounted trackless electrified vehicles, trolleys, mobile equipment and other vehicles and systems manufactured for the needs of the national economy and export.

GOST 7463-89 Pneumatic tires for tractors and agricultural machines. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires (tires, tubes, rim tapes) for tractors, self-propelled chassis, tractor trailers and agricultural machines intended for work in agricultural production.

GOST 8430-85 Pneumatic tires for construction, road, lifting and transport and mining machines. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic diagonal tires (tires, tubes, rim strips) for construction, road, lifting and transport and mining (mine) vehicles and heavy-duty trailers (semi-trailers), intended for operation at ambient temperatures from minus 50 to plus 45 deg.S.

GOST 12715-95 All terrain tires and rims. Part 2. Loads and internal pressures.

This standard specifies the loads and inflation pressures for regular profile and wide profile tires intended for off-road use, as well as the determination of weights and load cycles.

GOST 13298-90 Tires with adjustable pressure. Specifications

This standard applies to pneumatic tires with adjustable pressure, intended for use on off-road vehicles, mainly in off-road conditions, on soft soils, as well as on roads of all categories in all climatic zones at ambient temperatures from minus 60 to plus 55 degrees. WITH.

GOST 17394-79 Wide-profile tires with adjustable pressure. Basic parameters and dimensions.

This standard applies to wide-profile tires with adjustable pressure diagonal (tube and tubeless) for new off-road vehicles and other vehicles operated primarily in off-road conditions and on soft soils, and establishes the basic parameters, dimensions and performance characteristics tires The standard does not apply to tires specifically designed for work in mines, mines, quarries, forestry, and tires developed and in production before 07/01/80.

GOST 20993-75 Pneumatic radial tires for passenger cars. Basic parameters and dimensions.

This standard applies to radial tubeless and tube tires for passenger cars and their trailers and establishes the basic parameters and dimensions.

GOST 22374-77 Pneumatic tires. Design. Terms and Definitions.

The standard establishes terms and definitions of basic concepts used in science, technology and production in the field of pneumatic tire design. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in documentation of all types (including unified documentation systems, all-Union classifiers of technical and economic information, thesauruses and descriptor dictionaries), scientific, technical, educational and reference literature. The given definitions can, if necessary, be changed in the form of presentation, without violating the boundaries of concepts.

GOST 23834-89 Pneumatic tires for sports bikes. Technical conditions.

GOST 24567-81 Pneumatic tires. Method for measuring the effective rolling circle during road tests.

This standard specifies a method for measuring the effective rolling circumference of pneumatic tires for all types of land vehicles.

GOST 24779-81 Pneumatic tires. Packaging, transportation, storage

This standard establishes the rules and regulations governing the packaging, transportation and storage of pneumatic tires (tires, tubes and rim tapes) for various purposes. The standard does not apply to aircraft tires and special-purpose tires, as well as to tires stored in government reserves.

GOST 24985-81 Tires with adjustable pressure. Basic parameters and dimensions.

GOST 25304-88 Pneumatic diagonal industrial tires. Basic parameters, dimensions, labeling, packaging, transportation and storage.

GOST 25641.1-94 Tires (series with ply rating markings) and rims for agricultural tractors and machines. Tire designations and sizes.

GOST 25641.2-94 Tires (series with ply rating markings) and rims for agricultural tractors and machines. Normal tire loads.

GOST 25692-83 Pneumatic tires. Method for determining static tire imbalance.

GOST 26000-83 Pneumatic tires. Method for determining basic dimensions.

GOST 26585-85 Large pneumatic tires for off-road mining vehicles. Technical conditions.

This standard applies to pneumatic diagonal tube and tubeless tires for off-road mining vehicles with a carrying capacity of at least 27 tons, intended for operation at ambient temperatures from minus 55 to plus 45 degrees C.

GOST 27704-88 Pneumatic tires. Rules for preparing tires for bench tests.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires and establishes rules for preparing tires for bench testing. This standard does not apply to large-sized and special pneumatic tires and does not establish quality control rules included in the tire manufacturing process and acceptance testing.

GOST 28169-89 Pneumatic tires. Methods for determining tire wear resistance during road tests.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires used on the axles of passenger cars, semi-trucks, trucks and buses and establishes a method for accelerating road tests to comparatively evaluate wear resistance under road conditions typical for the areas of possible operation.

GOST 28630-90 The tires are massive. Terms and Definitions.

GOST 28727-90 Tires and rims for motorcycles (series with code designation). Part 1. Tires.

GOST 28728-90 Tires and rims for motorcycles (series with code designation). Part 2. Calculation of tire load.

GOST 28837-90 Tires and rims for trucks and buses (metric series). Part 1. Pneumatic tires.

GOST 29217-91 Tires and rims for mopeds. Part 1. Pneumatic tires.

GOST 29218-91 Tires and rims for motorcycles (coded series). Diameter codes from 4 to 12. Part 1. Pneumatic tires.

GOST R ISO 3324/2-93 Aviation tires. Tire testing methods.

This standard specifies test methods for new and retread tires on civil aircraft. Tires are divided into two groups: low-speed - used at land speeds up to 192 km/h inclusive; high-speed - operated at ground speeds above 192 km/h.

GOST ED1 4750-79 Pneumatic tires for bicycles. Technical conditions. (replaced)

GOST ED1 4750-90 Pneumatic tires for bicycles. Technical conditions.

GOST 12715-83 Pneumatic diagonal tires for heavy-duty vehicles, construction, road and material handling vehicles. Basic parameters and dimensions.

GOST ED1 5652-89 Pneumatic tires for motorcycles, sidecars, scooters and mopeds. Technical conditions.

GOST 30225-94 Tires (series with ply rating markings) and rims for agricultural tractors and machines. Skidder tires.

This standard establishes the designations, dimensions, applicability of rims, and operating standards for skidder tractor tires of diagonal construction with ply rating markings.

GOST 30191-96 Tires of driving wheels of agricultural tractors. Tires with performance markings (load index, speed symbol). Basic parameters and dimensions.

This standard establishes markings, sizes, rated loads and recommended speeds for tires of drive wheels of agricultural tractors with operational markings (load index and speed symbol), on the basis of which specific tire models are designed for newly developed and modernized equipment. The standard applies to radial tires in speed categories of 30 km/h (speed symbol A6) and 40 km/h (speed symbol A8).

GOST 30238.1-96 Tires and rims (metric series) for agricultural tractors and machines. Designation, sizes and markings of tires.

This standard establishes the designation, sizing and marking of metric series of tires for agricultural tractors and machines, on the basis of which specific tire models are designed. The standard applies to belted bias-ply, bias-ply and radial tires mounted on rims with a 5-degree flange.

GOST 30238.2-98 Tires and rims (metric series) for agricultural tractors and machines. Operational characteristics and rated loads.

This standard specifies operating conditions, tire load ratings and recommended inflation pressures. The standard applies to belted bias-ply, bias-ply and radial tires mounted on rims with a 5-degree flange.

GOST R 51893-2002 Pneumatic tires. General technical safety requirements.

This standard applies to a group of homogeneous products - pneumatic tires for passenger cars, light trucks and trucks, trailers for them, buses (including particularly low-capacity ones) and trolleybuses - and establishes indicators characterizing product safety and subject to mandatory inclusion in documentation of all types , according to which tires are made. The standard does not apply to tires with adjustable pressure for tractors and agricultural vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, construction, road and material handling vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles, as well as tires intended for work in mines, mines, quarries and other special operating conditions. .

TU 23.4.812-76 Fitting for pumping air into car tires.

TU 38-104.ED1.31-88

TU 38-104-ED1.51-81 Atmospheric pressure tires.

TU 38.004ED1.107-88

TU 38.104ED1-176-86 Pneumatic tires 1100X400-533 MOD.0-47A and 370-508 (14.00-20) mod.OI-25.

TU 38-304-08-30-92 Pneumatic tires 8.25R20 model KI-55A, 8.25R0 model KI-111 for trucks and trailers.

TU 38-304-08-34-92 Pneumatic tires 9.00-20 model VI-244A NS 14; 12.00-20 model VI-243A NS 18; 12.00-20; models M-93 NS 8; 8.25R20 model KI-111 NS 14; 4.00-10С model K-96 NS 4.

TU 38-304-13-07-93 Massive tires without bandages with a conical base.

TU 38-304-14-164-90 Pneumatic tires 13.6R38 model I-261 and 8.25-15 model I-83.

TU 38-304-14-188-90 Arched tubeless tires.

TU 38-404-29-31-91 Pneumatic tires 18x 7-8 model F-65 7.00-12 model VF-211

TU 38-404-29-41-91 Massive highly elastic tires of the "superelastic" type 6.50-10 MVE model F-184; 7.00-12 MVE model F-183.

TU 38-404-29-55-92 Massive cast tires with through channels 5.00L-12 model F-232, 5.00L-12 model F-233.

TU 38-604-03-85-91 Pneumatic tires 175/70R13 model IN-251Bel.

TU 38-604-12-33-88 Pneumatic tires for sports bicycles.

TU 38-604-17-21-90 Pneumatic tires 12.00R20 (320R508) model BCI-150A.

TU 38.004107-87 Pneumatic tires for army vehicles.

TU 38-004255-86 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses, trolleybuses and tires with adjustable pressure. Technical requirements for products intended for export to countries with severe climatic operating conditions.

TU 38.004353-85 Pneumatic tires 245/78-15 models and -240.

TU 38 004357-86 Pneumatic tires for trucks and trailers, intended for export to countries with difficult operating conditions and domestic deliveries.

TU 38.10412-85 Pneumatic tires for special purpose transport systems.

TU 38-10418-80 Aviation tires for ground work.

TU 38-10424-77 Pneumatic tires 280-20. Model Ya-145.

TU 38.10430-86 Pneumatic tubeless tires 205/70R14, equipped with tubes.

TU 38.10431-86 Pneumatic radial tires with steel cord breaker 175/80R13.

TU 38.10442-87 Pneumatic tires 27.00-49 Models FT-115, 33.00-51 Models FT-116, 40.00-57 Models FT-117 tubeless.

TU 38-ED1-10442-89 Pneumatic tires 27.00-49 Models FT-115, 33.00-51 Models FT-116 tubeless.

TU 38-10451-81 Atmospheric pressure tires.

TU 38-10456-87 Pneumatic radial tires with a metal cord breaker 165/80R14 model MI-180.

TU 38.10461-87 Pneumatic tires 9.00Р20 (260Р508) model И-Н142Б-1.

TU 38.10463-87 Pneumatic tires 8.25-20 (240-508) model IK-6AM-1 produced by Omskshina.

TU 38.10468-87 Pneumatic tires 10.00Р20 (280R508). Model I-73A-1.

TU 38-10477-92 Pneumatic radial tires 10.00R20 I-281,U-4.

TU 38.10478-87 Pneumatic radial tires 12.00R20 (320R508) U-4, ID-304 ns 16.

TU 38-10482-88 Pneumatic radial tires 11.00R20 (300R508) and -306, KR-1.

TU 38.10491-87 Pneumatic tires 6.25-10 Models B-97A 6.00-13 Models B-98A.

TU 38.104100-87 Pneumatic tires 155/70Р13 model EX-85.

TU 38-104107-83 Pneumatic tires 15.00-20 Model I-190.

TU 38-104108-87 Pneumatic tires 8.40-15 Model I-245-1.

TU 38.104114-88 Pneumatic tires 9.00-20(260-508) UD-1 mod.VI-224-1 produced by Omskshina.

TU 38-104121-88 Pneumatic tires 135/80Р12.

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Car tires are an essential an attribute of modern, which performs the most important functions and is largely responsible for the dynamics and controllability of the car.

But, like any rubber products, they wear out.

Summer tire option divided into three types:

1. With a symmetrical tread pattern.
2. With directional tread pattern.
3. With an asymmetrical pattern.

With a symmetrical tread pattern: this is the classic option, the cheapest, but also less effective compared to other types.

The symmetrical pattern is effective when the car is at low speeds, at good roads, and dry.

On wet asphalt A momentary loss of traction and aquaplaning may occur, which usually leads to an accident.

WITH directional tread pattern: this design allows water to be discharged from under the wheels in different directions, which becomes very convenient when driving on wet asphalt.

At the same time, the grip remains perfect, and there is no dangerous sliding that can lead to an accident.

WITH asymmetrical pattern: This is the most modern type, providing not only ideal dynamics, but also good handling on any type of road surface.

In addition, the advantages of this type include low level noise and excellent resistance to aquaplaning when driving on wet asphalt.

All-season: This type is suitable for both summer and winter roads.

Its advantage is its inexpensive price and versatility, but all-season tires are significantly inferior in its technical characteristics to both winter and summer tires; on snowy and, especially, icy surfaces, it cannot handle control, and on dry asphalt it cannot provide the dynamics that high-quality summer tires guarantee.

True, recently there have appeared new types of all-season vehicles, with improved characteristics, but they cost several times more than two sets seasonal tires.

Off-road: This type of tire is designed for extreme driving conditions, which is due to the proper rubber.

This variety becomes effective where no other type of tire won't cope: in swampy areas, on icy road surfaces, among mud and sharp stones.

High strength and endurance makes the product practically indestructible and durable.

But there is one nuance: on a normal road, the off-road vehicle becomes incapacitated, the car loses from 40 to 60% of its controllability, depending on the type of tires.

GOST winter and summer tires

Like any rubber product, the tire wears out.

The level of wear is indicated by the appearance of deformations and cracks.

In this case, the product no longer performs their work functions, which can lead to dire consequences on the road, so in order to avoid accidents, experts recommend changing tires before their expiration date.

And the service life exceeds 9-10 years, And specifications not only universal, but also simply fantastic, which undoubtedly pleases.

And a logical question immediately arises: is it worth trusting manufacturers, and if so, which ones, and how not to make a mistake in your choice?

Firstly, it is very undesirable to purchase shoes for your car. On the market and, especially, from the hands, since in this case, it is quite possible to take a fake, which is unlikely to last long, and the technical characteristics of such a product will be questionable.

Too much low price should also alert the buyer, especially if the brand seems to be well-known.

It is best to purchase from large auto shops, in whose reputation you are confident, in order to implement yours if necessary.

It is also necessary to check the expiration date, which is indicated on the packaging, and itself for defects.

Well-known manufacturers give from 1 to 2 years, in the presence of which the product, if it has not been used, in case of loss of technical characteristics, can be V.

Of course, unfortunately, imported goods are different best quality than domestic, this has to be accepted as a fact, a sad fact.

Although, in the last decade Russian manufacturers began to catch up with the west, but still...

Among the leaders in production quality rubber, as many years ago, and today, there are three famous companies whose tire expiration dates, like all manufacturers, is 5-6 years:

How to check the degree of wear?

As the rubber wears out, it loses its technical properties and may become dangerous, lead to a serious accident.

Timely replacement of worn-out car shoes allows you to avoid negative consequences, as well as ensure better dynamics and controllability of the car, because these parameters largely depend on the quality of the tire.

So there is several ways, by which the driver can determine.

In order to find out the condition of the rubber, it is necessary, first of all, to pay attention to the tread pattern, which is the main element of the tire, because both road grip and braking distance depend on it.

The degree of abrasion of the pattern is not difficult to determine using a simple coin, which is placed in the slots of the tread.

Definition wear and tear:

1. U all-season. When the tread height reaches 1.6 mm, this is the first sign that the tire is no longer suitable for use; it needs to be changed urgently, otherwise driving will not be safe.
2. Summer This option is effective until the slots are worn down to 2 mm.
3. Winter the variety is used until the pattern is erased to 4 mm.

There is another method for determining wear - visual.

It is necessary to carefully inspect the tire from all sides, examine it for damage and scuffs.

Cracks, scratches, cuts, distortions, uneven structure - all this indicates the need for urgent replacement.

Among other things, tires have wear indicator, represented by a small protrusion perpendicular to the very axis of rotation of the tire.

Its position determines the condition of the product.

When the indicator suddenly compares with the tread and turns from a protrusion into a continuation of the pattern, this is a direct sign of complete wear.

These are not all research methods, there are others, no less popular.

So, many motorists prefer a more thorough approach to this issue.

To measure wear, they use a ruler with a depth gauge or caliper.

Of course, such a procedure is no longer as simple as the above, especially since it needs to be measured in tens different points wheels, but this method will help you avoid mistakes and definitely find out the condition of your car shoes.

How to increase shelf life?

Surely every motorist, at least once in my life I thought about such an absolutely important question of how to increase the service life of a tire, because regular replacement is not only a waste of time and effort, but also serious financial costs.

In order to resolve this issue, there are certain rules.

Let's look at them.

So, first of all, it’s worth understanding that rapid wear occurs due to illiterate operation and lack of care. These tires

What does it mean? The love of speed is, of course, in the blood of Russians; what Russian doesn’t appreciate fast driving?

This was sung by the classics.

But this driving style is just kills rubber.

And if you add steep turns and bad roads to the speed, then there is no doubt that in a couple of years there will be nothing left of the tires.

Also, the condition of the product is affected by poor wheel balancing, which is why it is so important to check regularly technical condition your car, all adjustments, and don't leave it to chance.

The slightest problem starts a chain reaction, which ultimately leads to colossal troubles.

Among other things, tires are influenced by several main factors: load force, pressure in the chamber, which depends on speed and much more, vehicle weight, tire care, temperature changes.

Based on this, the following rules can be deduced, following which will help significantly extend the lifespan. product services:

You should also adhere to the following rules:

• The most important condition is timely replacement of tires depending on the season.
• when the car is idle for a significant part of the time winter period without work, it is highly desirable put on blocks, such a simple procedure will reduce wear, which still occurs, albeit not to the same extent as when driving, under the influence of the weight of the machine.
• It is necessary to regularly inspect the condition of your car's shoes.

We have considered all the main issues, concerning tires.

Now, knowing the types and characteristics of each type of tire, the nuances of the shelf life, ways to determine and increase the shelf life, you can save yourself from the need to change tires frequently.

Guided by just a few simple rules, you can save a lot, both your time and .

And, finally, all that remains is to wish you good luck and fair winds on your journey!

3. Marking of car tires.

1. According to GOST R 52900 – 2007 “Pneumatic tires for passenger cars and trailers for them. Technical specifications" passenger tires are pneumatic tires for passenger cars and trailers of categories M1, O1 and O2 according to GOST R 52051, intended for use on roads of various categories.

2. According to GOST R 52899 – 2007 “Pneumatic tires for motorized cargo vehicles and trailers. Technical specifications" for cargo vehicles include trucks and light trucks, buses and trolleybuses of categories M2, M3, N1, N2, N3, O3 and O4 according to GOST R 52051, intended for use on roads of various categories.

3. GOST 13298 - 90 “Tires with adjustable pressure. Technical Specifications" applies to pneumatic tires (tire, tube and rim tape) with adjustable pressure, intended for use on off-road vehicles, mainly in off-road conditions, on soft soils, as well as on roads of all categories in all climatic zones at ambient temperatures from minus 60 to plus 55 °C.

Pressure-controlled tires come in two types: regular profile and wide profile.

Regular profile tires have an inch designation, wide profile tires have a millimeter designation.

5. In accordance with the above GOSTs, the following must be applied to a tubeless tire (tube tire):mandatory marking:

— trademark and/or name of the manufacturer; — name of the country of origin on English language;

— tire designation;

— brand (tire model);

— load-bearing capacity index for the maximum permissible load;

— “TUBELESS” — for tubeless tires;

— “REINFORCED” or “EXTRA LOAD” — for a reinforced tire;

- “M+S” or “M&S”, or “M.S” - for winter tires;

- date of manufacture of four digits (the first two digits indicate the week of the year, the last two - the year of manufacture);

— “REGROOVABLE” — for a tire that has the ability to deepen the tread pattern by cutting;

— approval mark “E” indicating the approval number and the country that approved the type of pneumatic tire;

— national mark of conformity for tire certification (may only be indicated in the accompanying technical documentation);

— sign of the direction of rotation (for a directional tread pattern);

— “TWI” or “A”, or another symbol in the shoulder or other areas of the tread, indicating the location of the tread wear indicators;

— the inscription “Steel” – for tires with steel cord in the belt;

— the inscription “All Steel” – for all-steel cord tires;

It is allowed to apply additional markings to the tire at the discretion of the manufacturer or at the request of the consumer, including:

— designation of this standard (without year of approval);

— “All seasons” — for all-season tires;

— “snowflake” pictogram for winter tires;

— serial number, balancing mark, technical control stamp, etc.

When classifying a tubeless tire as a tube tire, the “TUBELESS” inscription is removed.

6. Examples of tire markings.

A) passenger carscars:

165/80 R13 MI–166 Steel Radial S82 Tubeless 52900 1012 090726 Made in Russia, where:

165/80 R13 – designation (size) of the tire, where 165 is the designation of the nominal width of the tire profile in millimeters, 80 is the series (the nominal ratio of the profile height to its width in percent), R is the letter index of the radial tire, 13 is the designation of the tire mounting diameter , corresponding to the nominal rim diameter in inches;

MI-166 – trademark (tire model), where MI is the symbol of the tire developer, 166 is the serial number of the development;

Steel – metal cord in the breaker;

Radial – radial tire;

Tubeless – tubeless tire;

GOST 52900 – designation of the standard according to which the tire is produced;

1012 – date of manufacture (10 – serial number of the week from the beginning of the year, 12 – last digit of the year of manufacture – 2012);

090726 – serial number of the tire.

b) constant pressure truck tires:

8.25 R20 U2 125/122 J 71PSI GOST 52899 0511 080315 Made in Russia, where:

8.25R20 is the designation of the tire, where 8.25 is the designation of the nominal width of the tire section in inches, R is the letter index of the radial tire, 20 is the designation of the nominal rim diameter in inches;

U2 – brand (tire model);

71 PSI – pressure index;

GOST 52899 is the standard by which the tire is produced;

0511 – date of manufacture (05 – serial number of the week from the beginning of the year, 11 – last digits of the year of manufacture – 2011);

080315 – serial number of the tire.

c) tires with adjustable pressure:

1300 x 530 – 533 VI-3 NS-12 GOST 13298 1112 V 057457 Made in Russia, where:

1300 – conditional outside diameter tires in millimeters;

530 – conditional width of the tire profile in mm;

533 – nominal rim diameter in mm;

VI-3 – tire model;

NS–12 – layer norm;

GOST 13298 is the standard by which the tire is produced;

1112 B 057457, where 1112 is the date of manufacture (11 is the serial number of the week from the beginning of the year, 12 is the year of manufacture); B – letter index of the enterprise; 057457 – serial number of the tire.

7. Marking of tubes, rim tapes and valves.

7.1. During manufacturing the following is applied to each inner tube and rim tape:

— product designation;

— trademark or name of the manufacturer;

— designation of the standard;

- date of manufacture, consisting of four digits, of which the first two indicate the week, and the last two indicate the year of manufacture;

— technical control stamp;

— the letters “BK” for butyl rubber tubes.

7. 2. Example of camera designation:

7.50–20, where 7.50 is the designation of the nominal section width of the corresponding tire (in inches); 20 – designation of the nominal rim diameter (in inches).

7. 3. Example of rim tape designation.

6.7–20, where:

6.7 – designation of the nominal width of the tape (in inches);

20 – designation of the nominal rim diameter (in inches).

7. 4. Marking of valves.

LC – for tube-type passenger car tires;

LB – for tubeless passenger car tires;

ГК – for tube tires of trucks;

AB – for tubeless truck tires;

RK – for tube tires with adjustable pressure.

Avtotrans-consultant.ru

A car tire is a rubber elastic shell that is installed on a disc rim. It is this that is in direct contact with the surface of the road surface and is directly designed to reduce small vibrations on the roads, as well as compensate for imperfections in the trajectory of the wheels. During operation, it is subjected to heavy loads of a varied nature, so it naturally has its own service life, which is influenced by a number of factors.

Shelf life of tires according to GOST

Best before date– the period during which the company guarantees the possibility of using the product for its intended purpose and bears full responsibility for defects that arise through its fault.

When buying tires, you need to ensure that no more than three years have passed since production. The date of manufacture and any other information is very easy to find out; it is indicated among the general information about dimensions, design, speed and load capacity indices.

Tire production date

Russian legislation establishes the service life of car tires under warranty according to GOST 4754-97 And GOST 5513– 5 years from the date of manufacture, but for tires, the main indicator is the quality of the product, and not the time of its use.

According to GOST, the average shelf life of tires should be calculated in the following order:

• ZR. This is how high-speed options are designated; these products can be used at speeds above 240 kilometers per hour. The product must fully retain its properties for 6 years.
• H – used at a maximum speed of 210 kilometers per hour, lasts up to 5 years.
• S – maximum speed– 180 kilometers per hour. Can be used up to 4-5 years.

Experts recommend replacing tires before they expire. Some car enthusiasts believe that if tires are rarely used, they are already 5-6 years old, but this is a wrong opinion! After all, due to the fact that defects appear in tires during operation and storage, associated with oxidation and cracking, they can let you down at a critical moment.

Tire shelf life

Shelf life– a certain period during which the product, subject to established storage and operation rules, must retain all its properties. If the shelf life has expired, this does not mean that the product is unsuitable for use, but its technical characteristics may decrease.

Tires can age through physical and chemical processes, this hypothesis applies to tires that are unused or lightly used. To prevent the aging process itself, rubber compound add special substances that help counteract harmful to use chemical compounds with oxygen and ozone. This will ensure that when properly stored, the tire will meet the definition of a new tire.

It should be noted that the warranty The shelf life is not the service life. Shelf life is set for five years, not because after this the tire will deteriorate, but because by law the manufacturer does not have the right to establish a shorter warranty period, which is protection for the end consumer.

In recent years, many American experts believe that the shelf life and operation of car tires should be limited to 10 years. In turn, German experts believe that the shelf life of tires should be limited to 6 years, this also applies to new tires.

Rules and standards for storing pneumatic tires according to GOST 24779-81:

1. Packaging, transportation and specially equipped storage areas must prevent exposure to oxygen, light, heat, ozone, organic solvents, mineral oils, lubricants, fuel, acid and alkali on tires.
2. The tires must not come into contact with copper or corrosive substances, and they must not be subjected to stress, kinks, or supported on sharply protruding uneven surfaces.
3. If you store tires in a dark, dry and cool room, their aging will be significantly slowed down, and vice versa, if the room is humid and there are temperature changes, then the aging process will accelerate.
4. Tires that are intended for repair and retreading must be thoroughly washed and dried.
5. Tires should be stored at a temperature no higher than 35 °C and no lower than 25 °C. Avoid direct contact with a heat source and do not leave in direct sunlight at a humidity less than 80%.
6. If tires are stored outdoors, they should be covered with an opaque waterproof covering and raised above the ground to ensure proper ventilation and to avoid the formation of a steam bath.
7. It is strictly prohibited to store tires on wet, greasy/oily, or contaminated with gasoline or oil products surfaces.
8. So it is not advisable to store them near heat sources or near an open fire.
9. Do not store tires on reflective surfaces (such as snow, sand) or heat-absorbing surfaces (such as black asphalt).
10. It is not recommended to store tires near an electric motor or other sources of ozone. The level should not exceed 0.08 ppm.
11. Do not store tires near chemicals, solvents, fuels, oils, carbohydrates, paint, acids, or disinfectants.
12. Do not use the tire as work surface or tool rack. You should not place a burning cigarette on your tires.

Well-known brands of imported tires, such as Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear and Dunlop, last up to 10 years or more from the date of manufacture, this period is considered generally accepted throughout the world. But the general shelf life and storage in warehouse, from the date of manufacture, of tires Continental is no more than 5 years.

Although, as we have already figured out, the storage conditions of tires mean a lot, not only new ones, but also those removed from the car before the next season. For example, best before date Shin Nokian ranges from 3-5 years, subject to inspection at least once a year, after 5 years of use.

Unfortunately, the legislation does not establish permissible storage periods for tires in a warehouse, but experts believe that a tire that has been there for about 5 years is still equivalent to a new one.

Tire service life and operation

Car tire lifespan– this is the period of time during which the manufacturer provides a warranty on tires and bears full responsibility for any defects that are discovered during their operation. According to manufacturers, tires should last at least ten years, although in practice they have to be replaced approximately every 5-6 years, in some cases even less.

Factors that affect the service life of rubber

There are many different factors that affect the wear of car tires, the main ones are presented below:

1. From the car and its carrying capacity: what is the maximum load a car can carry and whether your tires can support it (shows). Please note that, depending on this parameter, there are certain mileage standards for car tires on the road surface:
   • For passenger cars: load capacity up to 2 tons, mileage 45 thousand kilometers.
   • For trucks: load capacity from 2 to 4 tons, 60 thousand kilometers.
   • Trucks with a carrying capacity of over 4 tons - from 65 to 70 thousand kilometers.
2. Depending on tire size. Tires with a low profile most often hit the disc on rocks, which is why they last less. If the tires are wide, then friction increases when cornering, especially in winter.
3. Driver's driving style. The tire wears out quickly if the driver often uses hard brakes or, on the contrary, accelerates quickly.
4. Road condition, where you drive every day.
5. From distance which you drive and the frequency of use.
6. Tire quality plays a very important role, for example, rubber made in China is short-lived, while rubber from well-known brands will last much longer. It is known that the service life of Chinese tires is approximately two seasons, while branded tires can last about seven years. When choosing tires you need to pay attention to the manufacturer, because often under famous brands they sell fakes.
7. Various mechanical damage, for example, cuts, bumps after impacts, deformation after emergency braking, accidents, etc.

How to understand that your car tires have reached the end of their service life

In order to determine when the service life of car tires ends, during a detailed inspection you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. If you notice that tire tread worn down to the level of the jumpers between the tread, this means that the tires have reached the end of their useful life. The degree of wear can be determined by eye or using tools. On the outside of the tires there are numbers with different depths, so you can easily determine the degree of wear. In order to measure the tread height, you can use a ruler with a special depth gauge. For summer tires this parameter should be greater than 1.6 mm, in turn for winter - greater than 4 mm. If these parameters are less, then it is necessary to replace the tires. When wear is uneven, measurements should be taken in the area where the wear is most visible. Otherwise, if the tread edge has worn out on only one side, it means that the tire has been broken.
2. Small cracks on the side on tires indicate aging rubber and warn about replacement, while deep cuts require immediate replacement.
3. If there is swelling on the side of the tires - "hernia", this means that the cord layer threads have broken; in this case, the tires also need to be changed immediately. Also, such “hernias” can appear with inside on the wheel, so you need to be extremely careful and carry out inspections on time.
4. If tire wear on the outside there is much more than in the central part, this may mean that there was not enough pressure in the tires, if everything is the other way around, they were worn out more in the center and less on the outer edges, then it means there was too much pressure.

When any defects are noticed in the tires, it is recommended to carry out a replacement rather than a rescue restoration in order to at least somehow extend the life of the tire.

To extend the life of car tires, you need to periodically diagnose them.

How to extend the life of tires

In order for your tires to be more durable, you need to adhere to certain rules of use:

1. If there are no obvious air leaks, you need to check the tire pressure every 2-3 weeks of use. This must be done because uneven tire pressure leads to uneven wear tread. If by 10%, then this can lead to a 10-15% reduction in tire life. If the pressure is increased, then wear also increases, but 2 times less than in low pressure.
   

Since there is always more wear on the front (drive) wheels, it is 10-15 times. thousand or when changing seasonal tires, it is advisable to swap them.



Swapping front tires to rear tires



Scheme for rearranging 5 car wheels

Please note that although there are tires with directional and non-directional patterns, you still cannot change the direction of rotation of the wheel. And in the second option, the front wheels must be re-aligned before installing them back.

It is necessary to check whether the tires are installed correctly in relation to rims, which is usually indicated on the sidewalls of the tires, this is important because when the tires rotate in the direction opposite to the design, all their performance characteristics will be significantly reduced in all operating modes of the vehicle.



Non-directional tire replacement diagram



Shift scheme for all-wheel drive vehicles

2. If you bought new studded tires, then first you need to run them in for the first 500 km, avoiding sharp turns, braking and acceleration, then the tires will last much longer and will have the correct fit.
3. It is best to buy and install tires on all wheels from the same manufacturer and with the same pattern.
4. Follow all rules for storing removed tires.
5. It is important to regularly wash off dirt from tires using special care products, and you need to pay attention to ensure that after washing off the products they do not remain in the tread grooves.
6. To preserve their appearance, you need to use special care products: tire conditioner, conditioner cleaner, tire color restorer.
7. Avoid driving close to curbs or other protrusions to avoid damaging the thin side of the tire.
8. If you are going on a long trip, it is better to increase the internal pressure in the tires, this will save fuel and reduce their heating.
9. Try to maintain a moderate riding style.
10. There is no need to load the car; at 20% overload, the service life is reduced by 30%.
11. Avoid sharp obstacles because tire fractures can cause the cord under the tread to break.
12. Check your wheel alignment once a year. Also, this operation must be performed after repairing the steering drive, replacing hinges, and also after strong impacts that can deform elements in the chassis.

    

13. Keep an eye on wheel balancing; it should be done approximately every 10,000-15,000 km or after each repair with tire removal.

Experts recommend regularly checking the condition of your tires and the degree of tread wear. After all, it is much more profitable to eliminate a malfunction in the early stages than to change all the tires later. You must remember that proper and timely tire care is your safety and the key to the longevity of your tires.

All documents presented in the catalog are not their official publication and are intended for informational purposes only. Electronic copies of these documents can be distributed without any restrictions. You can post information from this site on any other site.

Preface

Goals and principles of standardization in Russian Federation established by Federal Law No. 184-FZ “On Technical Regulation” dated December 27, 2002, and the rules for the application of national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004 “Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions"

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Institute" (FSUE "NAMI")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 56 “Road Transport”

3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated September 10, 2007 No. 238-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in information system for general use - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

GOST R 52747-2007

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Date of introduction - 2009-01-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to anti-skid studs (hereinafter referred to as studs) for studding pneumatic winter tires of automobile vehicles (ATS) of categories M, N, O in accordance with GOST R 52051.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

GOST R 52051-2003 Mechanical vehicles and trailers. Classification and definitions

GOST 2.201-80 one system design documentation. Designation of products and design documents

GOST 2.314 -68 Unified system of design documentation. Indication on the drawings about marking and branding of products

GOST 9.301-86 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging of materials and products. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. General requirements

GOST 9.302-88 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging of materials and products. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. Control methods.

GOST 9.303-84 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging of materials and products. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. General requirements for selection

GOST 166-89 (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Specifications

GOST 3882-74 (ISO 513-75) Hard sintered alloys. Stamps

GOST 4754-97 Pneumatic tires for passenger cars, their trailers, light trucks and especially low-capacity buses. Specifications

GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, their trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications

GOST 13837-79 Dynamometers general purpose. Specifications

GOST 15150-69 Machines, instruments and others technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, operating, storage and transportation conditions regarding the impact of external climatic factors

GOST 18321-73 Statistical quality control. Methods for random selection of samples of piece goods

GOST 18833-73 Lever-toothed measuring heads. Specifications

GOST 20017-74 (ISO 3738-1-82) Hard sintered alloys. Rockwell hardness method

GOST 23667-85 Non-destructive testing. Ultrasonic flaw detectors. Methods for measuring basic parameters

GOST 29329-92 Scales for static weighing. General technical requirements.

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

3.1 winter tire: A tire whose rubber and tread pattern are specially designed to provide increased traction on icy or snow-covered road surfaces.

3.2 anti-skid spike (spike): A solid profiled rod consisting of a body and a wear-resistant element and installed in the tread lip of a winter tire to increase the tire's traction on icy or snow-covered road surfaces.

3.3 cleat body: The stud part that holds the wear element in the tread lug.

3.4 tenon flange: A protrusion of the stud body that serves to engage the stud with the tread rubber.

3.5 wear-resistant tenon element: The part of the stud that directly interacts with the road surface.

3.6 spike length: The distance between the base of the stud and the edge of the wear element of the stud.

3.7 stud diagram: A graphic representation of the locations of studs or holes for them in the tread lugs of a winter tire.

4 Classification, designation and dimensions

4.1 Spikes are divided into:

a) for its intended purpose:

For passenger tires,

For light truck tires,

For truck tires;

b) by the number of flanges:

One-, two-, three- and more flanged in accordance with the drawing;

c) according to the body material:

Metal;

Non-metallic.

Figure 1 - Types of studs by number of flanges

4.2 The designation of studs used in design documents must comply with GOST 2.201 or the product designation system established in the automotive industry.

4.3 The symbol for spikes used in correspondence and operational work may have the following structure:

Symbol for the material of the stud body:

C - steel; P - plastic; A - aluminum, K - ceramics.

Example symbol tenon diameter of the largest flange 8 mm, tenon length 11 mm, number of flanges 2 and tenon body material - steel:

8-11-2С according to GOST R 52747-2007

4.4 The dimensions of the spikes and their purpose must correspond to the figure and table.

D- diameter of the largest flange; L- spike length

Figure 2 - Spike dimensions

Table 1 - Dimensions of spikes and their purpose

5 Technical requirements

5.1 The tires are intended for studding winter pneumatic tires in accordance with GOST 4754 and GOST 5513, subject to studding and used primarily on icy and snow-covered roads of various categories in all climatic zones at ambient temperatures from minus 45 °C to plus 10 °C.

5.2 Spikes are manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technical documentation (TD), approved in the prescribed manner.

5.3 Wear-resistant elements of the stud are made of VK-8 alloy in accordance with GOST 3882 or from a material similar to it in hardness and wear resistance.

5.4 The stud body must have reliable anti-corrosion protection that is resistant to abrasion.

5.5 Sharp edges, cracks, deformations, chips, burrs and mechanical damage are not allowed on the stud body. It is allowed to have a trace from the connector of the press equipment (mold), which does not lead the tenon beyond the maximum permissible dimensions. Peeling and peeling of the stud coating is not allowed.

5.6 Height of the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the tenon:

- (1.2 ± 0.3) mm - for passenger and light truck tires;

- (2.5 ± 0.3) mm - for truck tires.

5.7 The fastening of the wear-resistant element in the stud body must ensure its reliable retention during the entire service life.

The holding force of the wear-resistant element in the stud body must be no less than:

1000 N (100 kgf) when used in preparing the spike for testing by drilling a hole in the spike body;

500 N (50 kgf) when used in preparing the spike for testing by cutting the spike body.

5.8 The holding force of the stud in the tread rubber must be at least:

150 N (15 kgf) - for passenger tires;

200 N (20 kgf) - for light truck tires;

400 N (40 kgf) - for truck tires.

5.9 The mass of the spike should be, g, no more than:

2.4 - for passenger tires;

5.0 - for light truck tires;

8.0 - for truck tires.

5.10 Marking

5.10.1 Spikes must be marked with the following information:

International vehicle component manufacturer identification code (WPMI code) or the name of the enterprise, or a duly registered trademark;

Drawing designation of studs;

Number and date of the compliance document;

Mark of acceptance by the manufacturer's technical control service (STK).

5.11 Packing of studs is carried out according to the manufacturer’s design documentation.

6 Acceptance rules

6.1 Spikes are tested for compliance with the requirements of this standard by the STC; periodic and standard tests.

6.2 STC accepts spikes in batches. A batch is considered to be spikes of the same designation in quantity: for cars from 14,000 to 140,000 pcs., for trucks from 5,000 to 50,000 pcs., accompanied by one quality document containing:

Designation, name and number of products in the batch;

Batch number;

Date of manufacture (month, year);

6.2.1 When checking, the STC subjects the following to selective control: dimensions, appearance (the presence of chips, chips, cracks and deformations), the presence of a protective coating, the holding force of the wear-resistant element, the holding force of the stud in the tread rubber, the body material, the material of the wear-resistant element.

6.2.2 If unsatisfactory test results are obtained during random control for at least one of the indicators, the STC conducts repeated tests on it on a double sample.

The results of repeated tests apply to the entire batch.

6.3 Spikes that have passed the STC control are subjected to periodic testing.

6.3.1 Periodic tests are carried out by the manufacturer at least once a quarter on the appearance, dimensions, holding force of the wear-resistant element, protective coating, body material and material of the wear-resistant element.

6.3.2 Sampling of studs for testing should be carried out using the “scatter” method in accordance with GOST 18321 from a batch accepted by STC.

6.3.3 Check appearance stud housings are carried out on studs making up at least 0.1% of the batch, but not less than 200 pcs.

6.3.4 The size of studs is checked on studs that make up at least 0.01% of the batch, but not less than 20 pieces.

6.3.5 Among the studs subjected to external inspection and dimensional verification, there should not be more than 3% of studs that do not meet the requirements of the manufacturer’s design documentation.

6.3.6 To check the retention force of the wear-resistant element in the stud body, 10 studs are selected from the batch, tested for appearance and for compliance with the dimensions of the design documentation.

6.3.7 If the test results are unsatisfactory in terms of appearance, checking the dimensions and quality of pressing of the wear-resistant element into the stud body, a re-check must be carried out on a double number of samples from the same batch.

When re-checking, if the appearance and dimensions of the stud for more than 3% of the studs and the quality of pressing the wear-resistant element into the stud body for more than 10% of the studs do not match, the batch is rejected.

6.3.8 The batch is considered acceptable if at least 90% of the studs that have passed the tests meet the established requirements.

6.3.9 In case of unsatisfactory results of repeated periodic tests for any indicator, this indicator is checked upon acceptance of the STC until positive results are obtained on three batches of studs in a row.

6.3.10 If the spikes do not pass the tests, shipment of the spikes is suspended until the causes of the defects are identified and eliminated.

6.4 Type tests are carried out when changing the design, materials and technological processes if they can affect the performance properties of the studs. Tests are carried out on at least 100 studs.

7 Test methods

7.1 The appearance of the stud coating is checked by visual inspection in comparison with the control sample and the requirements of the design documentation.

7.2 The dimensions of the studs are determined with a caliper in accordance with GOST 166, a depth gauge in accordance with GOST 18833 and special gauges or templates that provide the necessary accuracy. as the arithmetic mean weighing of 20 studs. The studs are stored in the manufacturer's packaging.

9 Operating instructions

9.1 The operation of studs must comply with the rules for the operation of studded tires, approved in the prescribed manner by the tire manufacturer.

10 Manufacturer's warranty

10.1 The manufacturer guarantees reliable operation of the studs for 12 months. from the moment studs are installed in a tire or a studded tire is sold within the warranty period of the tire.

10.2 Guaranteed storage period for spikes is 12 months. from the moment of their sale.

Appendix A

(required)

Determination of the holding force of the wear-resistant element in the stud body

A.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on squeezing out a wear-resistant element from the stud body.

A.2 Equipment and fixtures

A press of any type, providing a maximum force of at least 5000 N (500 kgf) and a non-metallic stand.

A.3 Test procedure

The spikes selected for testing are cut according to the drawing.

Figure A.1 - Cutting line

In the cutting plane A-A, a hole appears for the tenon element according to the figure. It is allowed to prepare studs by drilling a hole in the stud body. Selected samples are prepared according to the figure. B.1.

Figure B. 1 - Tenon body without wear-resistant element

B.2 The prepared stud body is pressed into the protrusion of the tire tread mounted on a suspended wheel. The tire is inflated to the nominal pressure.

The tires are conditioned for at least 12 hours at an ambient temperature of at least 15 °C.

A hook is screwed into the stud body, providing a rigid connection between the stud body and the dynamometer along GOST 13837 , having a maximum force of up to 1000 N (100 kgf).

The loads are hung sequentially every 0.1 N (1 kgf). After each loading step, a 10-second wait is allowed for relaxation.

At the moment the stud leaves the protrusion of the tire tread, the load is recorded using a dynamometer, which determines the holding force of the stud.

The test setup diagram is shown in Figure.

1 - tire tread protrusion; 2 - spike body; 3 - hook; 4 - dynamometer; 5 - weights, 6 - stand

Figure B.2 - Diagram of a test setup for determining the tenon retention force in the tire tread protrusion

Keywords: anti-skid studs, automobile vehicles, winter tires, pneumatic tires, studs