Determine horsepower. What is horsepower

Each car owner must register his vehicle (TC) in accordance with the procedure established by law, and regularly pay the corresponding transport tax. The subtleties of calculating this mandatory payment are regulated by regional laws on transport tax, specifying the terms, benefits and base rates within the limits outlined by the provisions of Chapter 28 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The question "How to calculate the tax on a car?"

The vehicle owners themselves are obliged to control the correct calculation of the vehicle tax, as well as to provide timely changes in information related to car ownership and documents confirming the right to a tax benefit.

Calculation of vehicle tax

The amount of automobile transport tax is determined using a standard formula. The number of horsepower (hp) indicated in the technical passport of the car is sequentially multiplied by the current tax rate, and then by a coefficient calculated as the ratio of the number of full months of car ownership to the total number of months in a year, that is, to 12.

Example 1.

Let's say we are the owners of a Renault Logan car, the engine power is 75 horsepower and we live in the Moscow region. The transport tax rate in Moscow and Moscow Region for today is 12 rubles. Then the cost of transport tax for 1 year will be:

12 rubles x 75 horsepower = 900 rubles.

Example 2.

Let's say we own a VAZ Priora car for 9 months and live in Moscow. The Moscow rate is 12 rubles per hp. The power of the car is 98 horsepower. Then the cost of transport tax for 9 months will be:

RUB 12 x 98 HP x ((we own a car for 9 months) / (12 months a year)) = 882 rubles.

Car tax is paid only for the period in which the car was registered to a specific owner. For a month of transport transfer from one owner to another, only one owner pays.

The month of car ownership, when calculating the coefficient, is considered complete if the car

• registered with the traffic police from the 1st to the 15th day;
• or removed from the register after the 15th.

In other cases, the month of registration of a car or its removal from registration will be taken into account when calculating the transport tax for the other party to the purchase and sale transaction ().

Transport tax on a luxury car

The formula for calculating the transport tax on a car, the cost of which is more than 3 mil. rub. and if you own it for more than 1 year:

Transport tax amount = (Tax rate) x (L. s) x (Increasing coefficient)

Calculation of tax on cars, the cost of which is more than 3 mil. rub. and if owned for less than 1 year:

Transport tax amount = (Tax rate) x (L. s) x (Number of months of ownership / 12) x (Increasing coefficient)

Increasing coefficient (Chapter 28, Article 362 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

1.1 - for passenger cars mobiles an average cost of 3 million to 5 million rubles inclusive, from the year of issue of which 2 to 3 years have passed;
1.3 - for passenger cars with an average cost of 3 million to 5 million rubles inclusive, from the year of production of which has passed from 1 to 2 years;
1.5 - for passenger cars with an average cost of 3 million to 5 million rubles inclusive, from the year of production of which no more than 1 year has passed;
2 - for passenger cars with an average cost of 5 million to 10 million rubles inclusive, from the year of production of which no more than 5 years have passed;
3 - in relation to passenger cars with an average value of 10 million to 15 million rubles inclusive, from the year of production of which no more than 10 years have passed;
3 - for passenger cars with an average cost of 15 million rubles, from the year of production of which no more than 20 years have passed.

Online vehicle tax calculator

You can also use the transport tax calculator on the website of the Federal Tax Service (FTS) of Russia.

Horse power tax rates

The tax rate on a car is determined by the target laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but does not go beyond the limits established by Article 361 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and depends on:

• engine power in hp With.;
• region;
• can be differentiated taking into account the category, age and environmental class of the vehicle.

For very expensive cars with a price of 3 million rubles or more, additional, increasing, coefficients () are used. In some cases, such a coefficient triples the tax amount. The lists of models and brands of machines that fall under the effect of increasing coefficients are annually updated by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation.

table. Transport tax rates in Moscow and Moscow region.

For other regions of Russia, you can find out the transport tax rates.

Video: How the vehicle tax is calculated

Transport tax incentives

According to most regional laws, veterans and invalids of the Great Patriotic War, Heroes Soviet Union, Heroes of Russia and other groups of taxpayers. Even representatives (one of two parents) of large families are included in the list of Muscovites who are entitled to benefits.

But in St. Petersburg, only one of the parents of a family with at least four minor children can take advantage of this privilege, and a number of citizens will be able to use the established privilege only if their vehicle is domestically produced and has an engine with a capacity of up to 150 liters. With.

Terms of payment of car tax

Car tax is paid at the place of registration of the car, and in the absence of such, at the place of residence of the vehicle owner.

1. Individuals must pay tax on cars no later than December 1(), based on the tax notification received from the Federal Tax Service along with the completed payment document.

Late payment of vehicle tax will result in a default interest.

IMPORTANT! The tax authorities calculate the transport tax, taking into account the data on the state registration of the car. If the car owner is not entitled to preferential tax exemption, then, having not received a tax notification by December 1, the owner of the car is obliged to inform the territorial tax office of his vehicle, and get the document required to pay the car tax.

ON A NOTE! Only on the basis of a certificate from the internal affairs bodies that the car is on the wanted list, the tax inspectorate can suspend the calculation of the car tax and continue it from the month of return, if the car is found and returned to the owner.

2. Legal entities calculate the transport tax themselves, and make quarterly advance payments (one fourth of the total). If the tax is calculated on an expensive car included in the special list of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, then advance payments are paid immediately, taking into account the required multiplying coefficient. At the end of the year, the rest of the tax must be paid by February 1 of the year following the reporting year, that is, before established by law deadline for submitting annual tax returns.

Online check

It will not be possible to find out the amount of transport tax by the state registration number of the car. All data is available only when providing information about the owner of the vehicle.

Car tax liens can be clarified online, through the official websites of government agencies.

1. Personal account of the taxpayer, acting on the website of the Federal Tax Service... You will need to enter an individual taxpayer number (TIN) and password.

First, you will have to activate the service when you personally appear at the tax office, where after registering the application, you will be given an access password recorded in the registration card, the login will be the taxpayer's TIN. When the deadline for calculating tax on a car comes, its amount can be checked using the "Accrued" link by selecting the appropriate taxation object (car). Until the tax is calculated, the results can be viewed in the "Overpayment / debt" column.

2. Portal of State Services, by last name, first name, patronymic and insurance number of the individual personal account (SNILS) of the payer... You will first have to register by entering personal data in the appropriate fields (full name, date and place of birth, residence address and e-mail, etc.)
Then you need to fill out an application for providing information on tax debt. Information is provided free of charge, no later than 5 working days, since the system forwards the request to the Federal Tax Service.

3. The website of the Federal Bailiff Service allows you to find out about overdue transport tax debts... Without preliminary registration, by entering in the appropriate search lines the full name, date of birth of the debtor and selecting the desired region from the list.

Transport tax is paid annually by all car owners. For individuals the amount of car tax is calculated by the tax office, however, citizens must control the correctness of these calculations on their own.

If inaccuracies are found, taxpayers are obliged to inform the Federal Tax Service of the mistakes made and the need to make appropriate changes. Thanks to the development of modern technologies, it is possible to clarify and correct the calculations received from the tax authorities not only by going to the tax office in person or by sending registered letters by mail, but also online, through the personal account of the taxpayer.

Story

There are several units of measurement in the world called "horsepower". In European countries, Russia and the CIS, as a rule, horsepower means the so-called "metric horsepower", equal to approximately 735 watts (75 kgf · m / s).

In the automotive industry in the United Kingdom and the United States, HP is most commonly used. equates to 746 watts, which equals 1.014 metric horsepower. Electric horsepower (746 W) and boiler horsepower (9809.5 W) are also used in industry and energy in the United States.

What is 1 horsepower? If you take any encyclopedia and look at what horsepower is, then we will read that it is a non-systemic unit of power measurement that is not used in Russia. Although on any website of dealership car dealerships, engine power is indicated in horsepower.

What is this unit, what is it equal to?

When talking about engine horsepower, most of us have a simple picture: if you take a herd of 80 horses and a car with an engine power of 80 hp, then their forces will be equal and no one can pull the rope.

If you try to recreate such a situation in real life, then the herd of horses will win, because in order for the engine to develop such power, it needs to spin the crankshaft to a certain number of revolutions per minute. Horses will dash off and drag the car behind them, thus breaking its gearbox.

In addition, you need to understand that horsepower is a standard unit of power, while each horse is individual and some individuals can be much stronger than others.

Horsepower was introduced into circulation back in 1789. The famous inventor James Watt wanted to demonstrate how much more profitable it is to use steam engines rather than horses to get the job done. He simply took and calculated how much energy the horse spends in order to use the simplest lifting mechanism - a wheel with ropes attached to it - to pull barrels of coal out of the mine or pump out water using a pump.

It turned out that one horse can pull a load weighing 75 kilograms at a speed of 1 m / s. If we translate this power into watts, it turns out that 1 hp. is 735 watts. Power is modern cars measured in kilowatts, respectively 1 hp. = 0.74 kW.

To convince the owners of the mine to switch from horse power to steam, Watt proposed a simple way: measure how much work horses can do in a day, and then plug in the steam engine and calculate how many horses he can replace. It is clear that the steam engine proved to be more profitable because it was able to replace a certain number of horses. The mine owners realized that it was cheaper for them to maintain a car than a whole stable with all the ensuing consequences: hay, oats, manure, and so on.

It is also worth mentioning that Watt miscalculated the strength of one horse. Only very strong animals are capable of lifting 75 kg at a speed of 1 m / s; moreover, they will not be able to work for a long time in such conditions. Although there is evidence that for a short time one horse can develop power up to 9 kW (9 / 0.74 kW = 12.16 hp).

Types of horse power

• Metric horsepower is equal to the rise of 75 kg per second per 1 meter. Applied in Europe
• Mechanical horsepower is equal to 745.7. very rarely used as a unit of measure in English speaking countries
• Electric horsepower equal to 746 W., sometimes indicated on the electric motor plates.
• Boiler horsepower is equal to 1000 kgf m / s. or 9.8 kW or 33 475 Btu / hour. (the unit is used in the USA)
• Hydraulic horsepower equal to 745.7 watts.

How engine power is determined

Today, the easiest way to measure the real power of an engine is with a dyno. The car is driven onto the stand, it is reliably strengthened, then the driver accelerates the engine to maximum speed and the display shows the real power in hp. Permissible error - +/- 0.1 hp. As practice shows, it often turns out that the rated power does not correspond to the real one, and this may indicate the presence of a wide variety of malfunctions - from poor-quality fuel to a drop in compression in the cylinders.

It is worth saying that due to the fact that horsepower is a non-systemic unit, it is calculated differently in different countries. In the USA and England, for example, one hp. is 745 watts, not 735 as in Russia.

Whatever it was, but everyone is already accustomed to this particular unit of measurement, since it is convenient and simple. In addition, h.p. used in calculating the cost of OSAGO and CASCO.

Agree if you read in the characteristics of the car - the engine power is 150 hp. - it is easier for you to navigate what he is capable of. And a record like 110.33 kW will say little. While converting kilowatts to hp quite simply: we divide 110.33 kW by 0.74 kW, we get the required 150 hp.

I would also like to remind you that the concept of "engine power" in itself is not very indicative, you also need to take into account other parameters: maximum torque, rpm, vehicle weight. It is known that diesel engines are low-speed and maximum power is reached at 1500-2500 rpm, while gasoline accelerates longer, but show better results at long distances.

Horsepower is a unit of measurement that does not have a single standard in the world, although most countries adhere to one of its numerical values. Horsepower is not included in the generally accepted International System of Measurement, and its official use was canceled in Russia. Meanwhile, this measure is used not only in everyday life, but also at the state level.

What is measured in horsepower

Horsepower is the amount of mechanical work that is done in a given period of time. The most common indicator is kilograms per meter per second. It is used mainly in relation to vehicles and some other mechanisms.

In Russia, the tax on transport is calculated on the basis of one horsepower, and in documents for vehicles equipped with an engine, this unit of measurement is often used to indicate its power.

What is horsepower

This measure was introduced in the late 18th century in England. Technological progress and the widespread use of steam engines have revealed the need for a common standard for determining their performance.

Using the method of practical measurements made during the work performed by a live horse under certain conditions, he calculated that in 1 second 1 horse is able to move a load weighing 75 kg over a distance of 1 meter - this indicator was taken as one horsepower.

Power standard units

In the International System of Measurement, the official unit for determining power is Watt (1 kilowatt = 1000 watts). This measure will be the same throughout the world.

Watts measure power as the rate of energy transmitted or as the amount of work produced over a specified time.

In connection with the unified world standard, many manufacturers of cars, as well as other vehicles and mechanisms, indicate engine power in watts in the documents for equipment. However, in our country, each horsepower in a car affects the amount of transport tax, so it is more convenient to know the power level of your car's engine in these units.

Metric horsepower

The most common calculation of horsepower (HP) in the world occurs in the metric system. For the calculation, kilogram indicators of the weight of the load are used, and the distance over which it is moved is measured in meters.

In this case, one horsepower is equal to 735.49875 watts, which is equivalent to 0.74 kW.

One kilowatt will be equal to 1.36 liters. With.

Horsepower table

Knowing the calculation formula, you can easily translate digital indicators from one measurement unit to another, but if you do not want to engage in calculations, you can use a comparison table. The numbers below are valid for metric measurements.

The difference in the calculation of horsepower in America and the UK

Due to the use in a number of countries, for example, in the USA and Great Britain, feet and pounds as measures of length and weight, their calculation of horsepower will differ from that adopted in most of the world states, including Russia.

In the traditional system of measurement of these countries, one horsepower would be equal to 745.6999 W (0.746 kW) and equal to 1.014 metric horsepower. Equal in this unit of measurement will make cars that are judged using feet and pounds more powerful in actual operation.

However, in most cases, the engine power in the accompanying documents is indicated in kW, so it can be recalculated using the standard formula.

Often real performance the capacities differ from the factory parameters and it makes sense to make real measurements:

• putting the car on a dynamometer is the most accurate type of diagnostics;
• by installing additional electronic equipment into it (which is advisable only for vehicles that need constant monitoring of this indicator, since maintenance and purchase of special equipment will not be cheap);
• or by checking with an application downloaded to a laptop, which is connected to the car via a cable and takes measurements during test drives.

Features of determining the gross and net engine power

Thanks to a kind of engine power metering system used in factories that produce vehicles in Japan and some belonging to the United States, the amount of horsepower in cars manufactured by them differed from the actual one during operation.

It's about the so-called net power and gross power. When measuring the first indicator, the energy consumption for the operation of related units is taken into account - the cooling system, generator, drive belts. Their influence is not taken into account in gross power calculations. Therefore, real indicators for different measurement methods can differ significantly - by 10-25 percent.

Cars in the documents of which the engine power is prescribed based on the gross indicator will be weaker than cars with identical digital values ​​of net measurements.

Since in Russia the amount of tax paid for it depends on the amount of horsepower in a vehicle, it is better to find out the real performance of the engine in order to avoid overpayment, which in certain cases can be very significant. Especially if you have to not only add non-existent horsepower to pay at the same rate, but also multiply their total amount by the increased rate (this can happen if the theoretical and actual indicators are in different price groups for calculating the transport payment, for example, according to documents 155 liters. from., and in fact less than 150, etc.).

In practice, and this is obvious. But how can you calculate the engine power of a car in another way? It's very simple: if you want to find out how much horsepower is in a car engine, you connect the engine to a special dynamometer. A dynamometer puts a load on the motor and measures the amount of energy that the motor can develop against the load. But, nevertheless, in order to calculate the engine power, there is one more step that must be overcome, and we will talk about this now.

Torque

Imagine that you have a large socket wrench with a handle on it 1 meter long, and you push on it with a weight of 100 grams. What you do is called an application, which also has its own unit of measurement, and in this case it is calculated as 1 Newton * meter (N * m), because you are pressing 100 grams (which is approximately equal to 1 Newton) with a "shoulder "1 meter. You can get the same 1 N * m if, for example, you push with a weight of 1 kg on a socket wrench with a handle length of 10 cm.

Likewise, if you attach a motor shaft instead of a socket wrench, the motor will give some torque to the shaft. A dynamometer measures this torque. And then you can easily convert torque to horsepower using a simple formula and thus calculate the power of the car. This formula looks like this:

Engine power = (Revolutions per minute * Torque) / 5252.

You can get an idea of ​​how the dynamometer works as follows: imagine that you turn on the car engine with the gear engaged in neutral and press the accelerator pedal to the floor. The engine will run so fast that it could explode. This is not good, but so, using a dynamometer, you can measure the engine torque at different speeds. You can connect the engine to a dynamometer, step on the gas pedal and put enough load on the dynamometer to keep the engine running at, say, 7,000 rpm. You write down on paper what maximum load the engine can handle. Then you start applying additional load to bring down the engine speed to 6,500 rpm and record the load again in the new mode. Then you load the engine down to 6,000 rpm, and so on. You can do the same down to the critically low 500 or 1,000 rpm. What dynamometers do is actually measure torque and then convert torque to horsepower to calculate horsepower.

Nevertheless, the torque, although it grows with the power with increasing revs, nevertheless, the power value is not always directly proportional to the torque. So, e If you plot power and torque against engine rpm, making marks in 500 rpm increments, what you end up with is the engine power curve. A typical power curve for a high-performance engine might look like this (in the example, a 300-horsepower Mitsubishi 3000):

This graph indicates that any engine has a peak power that can be calculated by a dynamometer - the number of revolutions per minute at which the engine's power reaches its maximum. The engine also has a maximum torque in a specific rpm range. You will often see a statement like "123 hp @ 4,600 rpm, 155 Nm @ 4,200 rpm" in vehicle specifications. And also, when people say that the engine is "low-speed" or "high-speed", they mean that the maximum torque of the engine is achieved at a rather low or high speed, respectively (for example, by their nature they are low-speed, and therefore (but not only because) they are often used on trucks and tractors, but gasoline engines, on the contrary, are high-speed).